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史：諗返我研究生第一年

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當時我攤喺床

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食好多班傑利雪糕

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睇無聊電視

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或者聽 Taylor Swift 嘅歌

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嗰時我啱啱分咗手

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（笑聲）

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所以，第一次長時間，我喺度

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不斷回憶關於呢個人

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我希望能夠擺脫呢種自我苦惱

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內臟似俾掏空一樣嘅感覺

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宜家，我係神經生物學家

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因此我知道對舊情人嘅記憶

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同記憶中唔舒服嘅感覺

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大部分係由獨立嘅腦部系統所介導

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所以，我喺度諗，如果我哋可以進入大腦

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剪走嗰種令人作嘔嘅感覺

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但仍然保持對舊情人嘅完整記憶，係會點？

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然後我認識到，呢個諗法目前嚟講仲係做唔到

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咁我哋係咪可以由進入大腦、尋找單一記憶

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著手？

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我哋可唔可以將記憶帶返嚟現實生活

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甚至操作記憶？

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但到呢一刻，我真心希望一個人

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冇睇到呢場演講

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（笑聲）

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所以篇講稿有陷阱，有陷阱！

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呢啲諗法或者令你哋諗起電影《全面回憶》

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《暖暖內含光》

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或者《盜夢空間》

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但同我哋實驗室合作嘅明星

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位位都係星光熠熠

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劉：但呢啲明星只不過係實驗室嘅老鼠

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（笑聲）

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身為神經生物學家，我哋喺實驗室用老鼠

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去睇下記憶點樣運作

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今日，我哋希望令你相信

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宜家我哋能夠以光速啟動

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大腦嘅記憶

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為咗令你哋相信，你哋只需要簡單做兩樣嘢

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首先，你搵同埋標記大腦裏邊嘅一個記憶

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然後用開關激活個記憶

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就係咁簡單

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（笑聲）

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史︰你哋信未？

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實際上喺大腦裏面搵一個記憶並唔係咁容易

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劉︰冇錯

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呢樣比喺禾稈裏面搵一支針仲難

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因為至少支針你哋

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仲可以實在咁掂到

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但記憶唔係

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而且，大腦裏面嘅細胞數量

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多過禾稈裡面嘅雜草數目

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的確，個項目睇起嚟幾令人心灰意冷

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但係幸運嘅係，我哋由大腦自身獲得幫助

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所以我哋要做嘅就只係

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畀大腦形成一個記憶

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然後大腦會話畀我哋聽邊啲細胞

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參與形成記憶

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史︰咁當我諗返前度嘅時候

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大腦會有咩變化？

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如果你唔講人道主義

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將我嘅大腦切片

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你會發現當我諗返前度時

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有非常多嘅大腦區域會被刺激

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而其中一個強烈活躍嘅區域

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係海馬體

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一個幾十年嚟被認為

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會處理近期同親切記憶嘅區域

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所以佢都係一個理想地方

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畀人可以進入、尋找同啟動記憶

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劉︰當你令用顯微鏡觀察海馬體

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唔單止會見到好多細胞

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我哋仲能夠搵到嗰啲參與

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某個記憶嘅細胞

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因為當細胞活動時

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例如當細胞建立某種記憶時

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細胞會留低痕跡

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我哋就可以透過痕跡知道最近邊啲細胞啟動過

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史︰呢樣就好似夜晚寫字樓著咗燈

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你會知道有人做緊嘢

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同樣細胞都有咁嘅燈，不過叫生物感應器

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當細胞做緊嘢嘅時候

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生物感應器會著

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生物感應器就好似盞燈一樣

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畀我哋知道細胞活動

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劉︰所以我哋將生物感應器

