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rc3 hacc preroll music
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Herald: Welcome to the hackrf channel.
Today under the title Patching Democracy.
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Today we're talking about the era of
digitalization, as well as about the
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understanding of the enormous importance
of digital tools in both private and
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public life, because we need it to reduce
the world's complexity to an amount that
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we can actually handle. This is something
that is very important, for example, in
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democracies. Especially when talking about
decision making, like for example, the
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voting advice application that we have in
Germany, the Wahl-o-mat is a very good
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example of making parties comparable to
common people all over the place. But
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those machines are like those Wahl-o-mats
are very expensive and thus they are only
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available for larger elections. And this
is a problem that is actually handleable.
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This is what Till Sander does with his
voting advice application that is
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called... wait a second
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with his open election compass
and he actually was approached by the
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small city of Lüdenscheid to develop
something that could actually do something
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that the Wahl-o-mat also does. And when he
found out that this is actually something
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that needs to be provided also for smaller
elections and that is actually affordable,
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he is actually a web designer, decided to
do it in a bigger way. So he wanted to
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make it open source and thus created this
platform that he now talks about in his
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lecture that we provide to you right now.
You can also ask questions that will be
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answered in the following Q&A and on
Twitter, as well as on the IRC. Under the
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hashtag rc3hacc and the channel rc3-hacc.
Now enjoy the talk.
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Till Sanders: Welcome to Patching
Democracy. This is a short introduction to
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applications like the German Wahl-o-mat
and why we might not need to hack
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democracy. In this talk, I will
demonstrate how we can improve elections
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and political education everywhere, thanks
to free and open source software.
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Researchers of the Friedrich-Ebert-
Foundation found that only a third of the
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population believes in a brighter future.
Less than half of our society is satisfied
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with how our democracy works. In parts of
Germany, this drops even further to about
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a third. Even worse, three out of four
Germans feel like politicians don't care
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about their concerns. And lastly, many
people even agree that it doesn't make a
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difference which parties form the
government. Studies like these question
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the state our democracy is in. Is our
democracy broken? Let's take a look at
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some other results of the same study. Only
1.3 % want an authoritative figure with
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extensive powers to make the law. With the
rise of the extreme right this is a good
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thing. While 88% of us think that
politicians make more promises than they
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can keep, the majority acknowledges that
politicians do have a difficult job. And
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out of several problems, a great majority
identified a lack of participation in
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elections as the biggest problem. Our
democracy generally fails to make everyone
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happy and to be fair, that's somewhat the
point. But while many people have issues
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with our democracy, they also seem to
believe that it is still the way to go.
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Democracy is not broken. It is just our
implementation of it that is experiencing
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technical difficulties. Hi, my name is
Till, and I'm here to fix this. Not alone,
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of course, but I'm happy to be, you know,
someone just doing what he knows best and
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I like all those numbers might suggest I'm
not even a political scientist. I'm, in
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fact a designer and web developer. And as
such what I enjoy most is the challenge of
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making complex concepts easily accessible,
preferably with beautiful user interfaces.
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I'd like to first introduce you to the
idea and short history of voting advice
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applications. We will then dig in a little
deeper and establish important principles
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that make VAAs successful. There's also
going to be a little hands on with the
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FOSS project I have developed in the last
year. Once I've shown you the tools, I'll
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talk about how you can run your own
election compass and what to consider when
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doing so. And off we go! Our story begins
in the Netherlands. In 1989, the Dutch
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Citizenship Foundation, the documentation
center of Dutch political parties and the
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faculty of Political Management of the
University of Twente start a collaboration
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to develop the Stemwijzer. A booklet
containing 60 statements found in the
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programs of political parties and a
diskette. Well, it's 1989. The idea proves
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popular and evolves to the first Internet
election compass for the Dutch
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parliamentary elections in 1998. Although
the project can only attract 6500 voters,
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subsequent implementations in 2002 and
2003 attract about 2 million voters, which
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quickly become 5 million voters in 2006,
which is about a third of the entire Dutch
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population. Success began spreading to
other countries, the first election
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compass I myself ever came across was the
German Wahl-o-mat, based on the StemWijzer
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itself, the Federal Agency for Civic
Education, the BPB, released the first
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Wahl-o-mat in 2002. It's fair to say that
the VAA concept is now well-established in
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Germany and other countries. Usage in
Germany has increased to 33% of cast votes
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in 2017. Think about that for a moment.
One in three voters has used the Wahl-o-
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mat at some point before going to the
ballot. As software projects of the German
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government go, this might well be the most
successful yet, doubly so if you consider
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the costs of some spectacular failures in
the past. So what did the first voting
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advice applications actually look like?
Let's take a look at the first Wahl-o-mat
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from nearly two decades ago. The Internet
was quite different back in those days.
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Many user interface patterns were yet to
be discovered or refined and users were
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less experienced. On a side note.
Technically, this website from 18 years
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ago still runs perfectly fine in a modern
day browser. Web technologies are amazing.
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Anyway, despite these slight difficulties
and the Wahl-o-mat being a new concept,
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there are very few instructions. This is
because the core concept was and still is
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incredibly simple. You are presented with
a sequence of statements or a thesis. You
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can choose to approve or reject or remain
neutral to a thesis. If you don't really
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understand the meaning or the issue behind
it, you can also skip a thesis. After
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about 30 statements, you can choose
categories that are more important to you,
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so they are counting double. The political
parties or candidates answer the same
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theses. At the end your answers are
compared to those of the parties showing
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you potential matches. Fast forward to
today. The idea is about 30 years old now.
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In this time it spread not only to Germany
but also to Belgium, Finland, Denmark,
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Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Austria,
Switzerland and many other countries,
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continents even. The teams behind
StemWijzer inspired most European
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countries and others around the world.
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Let's talk about VAAs in more depth. What
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are they actually good for? Why do people
use them? How do their mechanisms work and
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does their popularity make them dangerous?
So what do we actually want to achieve?
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What is the purpose of voting advice
applications? Since their inception, the
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target group are actually young, even
first-time voters. I guess the reasoning
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behind this is that the older people get
the more experienced they are with the
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political landscape, or at least they
should be. The term voting advice
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application suggests that the purpose is
to advise users on who to vote for. Now, I
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must say, I've been struggling with this
name. I find it counterintuitive because
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from what I've seen, this is actually not
the purpose of these projects. And that's
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good because imagine for a second what
this would mean. Many VAAs are designed
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and controlled by government agencies. So
who would want to live in a democracy
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where the government gives you advice on
who to vote for in the election? So
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although it's called a voting advice
application, the Wahl-o-mat does not
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actually want to give you advice. It's
even written there on the very first page,
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right above the start button. The Wahl-o-
mat is not voting advice, but an offer of
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information about elections and politics.
