[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.42,0:00:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good evening!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.18,0:00:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in one of the most important\Narchaeological sites of the world:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.53,0:00:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.76,0:00:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in one of the most important\Nsites of Pompeii:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.15,0:00:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the big theater.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.77,0:00:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2000 years ago, you had\Na thousand people watching
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.70,0:00:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anyone on the stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.33,0:00:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But do we really know Pompeii?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.24,0:00:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.79,0:00:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen so many movies,\Nread so many novels
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.02,0:00:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling us about the big volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.21,0:00:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling us about the lava,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.94,0:00:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lava flows and everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.58,0:00:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in fact, there are many myths
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.69,0:00:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be cleared up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.64,0:00:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.98,0:00:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we didn't have any volcano visible at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.51,0:00:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is something that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.32,0:00:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be shocking, but if you speak to
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.54,0:00:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have a lunch
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.36,0:00:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe with a vulcanologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.34,0:00:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an anthropologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.06,0:01:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an archaeologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.50,0:01:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he will tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.72,0:01:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so many truths about Pompeii
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.67,0:01:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you will really be surprised to know.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.96,0:01:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.15,0:01:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we're talking about volcanoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.90,0:01:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today it's a towering volcano.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.01,0:01:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at the time of Pompeii,\Nit didn't exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.80,0:01:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the simple reason\Nthat it started to exist
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.45,0:01:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that day of the eruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.45,0:01:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From that day, it started to grow
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.51,0:01:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and become what we see today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.58,0:01:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what could the Pompeiians see?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.99,0:01:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.24,0:01:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a small mound with a crest.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.17,0:01:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can still see it today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.59,0:01:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's exactly where the big volcano
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.55,0:01:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sitting today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.22,0:01:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, if you could see it at that time,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.73,0:01:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could have seen so many woods
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.69,0:01:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could have seen, I don't know, deer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.96,0:01:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pompeiians would probably go there
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.77,0:01:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to collect wood, pick up mushrooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.50,0:01:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make love.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.67,0:01:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a friend that betrayed them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.54,0:01:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's the first thing: no volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.99,0:01:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first myth to clear up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.65,0:02:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, another thing is the lava.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.95,0:02:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't have a single drop of lava
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.77,0:02:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting to Pompeii. Not a single one.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.16,0:02:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, gases, ashes, lapilli, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.98,0:02:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's another myth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.27,0:02:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we will see what happened exactly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.27,0:02:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third myth is about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.47,0:02:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the date of the eruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.71,0:02:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that everything happened
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.44,0:02:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 24th twenty-fourth of August,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.05,0:02:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 79 A.D.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.63,0:02:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do we know that?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.14,0:02:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, we know that because
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.88,0:02:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pliny the Younger wrote that in a letter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.26,0:02:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a witness.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.44,0:02:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, if you try to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.90,0:02:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are at least seven witnesses,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.34,0:02:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seven survivors of the eruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.12,0:02:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I would also like
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.10,0:02:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spend some time to answer\None question, that is:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.79,0:02:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Would we have survived the eruption
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.35,0:02:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had we been here
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.33,0:02:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost 2000 years ago?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.56,0:02:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Pliny the Younger said
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.96,0:02:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that everything happened
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.17,0:02:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the 24th of August.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.92,0:02:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do we know that?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.58,0:03:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I told you there was a letter.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.05,0:03:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This letter, though, is not here anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.85,0:03:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It vanished in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.22,0:03:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, in the Middle Ages, the monks started
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.53,0:03:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write some copies of that letter.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.93,0:03:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we have three families
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.02,0:03:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that old letter made by monks
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.27,0:03:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were writing copies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.08,0:03:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another one would copy the copy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.19,0:03:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.79,0:03:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, of course, they would make mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.92,0:03:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, is the date right or not?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.80,0:03:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you see the different letters,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.74,0:03:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will see that they are different dates
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.91,0:03:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One says "Nine days before
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.53,0:03:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Calends of September,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.66,0:03:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the 24th of August.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.46,0:03:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another one says, "Nine days before
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.07,0:03:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Calends of November,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.92,0:03:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the 24th of October.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.05,0:03:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where is the answer?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.42,0:03:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the answer is buried here,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.74,0:03:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the strata of Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.22,0:03:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, archaeologists have been finding
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.10,0:03:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nuts, have been finding chestnuts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.08,0:03:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dates, dried figs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.93,0:03:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are not really summer fruits,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.95,0:04:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather you find them in the fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.95,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they've been finding\Nso many little clues
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.02,0:04:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about not-warm weather.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.40,0:04:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, people were dressed up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.36,0:04:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with very warm clothes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.83,0:04:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with scarves, for instance.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.49,0:04:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that means that, probably,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.51,0:04:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a very cold climate,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.100,0:04:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which makes more sense
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.96,0:04:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it is around November.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.61,0:04:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one interesting clue, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.93,0:04:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about wine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.44,0:04:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the diggings,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.45,0:04:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the decades in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.16,0:04:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,archaeologists found some big jars
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.14,0:04:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,containing wine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.82,0:04:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what the Romans would do
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.55,0:04:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they would have grape harvests,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.19,0:04:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would collect grape juice,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.42,0:04:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put that in those big, gigantic jars
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.78,0:04:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called dolia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.02,0:04:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they would wait ten days\Nfor it to boil, to ferment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.49,0:04:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then twenty days,\Njust to check that everything was okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.80,0:04:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they would cover\Nand seal everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.98,0:05:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's exactly\Nwhat the archaeologists found.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.91,0:05:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as a matter of fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.06,0:05:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grape harvest was over\Nat least from a month.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.59,0:05:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that would probably tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.52,0:05:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the date of the eruption