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連接到開關，控制呢啲細胞

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我哋將呢個開關擺喺一個改造過嘅病毒裏面

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將病毒注入老鼠大腦

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於是當一個記憶形成嗰陣

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任何參與在內嘅細胞

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都會裝上呢個開關

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史︰例如，呢個就係海馬體建立咗一個

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恐懼記憶之後嘅樣

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呢張相藍色部分

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就係密集嘅腦細胞

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而呢啲綠色嘅腦細胞

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就係參與

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形成恐懼記憶

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你哋宜家睇到嘅

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係恐懼快速形成嘅過程

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正確啲嚟講係記憶嘅橫切面

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劉︰我哋一直討論緊嘅開關

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需要快

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佢唔可以花幾分鐘或者幾個鐘去做到

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佢應該以大腦嘅速度去做，即係以幾微秒為限

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史︰劉，咁你點睇？

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我哋可唔可以用，例如藥物

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去啟動或者熄咗大腦細胞？

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劉︰唔得。因為藥物會擴散，好麻煩

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而且藥物作用係永遠嘅

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所以我哋唔能夠用藥物即時控制記憶

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咁史蒂夫，用電控制大腦你覺得點？

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史︰電非常之快

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但係我哋未必可以將電帶到

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負責某個記憶嘅細胞當中

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我哋甚至乎會灼傷大腦

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劉︰哦。 的確係

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所以我哋應該搵更好嘅方法

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例如嘗試以光速進入大腦細胞

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史︰正因為光本身就有光速

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或者我哋可以用光

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嚟到激活同熄咗記憶

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劉︰光速非常快

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而且由於正常嘅大腦細胞

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對光冇反應

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因此嗰啲對光有反應嘅細胞

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就係含有光敏感開關嘅細胞

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為咗令呢啲細胞對激光有反應，我哋首先要呃腦細胞

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劉：你哋冇聽錯

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我哋嘗試將激光射入大腦

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（笑聲）

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我哋靠嘅技術就係光遺傳學

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光遺傳學畀咗光敏感開關我哋

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令我哋能夠啟動或者熄咗腦細胞

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而呢個光敏感開關個名叫做光敏感通道

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就係黏著腦細胞嘅綠色小點

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你哋可以將光敏感通道當做一種對光敏感

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可以俾人安裝入腦細胞嘅開關

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所以，宜家我哋可以簡單襟個開關

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啟動或熄咗腦細胞

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喺呢個情況，我哋用光脈衝嚟開開關

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劉︰我哋將呢種光敏感通道嘅光敏感開關

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擺喺生物感應器上

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並注入大腦

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當一個記憶形成嘅時候

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有份形成嗰個記憶嘅細胞

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都會有呢個光敏感開關

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咁樣我哋就可以

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通過照射咁樣嘅激光，嚟控制呢啲細胞

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史︰宜家就係測試所有嘢嘅時間

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我哋能夠做嘅就係將老鼠

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放入一個咁嘅盒

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然後輕微點擊老鼠足部

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令老鼠對呢個盒產生一個恐懼記憶

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令佢哋知道盒入面有唔好嘅嘢發生

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喺老鼠嘅海馬體裏面

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形成呢一個記憶嘅活躍細胞

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都會有光敏感通道

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劉︰當你有一隻老鼠咁細

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你會覺得成個世界都喺度想捉你

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所以，你最好嘅防衛

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係收埋自己、唔被發現

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當老鼠處於恐懼狀態

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就會表現出呢一種典型行為

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即係呆喺盒嘅角落

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唔郁

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呢一種狀態我哋稱之為「靜止」

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如果老鼠記得個盒有唔好嘅事發生

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當我哋將佢哋放返同一個盒時

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佢哋本能反應就係靜止唔郁

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咁係因為佢哋唔想俾盒裡面

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任何潛在嘅威脅物發現

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史︰因此，你哋可以將「靜止」諗成