I found this disclaimer in every VAA I
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have come across so far. OK, so the
purpose of VAAs is, despite their name,
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not to give voting advice. Good. Except,
they kind of do, don't they? We don't give
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you any advice well, we do, but don't take
our word for it. We've warned you not to
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take this as an advice. Now go ahead and
get not-an-advice. Maybe it's just me, but
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I think this is quite german. VAAs have a
positive impact on political education.
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This might be the main aspect, they have
originally been designed for. VAAs want to
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have a positive impact on political
education. As I understand it, this topic
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sadly needs more research. But with the
research done so far, we can assume that
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this is indeed the case. It appears to be
uncertain to what extent exactly, and this
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will also depend on the individual VAA.
But there is a positive impact. VAAs do
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not improve the knowledge about political
structures like how the ballot works, how
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the allotment of seats in parliament
works, etc. But they can improve knowledge
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about the policy issues, what the upcoming
election is about, what parties there are,
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and where the parties stand. VAAs also
lead to discussions about these issues and
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parties which can also improve political
knowledge in peer groups. So as far as we
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know today, this claim is true and it is
an important benefit of election compasses
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or VAAs, because as research shows, most
people in Germany are able to place
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parties on the spectrum of left and right
correctly. But at the same time, many
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people are unable to place parties
correctly when it comes to policy issues.
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So missing political knowledge and
misinformation can actually lead to people
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voting against their own interests. VAAs
promote electoral participation. What
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makes people vote? To answer this
question, we can take a look at the
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reasons why some people don't. And one of
the main reasons why some people don't
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vote is because they don't feel like their
position is reflected by any of the
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existing parties. Our political system is
complex and our political landscape, our
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parties and their programs doubly so.
People that have a better understanding
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and more knowledge of the choices they
have… are more likely to cast a vote. Just
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imagine you're helping a friend who has no
clue about computers decide on a graphics
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card. They either get confused as hell
very quickly or they be like, well, I
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don't know, do I even need one? My laptop
runs fine and it doesn't have one. Can we
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get pizza now? You see, being able to make
an informed decision can make a huge
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difference. And VAAs can help with that.
And research tells us that VAA users can
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be 2% to 12% more likely to go to the
ballot. The last important background
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topic I would like to touch on is the
matching algorithm. These algorithms are
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still subject to debate and some are
frequently criticized. I'll spare you the
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history, and instead will jump right in
because, one, this topic deserves a talk
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of its own. And two, that talk should not
be held by me. But I'll share with you
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what I know. The matching algorithm is
responsible for calculating your result.
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After you answered all the theses, your
answers are compared to those of the
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parties. The parties get more points the
more you agree with them. Sounds simple?
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But how do you calculate this exactly? Say
we have an agreement scale of 10 to -10. I
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reply to a different thesis with an
agreement of 3. Party A is even more into
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this and goes for 9. Party B is not a fan
of this thesis and answers with -3. How
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many points will Party A and B get for
this thesis? There are two approaches to
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this. The first has been coined the
proximity model, and as the term suggests,
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it focuses on the distance between two
points. In this case, Party A and Party B
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are the same distance to my answer, so
they will get the same amount of points.
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Seems logical at first, but is this really
the best approach to this? I might not
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fully agree with Party A, but I am on the
same side, whereas party B is on the other
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side. Wouldn't it be safe to assume that
party A is a better match for me? Well,
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probably, yes. The idea is called the
directional model. It awards more points
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if the voter and the party go in the same
direction. In our scenario, party A will
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receive more points than party B because
it is on the same side as I am. Following
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these models, one can easily create a
matching algorithm. Why not all VAAs make
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their algorithm's public, there are a few
well known ones. The first is the famous
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city block algorithm. It belongs to the
proximity model and is still used by the
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Wahl-o-mat albeit with only three options,
which has been criticized in the past. In
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this chart, you can see the users answer
in the rows and the party's answer in the
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columns. In this area where they meet,
you'll find the score for this thesis. For
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example, if I choose to strongly approve
the thesis, I'm in the first row. If the
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party agrees with that we meet in the
first cell and the party gets the maximum
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score of 1 for this thesis. If the party,
however, rejects the thesis, 1st row, 4th
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column, it will only get a score of -5.
You see, the city block algorithm strictly
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follows the proximity model: the closer
user and party become, the higher the
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score. The classic example of the
direction and what is the scalar
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algorithm, the direction or side is far
more important here and a party cannot
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receive a positive score as long as it is
on the other side of the user's opinion.
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Note also that this must mean that if
either the user or the party choose a
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neutral position, the score will always be
zero. So why both algorithms have their
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strengths, our goal is to find a model,
thats prediction is as close as possible
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to what the user votes for in the end. And
there's another group of algorithms that
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tend to yield better results. I'm talking
about hybrid algorithms that try to
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combine the approaches of the proximity
and directional model. As you can see,
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proximity as well as direction play a role
in the scoring. Looking at the colors, you
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can see that this now looks a bit like the
first algorithm, the city block algorithm,
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but the green line fades a little in the
center. This is the influence of the
00:19:14.230 --> 00:19:25.945
scalar algorithm focusing on the
direction. So which one is best? I'm
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afraid we don't know for sure. As always,
data will tell. It also depends on your
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intentions and design choices. What we do
know is that algorithms based on the
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proximity model tend to favor temperate
parties, while those based on their
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directional model gently pushes users to
the extreme ends. Considering this, hybrid
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algorithms should yield more balanced
results. We must not forget, though, that
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at the end of the day they are still only
models, so don't expect any of them to be
00:20:04.129 --> 00:20:14.590
incredibly accurate. The OpenElectionCompass
is a free and open source software
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with a simple mission: making voting
advice applications available to every
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election to support political education
and democracy everywhere. Running your own
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election compass can be a costly endeavor.
No more. With the OpenElectionCompass, we
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have a system that is free, transparent,
user friendly and accessible. Unlike
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agencies who only run an election compass
every few years, a project like this can
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focus on continuous improvement. But
enough promises. Let's take a look at the
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features. The OpenElectionCompass was
designed to be easy to use and accessible.
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The design is minimalistic, so users are
not distracted. Unlike solutions like the
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Wahl-o-mat, it makes use of the available
screen size with big theses and buttons.
