WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.000 I'm going to start here. 00:00:02.000 --> 00:00:04.000 This is a hand-lettered sign 00:00:04.000 --> 00:00:06.000 that appeared in a mom and pop bakery 00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:09.000 in my old neighborhood in Brooklyn a few years ago. 00:00:09.000 --> 00:00:11.000 The store owned one of those machines 00:00:11.000 --> 00:00:13.000 that can print on plates of sugar. 00:00:13.000 --> 00:00:15.000 And kids could bring in drawings 00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:18.000 and have the store print a sugar plate 00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:20.000 for the top of their birthday cake. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:23.000 But unfortunately, one of the things kids liked to draw 00:00:23.000 --> 00:00:25.000 was cartoon characters. 00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:27.000 They liked to draw the Little Mermaid, 00:00:27.000 --> 00:00:30.000 they'd like to draw a smurf, they'd like to draw Micky Mouse. 00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:32.000 But it turns out to be illegal 00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:35.000 to print a child's drawing of Micky Mouse 00:00:35.000 --> 00:00:38.000 onto a plate of sugar. 00:00:38.000 --> 00:00:40.000 And it's a copyright violation. 00:00:40.000 --> 00:00:42.000 And policing copyright violations 00:00:42.000 --> 00:00:44.000 for children's birthday cakes 00:00:44.000 --> 00:00:46.000 was such a hassle 00:00:46.000 --> 00:00:48.000 that the College Bakery said, 00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:50.000 "You know what, we're getting out of that business. 00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:52.000 If you're an amateur, 00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:54.000 you don't have access to our machine anymore. 00:00:54.000 --> 00:00:56.000 If you want a printed sugar birthday cake, 00:00:56.000 --> 00:01:00.000 you have to use one of our prefab images -- 00:01:00.000 --> 00:01:02.000 only for professionals." NOTE Paragraph 00:01:02.000 --> 00:01:05.000 So there's two bills in Congress right now. 00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:07.000 One is called SOPA, the other is called PIPA. 00:01:07.000 --> 00:01:09.000 SOPA stands for the Stop Online Piracy Act. 00:01:09.000 --> 00:01:11.000 It's from the Senate. 00:01:11.000 --> 00:01:14.000 PIPA is short for PROTECTIP, 00:01:14.000 --> 00:01:16.000 which is itself short for 00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:18.000 Preventing Real Online Threats 00:01:18.000 --> 00:01:20.000 to Economic Creativity 00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:22.000 and Theft of Intellectual Property -- 00:01:22.000 --> 00:01:24.000 because the congressional aides who name these things 00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:26.000 have a lot of time on their hands. 00:01:26.000 --> 00:01:28.000 And what SOPA and PIPA want to do 00:01:28.000 --> 00:01:30.000 is they want to do this. 00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:32.000 They want to raise the cost 00:01:32.000 --> 00:01:35.000 of copyright compliance 00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:38.000 to the point where people simply get out of the business 00:01:38.000 --> 00:01:41.000 of offering it as a capability to amateurs. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:41.000 --> 00:01:44.000 Now the way they propose to do this 00:01:44.000 --> 00:01:46.000 is to identify sites 00:01:46.000 --> 00:01:48.000 that are substantially infringing on copyright -- 00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:50.000 although how those sites are identified 00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:52.000 is never fully specified in the bills -- 00:01:52.000 --> 00:01:55.000 and then they want to remove them from the domain name system. 00:01:55.000 --> 00:01:57.000 They want to take them out of the domain name system. 00:01:57.000 --> 00:01:59.000 Now the domain name system 00:01:59.000 --> 00:02:02.000 is the thing that turns human-readable names, like Google.com, 00:02:02.000 --> 00:02:04.000 into the kinds of addresses 00:02:04.000 --> 00:02:06.000 machines expect -- 00:02:06.000 --> 00:02:11.000 74.125.226.212. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:11.000 --> 00:02:14.000 Now the problem with this model of censorship, 00:02:14.000 --> 00:02:16.000 of identifying a site 00:02:16.000 --> 00:02:18.000 and then trying to remove it from the domain name system, 00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:20.000 is that it won't work. 00:02:20.000 --> 00:02:23.000 And you'd think that would be a pretty big problem for a law, 00:02:23.000 --> 00:02:25.000 but Congress seems not to have let that bother them too much. 00:02:25.000 --> 00:02:27.000 Now the reason it won't work 00:02:27.000 --> 00:02:31.000 is that you can still type 74.125.226.212 into the browser 00:02:31.000 --> 00:02:33.000 or you can make it a clickable link 00:02:33.000 --> 00:02:36.000 and you'll still go to Google. 00:02:36.000 --> 00:02:38.000 So the policing layer 00:02:38.000 --> 00:02:40.000 around the problem 00:02:40.000 --> 00:02:44.000 becomes the real threat of the act. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:44.000 --> 00:02:47.000 Now to understand how Congress came to write a bill 00:02:47.000 --> 00:02:50.000 that won't accomplish its stated goals, 00:02:50.000 --> 00:02:52.000 but will produce a lot of pernicious side effects, 00:02:52.000 --> 00:02:54.000 you have to understand a little bit about the back story. 00:02:54.000 --> 00:02:56.000 And the back story is this: 00:02:56.000 --> 00:02:58.000 SOPA and PIPA, as legislation, 00:02:58.000 --> 00:03:01.000 were drafted largely by media companies 00:03:01.000 --> 00:03:03.000 that were founded in the 20th century. 00:03:03.000 --> 00:03:05.000 The 20th century was a great time to be a media company, 00:03:05.000 --> 00:03:08.000 because the thing you really had on your side was scarcity. 00:03:08.000 --> 00:03:10.000 If you were making a TV show, 00:03:10.000 --> 00:03:14.000 it didn't have to be better than all other TV shows ever made; 00:03:14.000 --> 00:03:16.000 it only had to be better 00:03:16.000 --> 00:03:18.000 than the two other shows 00:03:18.000 --> 00:03:20.000 that were on at the same time -- 00:03:20.000 --> 00:03:22.000 which is a very low threshold 00:03:22.000 --> 00:03:25.000 of competitive difficulty. 00:03:25.000 --> 00:03:27.000 Which meant 00:03:27.000 --> 00:03:29.000 that if you fielded average content, 00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:32.000 you got a third of the U.S. public for free -- 00:03:32.000 --> 00:03:35.000 tens of millions of users 00:03:35.000 --> 00:03:37.000 for simply doing something 00:03:37.000 --> 00:03:39.000 that wasn't too terrible. 00:03:39.000 --> 00:03:41.000 This is like having a license to print money 00:03:41.000 --> 00:03:43.000 and a barrel of free ink. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:43.000 --> 00:03:46.000 But technology moved on, as technology is wont to do. 00:03:46.000 --> 00:03:49.000 And slowly, slowly, at the end of the 20th century, 00:03:49.000 --> 00:03:51.000 that scarcity started to get eroded -- 00:03:51.000 --> 00:03:53.000 and I don't mean by digital technology; 00:03:53.000 --> 00:03:55.000 I mean by analog technology. 00:03:55.000 --> 00:03:57.000 Cassette tapes, video cassette recorders, 00:03:57.000 --> 00:03:59.000 even the humble Xerox machine 00:03:59.000 --> 00:04:01.000 created new opportunities 00:04:01.000 --> 00:04:03.000 for us to behave in ways 00:04:03.000 --> 00:04:05.000 that astonished the media business. 00:04:05.000 --> 00:04:07.000 Because it turned out 00:04:07.000 --> 00:04:09.000 we're not really couch potatoes. 00:04:09.000 --> 00:04:12.000 We don't really like to only consume. 00:04:12.000 --> 00:04:14.000 We do like to consume, 00:04:14.000 --> 00:04:17.000 but every time one of these new tools came along, 00:04:17.000 --> 00:04:19.000 it turned out we also like to produce 00:04:19.000 --> 00:04:21.000 and we like to share. 00:04:21.000 --> 00:04:23.000 And this freaked the media businesses out -- 00:04:23.000 --> 00:04:25.000 it freaked them out every time. 00:04:25.000 --> 00:04:27.000 Jack Valenti, who was the head lobbyist 00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:29.000 for the Motion Picture Association of America, 00:04:29.000 --> 00:04:33.000 once likened the ferocious video cassette recorder 00:04:33.000 --> 00:04:35.000 to Jack the Ripper 00:04:35.000 --> 00:04:37.000 and poor, helpless Hollywood 00:04:37.000 --> 00:04:40.000 to a woman at home alone. 