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你喺街行，腦裡面諗著自己嘅嘢

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然後幾乎要撞到你嘅

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前女友或者前男友

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喺呢兩秒裏面

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你會諗「我做咩好？打招呼？

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同佢握手？ 抑或轉身走？

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我係咪應該坐喺度扮唔存在？」

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呢啲突然喺腦海出現嘅諗法令你無法控制自己嘅身體

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令你暫時流露出孤獨無助嘅表情

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劉︰但係，如果你將老鼠放喺一個完全唔一樣嘅

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新籠裡面，好似跟著落嚟呢個咁

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老鼠就唔會驚呢個籠

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因為老鼠冇理由去驚呢個新環境

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但如果我哋將老鼠放喺新籠裡面

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同時用我哋用激光

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啟動恐懼記憶嘅話，會發生啲咩？

192
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我哋係咪可以喺一個完全唔一樣嘅環境裏面

193
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喚醒返老鼠對第一個籠嘅恐懼記憶？

194
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史︰呢個係價值百萬美元嘅實驗

195
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宜家我哋講返當日嘅記憶

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我記得嗰日波士頓紅襪隊贏咗比賽

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嗰日又係一個生機勃勃嘅春天日子

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極適合喺河邊散步

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同埋去 North End

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買一啲甜酥卷

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另一方面，我同劉

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喺一個冇窗、全黑嘅房裡面

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眼球郁都唔動，因為隻眼郁嘅話離遠睇似係眨眼

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所以我哋眼都冇眨咁望著電腦螢幕

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我哋喺度望緊隻老鼠，嘗試第一次用

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我哋嘅技術去啟動一個記憶

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劉︰呢個就係我哋睇到嘅

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當我哋第一次將老鼠放入呢個籠

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老鼠會探索，聞嘢，周圍走

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做自己嘅嘢

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因為老鼠

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天生係好好奇嘅動物

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佢哋想知道，呢個新嘅籠有乜嘢

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老鼠好得意

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但當我哋啟動激光嘅一刻，就好似你宜家睇到咁

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老鼠即刻進入靜止狀態

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老鼠呆咗，唔郁

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好明顯，老鼠定咗型

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睇上嚟，我哋做到將第一個籠嘅恐懼記憶帶到去

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全新環境

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當我哋睇到結果，史蒂夫同我

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都震驚咗，就好似隻老鼠一樣

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（笑聲）

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實驗完咗之後，我哋離開間房

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冇講過嘢

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經過好長又尷尬嘅一段時間

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史蒂夫終於打破沉默

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史︰我當時話「我哋嘅技術係得嘅？ 」

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劉：我話「係，真係得咗！ 」

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我哋對結果都非常激動

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然後我哋將個發現

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刊登喺自然期刊度

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自從發表咗我哋嘅研究之後

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我哋喺網上

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收到好多留言

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我哋可以睇其中一啲

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[天啊。最後…有咁多嘢！虛幻科技、神經控制、視覺夢想嘅再現、神經編碼、「寫同重寫記憶 」、 精神疾病。 將來係咁好嘅。 ]

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史︰首先你會注意到啲人

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對呢項研究有好強烈嘅意見

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宜家，我開始非常認同

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第一個人嘅樂觀睇法

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因為相對於Morgan Freeman 嘅評論

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呢個係我有生以嚟

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聽到最好嘅讚美說話

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（笑聲）

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但係就好似你哋睇到嘅一樣，呢個並唔係唯一嘅意見

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[ 太不可思議啦…如果佢哋可以喺幾年內將呢種技術應用到人身上會點？ 天啊！我哋命中註定係咁。]

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劉︰如果我哋睇睇第二個留言

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我諗我哋全部人都覺得嗰個人講嘅嘢

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冇咁正面

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但呢樣都提醒我哋

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雖然我哋宜家仍然以老鼠做實驗對象

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但我哋確實應該開始思考同討論

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記憶控制

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帶嚟嘅道德爭議

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史︰透過第三個留言

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我想話畀你哋聽一個我哋最近喺實驗室

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開展嘅項目，叫「盜夢空間」

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[ 「佢哋應該整一部關於呢樣嘢嘅電影。 當佢哋將記憶植入人嘅意識裏面，佢哋就能夠控制人，從而達到個人利益。 我哋會叫佢做「盜夢空間」。 ]