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Clear color coding provides visual
feedback, and as you can see, the
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navigation is not based on previous next
buttons, but scrolling. This is quicker
00:21:26.128 --> 00:21:31.730
and far more intuitive, especially on
mobile devices. To make this experience
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even smoother, a big, friendly green
button helps guide the user through the
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entire process. Whenever it's time to move
on, it just pops up ready to take you to
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the next step. The OpenElectionCompass is
the first VAA software to pioneer this
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navigation concept. With great success, I
might add. Everything you're seeing here
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is also screen reader and keyboard
friendly. These things get easily
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overlooked. But as I said, being a
continuous project, we can focus on
00:22:06.999 --> 00:22:14.820
important details like these. After we
have finished with the thesis, we are
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guided to the selection of the parties.
Notice that unlike most VAA's, there's no
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additional step here where we would be
asked to select some theses that are more
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important to us. This is another way
OpenElectionCompass is improving and
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speeding up the process. We are removing
the cognitive overhead of going through
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all these theses again. Instead, you can
mark the thesis as important, right while
00:22:43.519 --> 00:22:49.986
you're answering. Usability wise, this
makes a lot more sense. But back to the
00:22:49.986 --> 00:22:56.020
parties. We simply select the parties we
would like to compare. Again, keyboard and
00:22:56.020 --> 00:23:03.059
screen reader friendly, and proceed to the
results. Here we have the classic
00:23:03.059 --> 00:23:11.037
percentage based result view. With most
VAAs, this is pretty much it. Usually you
00:23:11.037 --> 00:23:17.068
can go into the thesis one by one and see
the statements of the parties, but I
00:23:17.068 --> 00:23:23.559
believe this is the most important part
and should not be hidden away. Showing
00:23:23.559 --> 00:23:31.749
these statements should be the default. So
I made it the default, when we scroll
00:23:31.749 --> 00:23:38.030
further, we can read the answers of all
selected parties in an easy, color coded,
00:23:38.030 --> 00:23:49.129
chat like format. And that's it. A simple
to use, accessible, beautiful state of the
00:23:49.129 --> 00:24:02.185
art and free voting advice application.
Now comes my favorite part. How do you get
00:24:02.185 --> 00:24:08.540
all this content, theses, the parties, the
statements into the OpenElectionCompass?
00:24:08.540 --> 00:24:14.220
Well, of course, by using a big JSON
configuration file, that's hardly
00:24:14.220 --> 00:24:21.131
exciting, but you know what, JSON is
simple, but for a non-programmer, this is
00:24:21.131 --> 00:24:26.720
a pretty daunting task. And even for
programmers working with big JSON files to
00:24:26.720 --> 00:24:33.868
manage content in multiple languages is
not something particularly fun. Especially
00:24:33.868 --> 00:24:40.399
if it involves countless emails back and
forth to incorporate small changes. So
00:24:40.399 --> 00:24:48.321
guess what? There's a tool for that. Now
everyone can read and write the JSON
00:24:48.321 --> 00:24:52.326
configuration files using a friendly
visual editor called the configuration
00:24:52.326 --> 00:25:00.073
editor. It makes adding parties, thesis,
and statements a breeze. Simply fill in
00:25:00.073 --> 00:25:05.077
the forms and download your ready to go
configuration file. It even supports
00:25:05.077 --> 00:25:11.789
adding every content in multiple languages
and handles images for you. There is 100%
00:25:11.789 --> 00:25:17.609
feature parity between the configuration
files and the editor. And while this is
00:25:17.609 --> 00:25:23.789
only the first step in making the creation
of VAAs more accessible, it is a big step
00:25:23.789 --> 00:25:33.850
up from any other tool. And there's more.
Let me introduce some of the smaller
00:25:33.850 --> 00:25:40.799
features that make the OpenElectionCompass
special. I really want to make
00:25:40.799 --> 00:25:46.470
this technology accessible for everyone,
so I took the time to create a single file
00:25:46.470 --> 00:25:51.990
deployment solution that would fit the
software, your content and images, all in
00:25:51.990 --> 00:25:59.014
a single HTML file. Is that the most
performant solution? No, but let's be
00:25:59.014 --> 00:26:08.820
reasonable. It's perfectly fine for a
small town – Definitions: Theses must be
00:26:08.820 --> 00:26:14.629
short and precise. Sometimes this makes it
difficult for users to understand them
00:26:14.629 --> 00:26:20.179
because of words or abbreviations they
might not know. To help with this, you can
00:26:20.179 --> 00:26:29.210
easily provide small helpers – Solid
navigation: As we have seen, the one page
00:26:29.210 --> 00:26:34.989
design approach comes with lots of
benefits. To make sure no one gets annoyed
00:26:34.989 --> 00:26:40.569
by too much scrolling around, an
intelligent menu is always right at hand.
00:26:40.569 --> 00:26:47.780
That and the big green button helps
getting around and no time at all.
00:26:49.350 --> 00:26:54.470
Multilingual: The OpenElectionCompass has
been multilingual since the very
00:26:54.470 --> 00:27:00.744
beginning, and not just the interface, no.
You can easily provide theses and answers,
00:27:00.744 --> 00:27:06.029
everything in multiple languages, even
though this is not a big issue in Germany,
00:27:06.029 --> 00:27:10.900
I was thinking about countries like
Switzerland where this can be essentially
00:27:10.900 --> 00:27:18.239
really – Kiosk mode: You can set up a
terminal in a public place and put your
00:27:18.239 --> 00:27:23.039
election compass in kiosk mode, this mode
will ask users nicely to reset the
00:27:23.039 --> 00:27:27.039
application once they are done or will do
so automatically after a period of
00:27:27.039 --> 00:27:34.377
inactivity. Algorithms: The
OpenElectionCompass has a flexible
00:27:34.377 --> 00:27:38.161
matching implementation that allows it to
support different answer styles and
00:27:38.161 --> 00:27:46.659
algorithms. Because we don't know what
might be the best fit for you. Privacy first
00:27:46.659 --> 00:27:52.649
statistics: The OpenElectionCompass now
comes with an integrated tool to collect
00:27:52.649 --> 00:27:59.659
statistics in a privacy first design.
Users can opt in to submit their answers
00:27:59.659 --> 00:28:05.020
anonymously for research. They can also
help to improve the quality of the data
00:28:05.020 --> 00:28:10.970
set by answering more questions regarding
their age, gender, education and more.