00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:42.000 That was the level of rhetoric. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:42.000 --> 00:04:44.000 And so the media industries 00:04:44.000 --> 00:04:46.000 begged, insisted, demanded 00:04:46.000 --> 00:04:48.000 that Congress do something. 00:04:48.000 --> 00:04:50.000 And Congress did something. 00:04:50.000 --> 00:04:52.000 By the early 90s, Congress passed the law 00:04:52.000 --> 00:04:55.000 that changed everything. 00:04:55.000 --> 00:04:57.000 And that law was called the Audio Home Recording Act 00:04:57.000 --> 00:04:59.000 of 1992. 00:04:59.000 --> 00:05:02.000 What the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 said was, 00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:04.000 look, if people are taping stuff off the radio 00:05:04.000 --> 00:05:07.000 and then making mixtapes for their friends, 00:05:07.000 --> 00:05:10.000 that is not a crime. That's okay. 00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:12.000 Taping and remixing 00:05:12.000 --> 00:05:15.000 and sharing with your friends is okay. 00:05:15.000 --> 00:05:17.000 If you make lots and lots of high quality copies and you sell them, 00:05:17.000 --> 00:05:19.000 that's not okay. 00:05:19.000 --> 00:05:21.000 But this taping business, 00:05:21.000 --> 00:05:23.000 fine, let it go. 00:05:23.000 --> 00:05:26.000 And they thought that they clarified the issue, 00:05:26.000 --> 00:05:28.000 because they'd set out a clear distinction 00:05:28.000 --> 00:05:30.000 between legal and illegal copying. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:33.000 But that wasn't what the media businesses wanted. 00:05:33.000 --> 00:05:35.000 They had wanted Congress 00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:38.000 to outlaw copying full-stop. 00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:41.000 So when the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 was passed, 00:05:41.000 --> 00:05:45.000 the media businesses gave up on the idea 00:05:45.000 --> 00:05:47.000 of legal versus illegal distinctions for copying 00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:49.000 because it was clear 00:05:49.000 --> 00:05:51.000 that if Congress was acting in their framework, 00:05:51.000 --> 00:05:55.000 they might actually increase the rights of citizens 00:05:55.000 --> 00:05:57.000 to participate in our own media environment. 00:05:57.000 --> 00:05:59.000 So they went for plan B. 00:05:59.000 --> 00:06:01.000 It took them a while to formulate plan B. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:01.000 --> 00:06:03.000 Plan B appeared in its first full-blown form 00:06:03.000 --> 00:06:05.000 in 1998 -- 00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:08.000 something called the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. 00:06:08.000 --> 00:06:10.000 It was a complicated piece of legislation, a lot of moving parts. 00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:13.000 But the main thrust of the DMCA 00:06:13.000 --> 00:06:15.000 was that it was legal to sell you 00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:17.000 uncopyable digital material -- 00:06:17.000 --> 00:06:20.000 except that there's no such things as uncopyable digital material. 00:06:20.000 --> 00:06:22.000 It would be, as Ed Felton once famously said, 00:06:22.000 --> 00:06:24.000 "Like handing out water 00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:26.000 that wasn't wet." 00:06:26.000 --> 00:06:29.000 Bits are copyable. That's what computers do. 00:06:29.000 --> 00:06:32.000 That is a side effect of their ordinary operation. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:32.000 --> 00:06:34.000 So in order to fake the ability 00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:36.000 to sell uncopyable bits, 00:06:36.000 --> 00:06:38.000 the DMCA also made it legal 00:06:38.000 --> 00:06:41.000 to force you to use systems 00:06:41.000 --> 00:06:44.000 that broke the copying function of your devices. 