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所以我哋開始諗，雖然我哋可以重啟一個記憶

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但如果我哋唔小心改造咗個記憶，咁點呢？

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我哋會唔會將個記憶變成一個錯誤嘅記憶？

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劉︰所有記憶都係複雜而且有動態變化

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但我哋可以簡單將記憶當成係

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一齣電影

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正如我哋一路所講嘅，我哋可以控制

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電影嘅播放掣

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所以我哋可以隨時隨地播呢部電影

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但有冇可能我哋可以進入大腦

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編輯呢部電影

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令佢同原本有唔同？

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係，我哋可以做到

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我哋需要做嘅只係

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用我哋之前用過嘅激光，重新啟動一個記憶

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但係如果我哋同時將新嘅資訊

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擺落去舊嘅記憶當中

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舊嘅記憶會改變

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就好似整混合錄音咁

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史︰咁我哋點樣做呢？

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與其喺大腦搵到恐懼記憶

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我哋可以喺動物裏面搵

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即係我哋將動物放入一個咁樣嘅藍色籠裡面

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我哋喺動物個腦裏面搵返代表藍色籠嘅腦細胞

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然後我哋令呢啲腦細胞對光有反應

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同我哋之前做嘅一模一樣

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第二日，我哋可以將動物放入

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一個佢哋從來冇遇過嘅紅色籠

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我哋可以向佢哋大腦照射激光

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重啟佢哋對藍色籠嘅記憶

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咁當動物諗返藍色籠嘅嘢時

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我哋對佢哋施加幾次輕微電擊

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會點呢？

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我哋就嘗試人為咁

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令藍色籠嘅記憶同電擊關連起嚟

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我哋想將兩樣嘢聯連埋一齊

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為咗證實我哋成功

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我哋再將老鼠

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放入藍色籠

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我哋只係重啟老鼠對藍色籠嘅記憶

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但老鼠卻感覺到足部有微弱電擊

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然後老鼠突然靜止唔郁

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就算，實際上冇電擊都好

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但老鼠始終記返起被電擊

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因此，老鼠形成咗一個錯誤嘅記憶

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因為技術上嚟講，佢

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驚錯咗一個環境

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而嗰個環境實際上冇電擊發生

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劉︰目前為止，我哋只係討論咗

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呢種用光控制嘅開掣

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其實我哋都有光控制嘅閂掣

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而且我哋可以好容易想像到

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通過安裝呢種光控制嘅閂掣

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我哋可以隨時隨地閂咗一個記憶

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我哋今日所講嘅嘢

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都係基於神經科學一條哲學性嘅原理

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就係，思想睇起嚟好神秘

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但佢實際上係由物質組成、可以俾我哋利用嘅嘢

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史︰

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我見到一個世界，我哋可以重新啟動

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任何我哋鍾意嘅記憶

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我仲見到一個世界，我哋可以抹走我哋唔想要嘅記憶

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宜家，我甚至見到，記憶編輯

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已經成為現實中嘅一部分

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因為我哋生活嘅時代

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已經有可能將科幻小說裡邊嘅問題

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通過實驗將佢哋帶到嚟現實世界

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劉︰宜家，我哋實驗室嘅人員

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同全世界嘅人員

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都用緊類似嘅方法啟動或者編輯記憶

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無論嗰啲記憶係舊、係新、係正面、係負面

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總之所有類型嘅記憶——等我哋能夠了解

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記憶係點樣運作嘅

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史︰例如，我哋實驗室嘅一個團隊

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發現咗形成恐懼記憶嘅腦細胞

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並將嗰啲腦細胞轉化成快樂記憶，就好似嗰個咁

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嗰個就係我想講嘅編輯過程

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宜家，實驗室人員甚至可以喺雄性老鼠當中

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啟動佢哋對雌性老鼠嘅記憶

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有流傳話隻老鼠經歷得好愉快

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劉︰我哋正生活喺一個好開心嘅時刻

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因為呢一刻科學除咗受制於我哋嘅想像力之外，就再冇限制

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史︰最後，我哋做到啲咩呢？

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我哋點樣繼續發展呢一個技術？

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呢啲問題唔應該剩係留返畀

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實驗室嘅人解答

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我哋今日演講嘅目的就係令所有人

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知道現代神經科學有可能嘅事

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但宜家重要嘅，係

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令所有人都參與個討論

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等我哋好似一個團隊咁一齊諗下神經科學可以做到啲咩

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我哋可以點樣繼續往前走

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因為劉同我都認為我哋所有人面前都有

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一啲重大決定要做

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多謝
劉︰多謝

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（鼓掌）