00:28:10.970 --> 00:28:14.958
I know that this is a difficult topic,
so I am taking extra care to get this
00:28:14.958 --> 00:28:20.671
right. We certainly don't want to become a
privacy nightmare. We want to help people
00:28:20.671 --> 00:28:31.213
support science in the most privacy caring
way possible. By now, you probably want
00:28:31.213 --> 00:28:39.080
to get started building your own election
compass. Next up, DIY. There are a number
00:28:39.080 --> 00:28:45.120
of principles when creating a VAA, written
down in the Lausanne declaration. If you
00:28:45.120 --> 00:28:49.196
want to run your own election compass, I
encourage you to read it. It's not even
00:28:49.196 --> 00:28:56.452
long. Let's go over the most important
points quickly. In order to contribute
00:28:56.452 --> 00:29:01.740
sustainably to the good functioning of
democracy, VAAs should be open,
00:29:01.740 --> 00:29:08.862
transparent, impartial and
methodologically sound. This is important
00:29:08.862 --> 00:29:14.220
because if you're not transparent, there's
a good chance that some people or even
00:29:14.220 --> 00:29:20.299
parties try to deny your legitimacy or
impartiality. You should really follow the
00:29:20.299 --> 00:29:27.350
approach: We have nothing to fear because
we have nothing to hide. A VAA should be
00:29:27.350 --> 00:29:35.380
freely accessible to all citizens. This is
fairly obvious, but anyway, make sure that
00:29:35.380 --> 00:29:41.330
your VAA does not require any form of
payment. This could be the paywall of a
00:29:41.330 --> 00:29:46.399
media outlet you've partnered with for a
promotion. But this could also be less
00:29:46.399 --> 00:29:51.610
obvious, a mandatory collection of
statistics. And lastly, keep in mind that
00:29:51.610 --> 00:29:57.289
there are probably more people with
disabilities that you might be aware of.
00:29:57.289 --> 00:30:01.619
The OpenElectionCompass helps you with
that as it provides decent screen reader
00:30:01.619 --> 00:30:05.968
support and generally follows
accessibility guidelines. But you should
00:30:05.968 --> 00:30:12.289
also apply these design principles for any
other content you might create around your
00:30:12.289 --> 00:30:20.169
VAA. A VAA should aim at the inclusion of
as many parties or candidates that are on
00:30:20.169 --> 00:30:25.759
the ballot as possible. The criteria for
the exclusion of parties and candidates
00:30:25.759 --> 00:30:31.929
should be publicly available and
justified, and also parties and candidates
00:30:31.929 --> 00:30:38.899
should not be excluded from the tour for
ideological reasons. I think this might be
00:30:38.899 --> 00:30:44.850
the most obvious rule, but also the most
important. We want to help voters make
00:30:44.850 --> 00:30:50.459
informed choices. So we need as many
parties to participate as possible. This
00:30:50.459 --> 00:30:56.369
might at times be a little difficult when
parties don't want to partake. But more on
00:30:56.369 --> 00:31:03.549
that later. VAAs should be designed in a
simple and intuitively understandable
00:31:03.549 --> 00:31:11.115
manner. OpenElectionCompass, this
is the reason why the design of the
00:31:11.115 --> 00:31:17.327
OpenElectionCompass is not fancy at all,
a bit boring even. Because I genuinely
00:31:17.327 --> 00:31:22.949
believe that it's how it's supposed to be.
Many designers observe that web interfaces
00:31:22.949 --> 00:31:28.892
are starting to look alike too much. And
there's some truth to that. But this is
00:31:28.892 --> 00:31:33.620
mainly because we have established a
number of patterns that just work and are
00:31:33.620 --> 00:31:40.460
well known to users. So with
OpenElectionCompass, I'm in fact building
00:31:40.460 --> 00:31:45.228
upon that. If you want an interface that
is usable by as many people as possible.
00:31:45.228 --> 00:31:53.606
Boring is better than fancy. This is not art.
This is design. The Lausanne declaration
00:31:53.606 --> 00:31:58.394
holds ourselves to a high standard,
but as the original authors stated, it is
00:31:58.394 --> 00:32:03.042
meant as a starting point for discussion.
There are a few points I would like
00:32:03.042 --> 00:32:11.630
to add. VAAs should collect user data only
on an unobtrusive opt in basis, you might
00:32:11.630 --> 00:32:18.410
want to collect user data such as visitor
statistics, answers and polls. There are
00:32:18.410 --> 00:32:23.816
good reasons to do so, but it's only ever
happened with a clear opt in solution,
00:32:23.816 --> 00:32:29.269
preferably near the end of the election
compass. A project like this should not
00:32:29.269 --> 00:32:39.006
appear greedy. VAAs should collect user
data for science, not for profit. The
00:32:39.006 --> 00:32:45.691
collected data should be made publicly
available. If you collect statistics in
00:32:45.691 --> 00:32:52.561
your VAA, do it for science. Let political
scientists handle the methodology and
00:32:52.561 --> 00:32:58.090
interpretation, not some newspaper. And
after the election is done, make the data
00:32:58.090 --> 00:33:08.320
you collected and if possible, your
research available for free. VAAs should
00:33:08.320 --> 00:33:13.789
collect user data in a way that is not
possible, that it is not possible to trace
00:33:13.789 --> 00:33:19.529
political opinions back to an individual.
If you do collect statistics, make it
00:33:19.529 --> 00:33:25.161
impossible to connect answers to a name.
Not only for everyone else, but for
00:33:25.161 --> 00:33:30.639
yourself. If you want to collect contact
information for further research, save it
00:33:30.639 --> 00:33:43.340
separately from the user's answers. Users
trust the VAA, so be trustworthy. OK, so
00:33:43.340 --> 00:33:52.669
where to begin? I prepared instructions
how to run your own election compass
00:33:52.669 --> 00:34:02.759
consisting of 10 phases. Phase number one:
Preparing. Organization, planning and
00:34:02.759 --> 00:34:08.810
communication are paramount. Before you do
anything else, make sure you're all on the
00:34:08.810 --> 00:34:14.460
same page. Do you really want to run an
election compass? Who is going to manage
00:34:14.460 --> 00:34:19.840
everything? This person doesn't have to,
and in fact shouldn't do everything alone.
00:34:19.840 --> 00:34:25.439
But it is very beneficial to have a single
person feeling responsible that everyone
00:34:25.439 --> 00:34:32.310
else completes their assignments on time.
Write down your own timeline, get a tool
00:34:32.310 --> 00:34:41.582
to organize your team like Kanban board or
a To-do-app. Phase number two: your team.