00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:46.000 Every DVD player and game player 00:06:46.000 --> 00:06:49.000 and television and computer you brought home -- 00:06:49.000 --> 00:06:52.000 no matter what you thought you were getting when you bought it -- 00:06:52.000 --> 00:06:55.000 could be broken by the content industries, 00:06:55.000 --> 00:06:58.000 if they wanted to set that as a condition of selling you the content. 00:06:58.000 --> 00:07:01.000 And to make sure you didn't realize, 00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:04.000 or didn't enact their capabilities 00:07:04.000 --> 00:07:06.000 as general purpose computing devices, 00:07:06.000 --> 00:07:08.000 they also made it illegal 00:07:08.000 --> 00:07:10.000 for you to try to reset 00:07:10.000 --> 00:07:12.000 the copyability of that content. 00:07:12.000 --> 00:07:14.000 The DMCA marks the moment 00:07:14.000 --> 00:07:16.000 when the media industries 00:07:16.000 --> 00:07:18.000 gave up on the legal system 00:07:18.000 --> 00:07:21.000 of distinguishing between legal and illegal copying 00:07:21.000 --> 00:07:24.000 and simply tried to prevent copying 00:07:24.000 --> 00:07:26.000 through technical means. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:26.000 --> 00:07:29.000 Now the DMCA had, and is continuing to have, a lot of complicated effects, 00:07:29.000 --> 00:07:32.000 but in this one domain, limiting sharing, 00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:34.000 it has mostly not worked. 00:07:34.000 --> 00:07:36.000 And the main reason it hasn't worked 00:07:36.000 --> 00:07:39.000 is the Internet has turned out to be far more popular and far more powerful 00:07:39.000 --> 00:07:42.000 than anyone imagined. 00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:44.000 The mixtape, the fanzine, 00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:46.000 that was nothing compared to what we're seeing now 00:07:46.000 --> 00:07:48.000 with the Internet. 00:07:48.000 --> 00:07:50.000 We are in a world 00:07:50.000 --> 00:07:52.000 where most American citizens 00:07:52.000 --> 00:07:54.000 over the age of 12 00:07:54.000 --> 00:07:56.000 share things with each other online. 00:07:56.000 --> 00:07:58.000 We share written things, we share images, 00:07:58.000 --> 00:08:00.000 we share audio, we share video. 00:08:00.000 --> 00:08:02.000 Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've made. 00:08:02.000 --> 00:08:04.000 Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've found. 00:08:04.000 --> 00:08:06.000 Some of the stuff we share 00:08:06.000 --> 00:08:08.000 is stuff we've made out of what we've found, 00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:11.000 and all of it horrifies those industries. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:11.000 --> 00:08:13.000 So PIPA and SOPA 00:08:13.000 --> 00:08:15.000 are round two. 00:08:15.000 --> 00:08:17.000 But where the DMCA was surgical -- 00:08:17.000 --> 00:08:20.000 we want to go down into your computer, 00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:23.000 we want to go down into your television set, down into your game machine, 00:08:23.000 --> 00:08:25.000 and prevent it from doing 00:08:25.000 --> 00:08:27.000 what they said it would do at the store -- 00:08:27.000 --> 00:08:29.000 PIPA and SOPA are nuclear 00:08:29.000 --> 00:08:33.000 and they're saying, we want to go anywhere in the world 00:08:33.000 --> 00:08:35.000 and censor content. 00:08:35.000 --> 00:08:38.000 Now the mechanism, as I said, for doing this, 00:08:38.000 --> 00:08:41.000 is you need to take out anybody 00:08:41.000 --> 00:08:43.000 pointing to those IP addresses. 00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:45.000 You need to take them out of search engines, 00:08:45.000 --> 00:08:47.000 you need to take them out of online directories, 00:08:47.000 --> 00:08:50.000 you need to take them out of user lists. 00:08:50.000 --> 00:08:54.000 And because the biggest producers of content on the Internet 00:08:54.000 --> 00:08:57.000 are not Google and Yahoo, 00:08:57.000 --> 00:08:59.000 they're us, 00:08:59.000 --> 00:09:01.000 we're the people getting policed. 