00:34:41.582 --> 00:34:47.240
You should never run a VAA all on your
own, not just because it's an awful lot of
00:34:47.240 --> 00:34:52.620
work and responsibility and requires an
extensive skill set, but because it is
00:34:52.620 --> 00:34:57.540
nearly impossible to do it in a legitimate
way. You want to support the democratic
00:34:57.540 --> 00:35:03.742
process, so get a team of experts,
advisers and supporters working together.
00:35:03.742 --> 00:35:09.760
Start with a list of people. This might
include political scientists for advice
00:35:09.760 --> 00:35:15.300
and possibly in charge of the theses, the
marketing specialists managing your
00:35:15.300 --> 00:35:22.310
marketing channels, social media, email,
etc. A web developer with technical skills
00:35:22.310 --> 00:35:28.977
to get the election Compass online. A
media designer, enthusiastic citizens,
00:35:28.977 --> 00:35:33.366
people with good connections to the
administration, newspapers and other
00:35:33.366 --> 00:35:42.667
institutions. Someone with great language
skills for wording and spelling. Think of
00:35:42.667 --> 00:35:48.090
people that might fit into these positions
and contact them. Organize the kickoff
00:35:48.090 --> 00:35:53.127
meeting for your entire team to present
your project. The plan, the structure, the
00:35:53.127 --> 00:35:59.230
timeline. Establish your organization
tools and communication channel, get
00:35:59.230 --> 00:36:07.059
everyone to work, gather to-dos and assign
them and set deadlines. Phase number
00:36:07.059 --> 00:36:15.155
three: The parties. It is important to get
the parties on board. Normally, one party
00:36:15.155 --> 00:36:21.061
alone has no choice but to participate.
You wouldn't want to be the only party
00:36:21.061 --> 00:36:26.270
missing. But if multiple parties aren't
interested, you have a serious problem.
00:36:26.270 --> 00:36:32.273
You should not run an election compass
with some parties missing. One or two
00:36:32.273 --> 00:36:38.130
small parties might be tolerable. You can
simply ask for a gathering and give them a
00:36:38.130 --> 00:36:42.480
rough idea of what you are planning. At
this point, it can be very helpful to
00:36:42.480 --> 00:36:48.994
belong to a reputable institution whose
invitation cannot easily be refused. Most
00:36:48.994 --> 00:36:55.400
of the time, parties should welcome your
idea, but be prepared for some persuading
00:36:55.400 --> 00:37:03.873
anyways. Phase number four: Preparing the
workshop. The theses for your election
00:37:03.873 --> 00:37:09.220
compass obviously cannot be written all by
yourself. They need to represent the
00:37:09.220 --> 00:37:15.828
society as a whole. The choice of theses
decides over the quality of your election
00:37:15.828 --> 00:37:22.000
compass, you need to get this right. Your
theses need to cover the most important
00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:28.839
matters for the next legislature. They
need to be objective and impartial. The
00:37:28.839 --> 00:37:34.585
wording of the thesis has to be simple
enough to be understood and to the point.
00:37:34.585 --> 00:37:40.042
Take this task seriously, it's the most
important and the most difficult. To
00:37:40.042 --> 00:37:45.570
achieve theses of good quality you should
run a workshop with a sample of your
00:37:45.570 --> 00:37:52.329
audience. Gather a group of young,
probably first time voters, but if you
00:37:52.329 --> 00:37:58.180
like, you can also gather voters of all
ages. Make sure the group is representable
00:37:58.180 --> 00:38:05.126
for your audience. No gender, race or
religion should be excluded obviously. Set
00:38:05.126 --> 00:38:10.990
a date and find a large enough room with a
projector, send out invitations and gather
00:38:10.990 --> 00:38:18.403
replies. Your groups should have about 20
to 30 members. Get the political programs
00:38:18.403 --> 00:38:24.040
of all participating parties with the help
of your experts, gather topics of
00:38:24.040 --> 00:38:30.350
political interest from the programs and
newspapers, and sort them into categories
00:38:30.350 --> 00:38:37.321
like social environment, work, traffic,
infrastructure, energy, economy, finance,
00:38:37.321 --> 00:38:45.340
tax, security. You get the gist. This is
your workshop material. Now plan the
00:38:45.340 --> 00:38:51.914
workshop. Help your group of voters
discover the topics and create the theses.
00:38:51.914 --> 00:38:57.432
What methods are you going to use?
Teachers can be very helpful here. What
00:38:57.432 --> 00:39:05.273
materials will you need? Whiteboards,
pens, paper, etc. Phase number five: The
00:39:05.273 --> 00:39:12.879
theses. Use the topics and information you
gathered to conduct your workshop. With
00:39:12.879 --> 00:39:18.260
your team and your group of voters. In
this workshop, you will create a number of
00:39:18.260 --> 00:39:26.080
theses. Most election compasses gather
around 50 to even 100 theses for whole
00:39:26.080 --> 00:39:31.879
countries at this stage. It will take you
a few hours at least. Take care of your
00:39:31.879 --> 00:39:36.883
guests with, you know, pauses, lunch,
snacks and coffee. Collect all theses in a
00:39:36.883 --> 00:39:43.590
list, and don't forget to work on the
wording. Now, regarding the theses, there
00:39:43.590 --> 00:39:48.714
are some simple rules and some more
advanced rules. The simpler ones are
00:39:48.714 --> 00:39:58.670
these: Can the thesis be easily understood
by everyone? Are there words that
00:39:58.670 --> 00:40:02.820
not everyone will know? The
OpenElectionCompass can provide hints
00:40:02.820 --> 00:40:12.344
on those, for those. Might the wording be
biased? Does the wording match your style?
00:40:12.344 --> 00:40:18.218
Is this a good length? You know,
these kind of simple rules. Now, for
00:40:18.218 --> 00:40:22.430
the more advanced rules. It can be
quite hard to follow these, but you
00:40:22.430 --> 00:40:30.285
should at least try or maybe get some
help with these. Advanced rule number one:
00:40:30.285 --> 00:40:37.162
Theses should not be about ideological
values, but actual political policies.
00:40:37.162 --> 00:40:43.431
The first statement is completely vague.
Voters cannot get any political knowledge
00:40:43.431 --> 00:40:48.854
from this because ideologically they most
likely already know where the parties are
00:40:48.854 --> 00:40:55.342
standing. What's even worse, voters can
interpret this thesis very differently.
00:40:55.342 --> 00:41:06.740
So be concrete. Number two: Theses should
not be double barreled. It is very easy to
00:41:06.740 --> 00:41:13.900
accidentally merge two theses. And that
makes them hard to answer. Every thesis
00:41:13.900 --> 00:41:21.222
should be about one policy and not mix two
or more policies. In this example. Voters
00:41:21.222 --> 00:41:27.580
might be OK with soft but not hard drugs.
So how are they supposed to answer the
00:41:27.580 --> 00:41:39.730
first statement? Focus your theses. Number
three: Theses should avoid
00:41:39.730 --> 00:41:48.140
quantifications. At first, this thesis
looks fine, it's clear and short, but what
00:41:48.140 --> 00:41:55.469
if you don't think there should be more
surveillance cameras? If I reject this
00:41:55.469 --> 00:42:00.506
statement, what does it mean? It could
mean that I'm OK with the numbers of
00:42:00.506 --> 00:42:05.820
cameras or it could mean that I'm
completely against them. It's not clear,
00:42:05.820 --> 00:42:11.750
and this makes it hard to match partisan
voters. It's often difficult to avoid
00:42:11.750 --> 00:42:19.924
quantification, but sometimes it can help
to get down to the real issue. And in case
00:42:19.924 --> 00:42:27.734
of my hometown, this was that some people
don't feel safe in public places at night.
00:42:27.734 --> 00:42:38.966
Now it's more of a boolean question, so
try to go for these. And number four:
00:42:38.966 --> 00:42:45.816
Theses should avoid qualifications as
well. This is a bit like the third rule,
00:42:45.816 --> 00:42:53.360
only this time we don't merge related
theses but add more depth to a thesis by
00:42:53.360 --> 00:43:00.060
adding an example. This was taken from the
Wahl-o-mat of 2002 and while it was meant
00:43:00.060 --> 00:43:06.510
to just be an example, it makes it more
difficult both for the voters as well as
00:43:06.510 --> 00:43:13.070
the matching algorithm. Voters might
support gay marriages, but draw a line
00:43:13.070 --> 00:43:20.910
when it comes to adoption. So what do they
choose? In this case, it might be helpful
00:43:20.910 --> 00:43:30.906
to be more specific or even split this
into two separate theses. This brings us
00:43:30.906 --> 00:43:38.390
to phase number six: The positions. Now
it's time to let the parties answer and
00:43:38.390 --> 00:43:44.389
positions themselves. First, decide on the
algorithm you want to calculate the
00:43:44.389 --> 00:43:51.309
matches with. This will also determine how
many possible answers there will be. Send
00:43:51.309 --> 00:43:57.080
the theses to every party. You'll want to
use an online form or similar, as the task
00:43:57.080 --> 00:44:02.840
of collecting all answers can get very
tedious. Make also sure to collect the
00:44:02.840 --> 00:44:09.594
logos in appropriate quality and give the
parties two to three weeks to answer,
00:44:09.594 --> 00:44:15.182
depending on your timeline. In the
meantime, prepare to publish the election
00:44:15.182 --> 00:44:22.242
compass. Contact media outlets and tell
them about your story. Contact the
00:44:22.242 --> 00:44:28.490
administration and ask them if they're
willing to put up a link on their website.
00:44:28.490 --> 00:44:35.370
Contact schools, teachers, youth
organizations and sport clubs and ask them
00:44:35.370 --> 00:44:40.231
if they are willing to share some graphics
and a link with their followers once
00:44:40.231 --> 00:44:48.025
you're done. Phase number seven:
Evaluating the answers. You know, I have a
00:44:48.025 --> 00:44:53.857
lot of theses and even more answers. The
next step is to select the most important
00:44:53.857 --> 00:45:00.228
theses. You can do this in another
workshop or on your team. Go through every
00:45:00.228 --> 00:45:05.592
thesis and decide whether it should become
part of the election compass. Ask
00:45:05.592 --> 00:45:12.550
yourselves, is this thesis controversial
enough? Is it helpful in telling the
00:45:12.550 --> 00:45:20.400
parties apart? At this stage, around 25 to
40 theses remain. Too few, and the results
00:45:20.400 --> 00:45:26.824
lose accuracy. Too many, and it would take
too long for the voters to process them.
00:45:26.824 --> 00:45:33.730
Phase number eight: Time for a test. By
now you should have everything you need.
00:45:33.730 --> 00:45:39.290
Let's run a test, feed your theses,
answers and logos to the configuration
00:45:39.290 --> 00:45:44.951
editor to create the configuration file.
Try it out, give it to your team and the
00:45:44.951 --> 00:45:49.900
people that participated in the workshops.
Gather their feedback, make small
00:45:49.900 --> 00:45:57.278
adjustments until everything is ready for
the big day. Phase number nine: Going
00:45:57.278 --> 00:46:03.780
public. About 2 to 3 weeks before the
election, you should publish your election
00:46:03.780 --> 00:46:08.940
compass. Tell your web developer in
advance, and when the election compass is
00:46:08.940 --> 00:46:18.350
online, tell everyone. And lastly, Phase
number 10: Observe. Everything is up and
00:46:18.350 --> 00:46:24.390
running? Good. The only thing left to do
now is get your election compass into as
00:46:24.390 --> 00:46:30.090
many hands as possible. Be available for
questions and feedback from the public,
00:46:30.090 --> 00:46:36.242
and then wait for the election. Don't
forget to vote yourselves. And when the
00:46:36.242 --> 00:46:41.702
election is over, archive the election
compass. You can delete it, of course, but
00:46:41.702 --> 00:46:47.220
if you can, just keep it online. It can
still be a valuable resource of
00:46:47.220 --> 00:46:52.333
transparency. If you collected any data
for research, make sure to share it with
00:46:52.333 --> 00:46:58.700
the word. And lastly, please give back to
the OpenElectionCompass, give feedback,
00:46:58.700 --> 00:47:11.300
write about it or improve our funding. And
here we are, nearly done. Undoubtedly,
00:47:11.300 --> 00:47:18.720
there are many issues with democracy. Its
implementations are incredibly complex and
00:47:18.720 --> 00:47:25.112
nothing that comes out of it is ever
perfect. It can be frustratingly slow,
00:47:25.112 --> 00:47:31.096
inefficient, intransparent and even
counterproductive. But it's also the only
00:47:31.096 --> 00:47:37.430
form of government that the majority so
far managed to agree upon. And it's also
00:47:37.430 --> 00:47:43.111
the only form of government that is
evolving continuously. We are right to
00:47:43.111 --> 00:47:48.297
criticize the system when it appears to be
moving in the wrong direction. But we
00:47:48.297 --> 00:47:54.590
should not be tempted to hack our
democracy. Hacking the system would mean
00:47:54.590 --> 00:48:01.678
bending it to our will. We don't want that
and we don't need to. We don't need to
00:48:01.678 --> 00:48:08.450
hack a system that has the inherent
ability to change. We can, however, try
00:48:08.450 --> 00:48:14.510
and fix the flaws, and I believe voting
advice applications are a way to start
00:48:14.510 --> 00:48:23.010
doing this. A way of patching democracy.