00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:03.000 Because in the end, 00:09:03.000 --> 00:09:06.000 the real threat 00:09:06.000 --> 00:09:09.000 to the enactment of PIPA and SOPA 00:09:09.000 --> 00:09:12.000 is our ability to share things with one another. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:12.000 --> 00:09:15.000 So what PIPA and SOPA risk doing 00:09:15.000 --> 00:09:18.000 is taking a centuries-old legal concept, 00:09:18.000 --> 00:09:20.000 innocent until proven guilty, 00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:22.000 and reversing it -- 00:09:22.000 --> 00:09:24.000 guilty until proven innocent. 00:09:24.000 --> 00:09:26.000 You can't share 00:09:26.000 --> 00:09:29.000 until you show us 00:09:29.000 --> 00:09:31.000 that you're not sharing something 00:09:31.000 --> 00:09:33.000 we don't like. 00:09:33.000 --> 00:09:36.000 Suddenly, the burden of proof for legal versus illegal 00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:38.000 falls affirmatively on us 00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:40.000 and on the services 00:09:40.000 --> 00:09:43.000 that might be offering us any new capabilities. 00:09:43.000 --> 00:09:46.000 And if it costs even a dime 00:09:46.000 --> 00:09:48.000 to police a user, 00:09:48.000 --> 00:09:50.000 that will crush a service 00:09:50.000 --> 00:09:52.000 with a hundred million users. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:52.000 --> 00:09:54.000 So this is the Internet they have in mind. 00:09:54.000 --> 00:09:57.000 Imagine this sign everywhere -- 00:09:57.000 --> 00:10:00.000 except imagine it doesn't say College Bakery, 00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:02.000 imagine it says YouTube 00:10:02.000 --> 00:10:04.000 and Facebook and Twitter. 00:10:04.000 --> 00:10:06.000 Imagine it says TED, 00:10:06.000 --> 00:10:09.000 because the comments can't be policed 00:10:09.000 --> 00:10:12.000 at any acceptable cost. 00:10:12.000 --> 00:10:15.000 The real effects of SOPA and PIPA 00:10:15.000 --> 00:10:18.000 are going to be different than the proposed effects. 00:10:18.000 --> 00:10:20.000 The threat, in fact, 00:10:20.000 --> 00:10:23.000 is this inversion of the burden of proof, 00:10:23.000 --> 00:10:25.000 where we suddenly 00:10:25.000 --> 00:10:27.000 are all treated like thieves 00:10:27.000 --> 00:10:30.000 at every moment we're given the freedom to create, 00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:33.000 to produce or to share. 00:10:33.000 --> 00:10:36.000 And the people who provide those capabilities to us -- 00:10:36.000 --> 00:10:39.000 the YouTubes, the Facebooks, the Twitters and TEDs -- 00:10:39.000 --> 00:10:41.000 are in the business 00:10:41.000 --> 00:10:43.000 of having to police us, 00:10:43.000 --> 00:10:46.000 or being on the hook for contributory infringement. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:46.000 --> 00:10:48.000 There's two things you can do 00:10:48.000 --> 00:10:50.000 to help stop this -- 00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:53.000 a simple thing and a complicated thing, 00:10:53.000 --> 00:10:55.000 an easy thing and a hard thing. 00:10:55.000 --> 00:10:57.000 The simple thing, the easy thing, is this: 00:10:57.000 --> 00:10:59.000 if you're an American citizen, 00:10:59.000 --> 00:11:02.000 call your representative, call your senator. 00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:05.000 When you look at 00:11:05.000 --> 00:11:08.000 the people who co-signed on the SOPA bill, 00:11:08.000 --> 00:11:10.000 people who've co-signed on PIPA, 00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:13.000 what you see is that they have cumulatively received 00:11:13.000 --> 00:11:16.000 millions and millions of dollars 00:11:16.000 --> 00:11:18.000 from the traditional media industries. 00:11:18.000 --> 00:11:20.000 You don't have millions and millions of dollars, 00:11:20.000 --> 00:11:22.000 but you can call your representatives, 00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:25.000 and you can remind them that you vote, 00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:28.000 and you can ask not to be treated like a thief, 00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:30.000 and you can suggest that you would prefer 00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:33.000 that the Internet not be broken. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:33.000 --> 00:11:35.000 And if you're not an American citizen, 00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:37.000 you can contact American citizens that you know 00:11:37.000 --> 00:11:39.000 and encourage them to do the same. 00:11:39.000 --> 00:11:41.000 Because this seems like a national issue, 00:11:41.000 --> 00:11:43.000 but it is not. 00:11:43.000 --> 00:11:45.000 These industries will not be content 00:11:45.000 --> 00:11:47.000 with breaking our Internet. 00:11:47.000 --> 00:11:50.000 If they break it, they will break it for everybody. 00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:52.000 That's the easy thing. 00:11:52.000 --> 00:11:54.000 That's the simple thing. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:54.000 --> 00:11:56.000 The hard thing is this: 00:11:56.000 --> 00:11:59.000 get ready, because more is coming. 00:11:59.000 --> 00:12:02.000 SOPA is simply a reversion of COICA, 00:12:02.000 --> 00:12:04.000 which was purposed last year, which did not pass. 00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:06.000 And all of this goes back 00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:08.000 to the failure of the DMCA 00:12:08.000 --> 00:12:10.000 to disallow sharing as a technical means. 00:12:10.000 --> 00:12:13.000 And the DMCA goes back to the Audio Home Recording Act, 00:12:13.000 --> 00:12:15.000 which horrified those industries. 00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:17.000 Because the whole business 00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:20.000 of actually suggesting that someone is breaking the law 00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:22.000 and then gathering evidence and proving that, 00:12:22.000 --> 00:12:25.000 that turns out to be really inconvenient. 00:12:25.000 --> 00:12:27.000 "We'd prefer not to do that," 00:12:27.000 --> 00:12:29.000 says the content industries. 00:12:29.000 --> 00:12:32.000 And what they want is not to have to do that. 00:12:32.000 --> 00:12:34.000 They don't want legal distinctions 00:12:34.000 --> 00:12:36.000 between legal and illegal sharing. 00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:38.000 They just want the sharing to go away. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:41.000 PIPA and SOPA are not oddities, they're not anomalies, 00:12:41.000 --> 00:12:43.000 they're not events. 00:12:43.000 --> 00:12:46.000 They're the next turn of this particular screw, 00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:48.000 which has been going on 20 years now. 00:12:48.000 --> 00:12:50.000 And if we defeat these, as I hope we do, 00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:52.000 more is coming. 00:12:52.000 --> 00:12:57.000 Because until we convince Congress 00:12:57.000 --> 00:13:00.000 that the way to deal with copyright violation 00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:04.000 is the way copyright violation was dealt with with Napster, with YouTube, 00:13:04.000 --> 00:13:07.000 which is to have a trial with all the presentation of evidence 00:13:07.000 --> 00:13:10.000 and the hashing out of facts and the assessment of remedies 00:13:10.000 --> 00:13:12.000 that goes on in democratic societies. 00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:14.000 That's the way to handle this. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:14.000 --> 00:13:16.000 In the meantime, 00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:18.000 the hard thing to do is to be ready. 00:13:18.000 --> 00:13:20.000 Because that's the real message of PIPA and SOPA. 00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:22.000 Time Warner has called 00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:24.000 and they want us all back on the couch, 00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:26.000 just consuming -- 00:13:26.000 --> 00:13:28.000 not producing, not sharing -- 00:13:28.000 --> 00:13:30.000 and we should say, "No." NOTE Paragraph 00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:32.000 Thank you. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:32.000 --> 00:13:38.000 (Applause)