Thank you.
00:48:27.070 --> 00:48:41.196
Herald: Thank you so much Till Sanders
not only for your lecture, but also for
00:48:41.196 --> 00:48:47.216
the development of this very useful tool,
obviously. We still have some questions
00:48:47.216 --> 00:48:52.664
that our community posed on our social
media platforms. And I would start with
00:48:52.664 --> 00:48:58.478
the first one: Who would be moderating the
content in such apps? Like would it be
00:48:58.478 --> 00:49:03.636
peer moderated? Would it be state election
agency or would it be something like what
00:49:03.636 --> 00:49:11.130
kind of moderation would there be?
Till: That's a very important question,
00:49:11.130 --> 00:49:19.946
actually. Um, so in Germany with the Wahl-
o-mat that's made by by the BPB, a
00:49:19.946 --> 00:49:27.508
government agency. And they develop it in
a workshop like the one that I describe in
00:49:27.508 --> 00:49:35.970
the talk together with young first time
voters. Because that's their target group.
00:49:35.970 --> 00:49:41.430
But apart from that, they obviously have,
you know, political scientists, people
00:49:41.430 --> 00:49:49.810
who've been doing this for two decades
now. And if you want to do it yourself,
00:49:49.810 --> 00:50:02.150
you won't have access to these kind of
resources. So that can be a problem. And
00:50:02.150 --> 00:50:13.463
so far it worked well. We did this in in
Münster, Cologne, Bielefeld, and Siegen.
00:50:13.463 --> 00:50:20.203
We had a team of political scientists who
did this. So they had all the expertize.
00:50:20.203 --> 00:50:26.940
And yeah, there's no perfect answer for
this. Um, not anyone, not everybody has
00:50:26.940 --> 00:50:36.160
these resources. Just try to do it as good
as you can and maybe get some contacts who
00:50:36.160 --> 00:50:43.661
can help you. And we must not forget it's
only for political education, not for
00:50:43.661 --> 00:50:49.580
actual voting advice. So it will never be
perfect. But to a certain degree that's
00:50:49.580 --> 00:50:52.070
OK.
Herald: But there is a question that is
00:50:52.070 --> 00:50:58.550
kind of subsequently to the previous one:
This person is wondering, how do you or
00:50:58.550 --> 00:51:04.247
how do we make sure that the data is not
corrupted? Like that it's not abused for
00:51:04.247 --> 00:51:11.290
political promotion, for example, or
something like this. Like they refer to a
00:51:11.290 --> 00:51:17.870
big removing of Twitter of 20K fake
accounts that did political propaganda in
00:51:17.870 --> 00:51:22.190
kinds of millions of tweets. And those
were from a couple of countries, which was
00:51:22.190 --> 00:51:28.067
discovered in April 2020. So how could one
prevent this in a way, or is it like the
00:51:28.067 --> 00:51:33.524
same that you already stated concerning
the first question?
00:51:33.524 --> 00:51:43.548
Till: Yeah, well that's also a problem. It
hasn't proven to be a problem so far. So
00:51:43.548 --> 00:51:48.703
as far as I know, there has been no case
where this happened, but it could
00:51:48.703 --> 00:51:58.180
obviously happen. And since my tool and a
few other tools are open source, there's
00:51:58.180 --> 00:52:07.228
no way we can stop this. But actually,
that's the case for any projects out
00:52:07.228 --> 00:52:16.786
there, not only in this field, so many
open source projects can be abused. Lets
00:52:16.786 --> 00:52:21.151
look at curl, I think the developer of
curl is not allowed to enter the United
00:52:21.151 --> 00:52:30.611
States, because they think he is a hacker.
The only thing we can really do is educate
00:52:30.611 --> 00:52:39.294
people about this topic in general and
also improve education on VAAs themselves.
00:52:39.294 --> 00:52:51.380
So don't take them too serious and
maybe take which ones are not honest.
00:52:51.380 --> 00:52:57.460
Herald: Yeah, this is actually a question
that bothers or bugs the users a lot
00:52:57.460 --> 00:53:02.419
because another question is like: How
could we ensure that there is no bias in
00:53:02.419 --> 00:53:08.290
the questions which actually connects to
the previous questions as well. But they
00:53:08.290 --> 00:53:12.076
were wondering, for example, if the
questions, the topic are not evenly
00:53:12.076 --> 00:53:18.883
distributed, which, yeah, actually tends
to lead to some kind of bias in the
00:53:18.883 --> 00:53:23.155
questions. But like, this is the same
problem, like with open source material,
00:53:23.155 --> 00:53:28.099
obviously, isn't it?
Till: Yeah, yeah. That's a problem. So in
00:53:28.099 --> 00:53:32.430
Münster this year, there was another
election compass based on the
00:53:32.430 --> 00:53:37.840
OpenElectionCompass,
and it was from the BUND-Jugend.
00:53:37.840 --> 00:53:46.450
So they focused on environmental issues
and it was a completely separate project
00:53:46.450 --> 00:53:50.490
and it wasn't even the first time they
were doing this. In the past they did it
00:53:50.490 --> 00:53:59.380
with like flyers and stuff. And I guess
that election compass probably was biased
00:53:59.380 --> 00:54:06.576
because it was part of their campaign, you
could say. I mean, they're not a party but
00:54:06.576 --> 00:54:16.560
still. And I think what's most important
is that it's transparent. Who is doing
00:54:16.560 --> 00:54:24.540
this election compass. So in Lüdenscheid
it was a general youth organization not
00:54:24.540 --> 00:54:34.400
affiliated with any parties, funded by the
government. And I think that's a different
00:54:34.400 --> 00:54:43.690
stand really to do that. On the other
hand, the project in Münster wasn't that.
00:54:43.690 --> 00:54:48.438
It was biased, yes. But that doesn't make
it a bad project. Just people have to be
00:54:48.438 --> 00:54:56.020
aware of that. And I hope we can tackle
all these problems in the future with
00:54:56.020 --> 00:55:02.530
something that's more like a platform as a
service. Maybe we can build an institution
00:55:02.530 --> 00:55:10.984
around this that can govern all these
projects and moderate them a little bit.
00:55:10.984 --> 00:55:15.450
But maybe that's just a daydream. I don't
know. (chuckles)
00:55:15.450 --> 00:55:20.340
Herald: OK, but another question that
popped up that I find quite interesting as
00:55:20.340 --> 00:55:25.600
well is: Why VAAs can successfully
approximate a given user's political stand
00:55:25.600 --> 00:55:30.108
in comparison to the party's answers to
the thesis. I thought... like the user
00:55:30.108 --> 00:55:35.398
thought a lot about another issue. The
missing knowledge on a theses' actually
00:55:35.398 --> 00:55:40.503
context, like they were wondering if you
have an idea how to solve that with a
00:55:40.503 --> 00:55:46.850
similar technology driven tool or
something like that, actually.
00:55:46.850 --> 00:55:52.460
Till: Yeah, that's a question I've had for
a while. When I first did the Wahl-o-mat,
00:55:52.460 --> 00:55:58.520
that question popped up for me as well.
Because there were some questions I didn't
00:55:58.520 --> 00:56:05.650
know anything about. And the idea is that
you just skip those questions and they
00:56:05.650 --> 00:56:11.470
completely, they are not counted. That's
how they deal with it. But I always
00:56:11.470 --> 00:56:18.804
thought, why don't they tell me more about
it, so I can make an informed choice? So
00:56:18.804 --> 00:56:25.795
far, I haven't managed to find the
definite answer to this, but now I believe
00:56:25.795 --> 00:56:31.640
they don't do it on purpose. So they do it
on purpose, but they don't do it, you
00:56:31.640 --> 00:56:44.669
know? I think the risk would be too high
to influence users, because when the
00:56:44.669 --> 00:56:48.870
Election Compass itself tells you
everything you need to know about this
00:56:48.870 --> 00:56:56.960
topic, they decide what's true, what
information they give you about this
00:56:56.960 --> 00:57:03.360
topic. And I think it's incredibly
difficult to be really objective when
00:57:03.360 --> 00:57:10.451
creating such content. So I guess
that's the reason why they don't do it.
00:57:10.451 --> 00:57:14.483
And I think it's a good reason, actually.
So people should get information somewhere
00:57:14.483 --> 00:57:20.430
else, multiple sources.
Herald: So you would not lobby for some
00:57:20.430 --> 00:57:24.680
kind of option that you could, you know,
expand like you are a open source project,
00:57:24.680 --> 00:57:31.300
for example, to cover that one as well?
Till: No, I don't think so. Actually, if
00:57:31.300 --> 00:57:38.108
you scroll down all the way, you can see
the party's answers. And I did it on
00:57:38.108 --> 00:57:46.480
purpose that you can... it's more like a
chat. So they can actually discuss that in
00:57:46.480 --> 00:57:52.820
a way and you can read their answers and
then decide what, who you believe.
00:57:52.820 --> 00:57:59.320
Herald: Yeah. All right. And you are
actually doing this by yourself, you
00:57:59.320 --> 00:58:06.920
founded this a year ago, some bit prior
because you saw the problems that were
00:58:06.920 --> 00:58:12.914
there. But how could one join the party?
Like how could one help out? How could
00:58:12.914 --> 00:58:20.770
somebody work with you on this project?
Till: Yeah, well so I have lots of ideas
00:58:20.770 --> 00:58:27.340
how you could improve this project. And so
far I'm managing fine to do it on my own
00:58:27.340 --> 00:58:35.411
in my free time. And I don't intend to do
it full time. It's a good side project,
00:58:35.411 --> 00:58:45.855
but someday I think more people should get
involved. And there are several ways to do
00:58:45.855 --> 00:58:55.410
so. So the project is based on Vue.js and
everyone who is familiar with that can
00:58:55.410 --> 00:59:05.780
easily join. There are small and big todos
that could be done, and many ideas will
00:59:05.780 --> 00:59:14.130
require a server side application. So
that's something I've been working on in
00:59:14.130 --> 00:59:21.445
the past few weeks. So that's also
something that could attract
00:59:21.445 --> 00:59:29.410
contributions.
Herald: OK, and another question I have
00:59:29.410 --> 00:59:35.030
left would be: Will the slides be
available somewhere like do you have your
00:59:35.030 --> 00:59:40.150
presentation somewhere online? So people
who are interested, who love the design
00:59:40.150 --> 00:59:47.670
and content, like the user who posed this
question could still grab it somehow?
00:59:47.670 --> 00:59:57.495
Till: Thanks, first. Yeah surely, the
project already has a website and many
00:59:57.495 --> 01:00:04.033
things in the presentation are also on the
website. But everything, I will add them
01:00:04.033 --> 01:00:13.070
in the next days, I think. And as far for
the slides, I can, I will upload them
01:00:13.070 --> 01:00:21.780
somewhere unless I don't know you do that.
Um, I don't know. You have like this hack
01:00:21.780 --> 01:00:29.560
media site where you, where you post some
videos. Herald: So we are allowed to put
01:00:29.560 --> 01:00:35.830
them online for you.
Till: Yeah sure. They will definitely be
01:00:35.830 --> 01:00:39.304
available somewhere.
Herald: OK. Amazing. Is there something
01:00:39.304 --> 01:00:44.780
left for you to say to that. You just want
to get off your heart?
01:00:44.780 --> 01:00:52.738
Till: Well, I really enjoyed doing this
and I myself learned a lot about VAAs in
01:00:52.738 --> 01:01:01.390
the process, that was nice. And I'm just
happy that so many people listened to me.
01:01:01.390 --> 01:01:06.165
Herald: Thank you very much for being
here. For your presentation, for your
01:01:06.165 --> 01:01:13.282
work, of course. And for being here, for
joining us. We will go ahead on this
01:01:13.282 --> 01:01:21.617
channel with air filters. It starts at 8
p.m., of course, and it will be some sort
01:01:21.617 --> 01:01:28.180
of an instruction how to build your own
air filters that actually get your air
01:01:28.180 --> 01:01:35.130
clean and virus free by using your 3D
printer. For now, we say thank you very
01:01:35.130 --> 01:01:39.814
much and say: See you next time.
01:01:39.814 --> 01:01:48.300
postroll music
01:01:48.300 --> 01:01:59.520
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