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.19,0:05:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was around the end of October.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.100,0:05:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, 24th of October makes sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.21,0:05:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that, of course, is no definite proof,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.41,0:05:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's interesting to see that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.07,0:05:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such a known site like Pompeii
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.64,0:05:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really is still an open site
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.63,0:05:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with many discoveries to be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.98,0:05:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another myth to be cleared up is that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.93,0:05:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pompeii, we always see that in the movies,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.24,0:05:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a city with wealthy people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.57,0:05:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with banquets, gladiators, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.19,0:05:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's not the truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.92,0:05:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the day of the eruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.46,0:05:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a city full in crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.32,0:05:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no running water -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.20,0:05:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no running water,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.42,0:05:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, no bathhouses, the thermae.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.05,0:05:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't see anyone having fun
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.53,0:05:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the thermae, because
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.77,0:05:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you didn't have water.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.26,0:06:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was one therma working
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.24,0:06:04.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had its own reservoir of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.02,0:06:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, maybe people would go there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.66,0:06:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, there was a big crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.32,0:06:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another thing is that, well,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.66,0:06:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you didn't have a lot of people\Nlike in the old times in Pompeii
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.10,0:06:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you had a lot of earthquakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.14,0:06:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earthquakes were a signal
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.78,0:06:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the eruption coming, getting close
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.19,0:06:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the magma was pushing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.22,0:06:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and provoking those earthquakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.28,0:06:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, many people, especially aristocracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.84,0:06:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had gone away.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.10,0:06:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had new people, new rich,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.33,0:06:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,former slaves, the liberti, so called,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.83,0:06:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would buy fancy houses
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.25,0:06:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would live there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.78,0:06:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, you didn't have
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.93,0:06:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the old society of Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.01,0:06:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't have running water.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.04,0:06:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Running water was not there,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.76,0:06:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because probably the aqueduct
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.72,0:06:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was broken in some places,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.27,0:06:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe due to earthquakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.57,0:07:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe due to the swelling\Nof the soil, of the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.06,0:07:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know exactly.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.26,0:07:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as you can see, there are\Nmany myths to be cleared up.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.80,0:07:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's go to the day of the eruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.18,0:07:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened exactly?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.71,0:07:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's try to answer the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.58,0:07:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Would I have survived?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.35,0:07:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, first of all, let's go to that day.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.13,0:07:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it was the 24th of October,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.18,0:07:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a Friday. Clear sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.63,0:07:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that because one of the witnesses,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.83,0:07:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was living 30 kilometers\Naway from here,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.02,0:07:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.60,0:07:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine that it was probably -\Nwe don't know, of course -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.16,0:07:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the end of October,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.58,0:07:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crisp, clear sky, maybe,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.28,0:07:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, a very cold morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.39,0:07:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then what happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.66,0:07:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we know from the letter\Nof Pliny the Younger
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.66,0:07:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that everything started\Nmore or less at noon, lunchtime.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.63,0:07:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, vulcanologists found some clues
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.24,0:07:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that everything happened slightly before.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.56,0:07:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Pliny didn't see that;\Nhe was 30 kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.18,0:07:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, probably, the volcano started
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.49,0:07:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to open, crack open in that morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.25,0:08:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, you see, that small,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.32,0:08:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, long mound,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.78,0:08:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,similar to the back of a whale,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.19,0:08:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that betrayed the Romans,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.47,0:08:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not a mound.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.90,0:08:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a volcano, a very old volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.94,0:08:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,silent volcano, that had not erupted
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.30,0:08:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the last centuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.99,0:08:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, no one knew it was a volcano.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.71,0:08:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that morning, it woke up.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.53,0:08:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it started to crack open
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.74,0:08:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exactly, let's say,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.95,0:08:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first hours of the morning
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.84,0:08:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were terrible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.04,0:08:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People, let's say, started to gather
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.66,0:08:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Forum, which is, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.23,0:08:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was the central place,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.15,0:08:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,central square of Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.12,0:08:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone would gather there\Nin the morning, usually,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.70,0:08:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to get information, to meet friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.80,0:08:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just like a TV set of that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.96,0:08:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they started to gather.\NAnd they saw something weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.19,0:08:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That very low mound was covered
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.11,0:08:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a kind of fog, let's say,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.88,0:09:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with ashes that had covered
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.94,0:09:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the sides.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.47,0:09:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looked like it had snowed.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.16,0:09:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they started to speak,\None with the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.32,0:09:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What happened?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.58,0:09:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, some people probably came\Nfrom the countryside,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.19,0:09:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling strange things,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.23,0:09:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling people, "Well, you know, there,\Nwe hear noises like thunder.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.56,0:09:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a strange smell of sulfur
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.23,0:09:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just from that mountain."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.77,0:09:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, then something happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.42,0:09:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whole thing started to explode.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.72,0:09:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mouth got opened and you had
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.100,0:09:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a gigantic column of ashes, vapors,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.71,0:09:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going up in the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.90,0:09:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would reach more than
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.08,0:09:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,32 kilometers of height
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.83,0:09:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the hour, which is three times
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.05,0:09:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what, actually, a jetliner can reach.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.37,0:09:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, just imagine people seeing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.96,0:09:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that column going high in the sky,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.02,0:09:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just staring at something.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.22,0:09:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't even know what a volcano was.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.37,0:09:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is just the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.12,0:10:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the tragedy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.42,0:10:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think about that column
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.08,0:10:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going up and expanding in the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.32,0:10:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what Pliny the Younger tells us,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.87,0:10:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can imagine like a big stain of ink
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.10,0:10:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting bigger and bigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.18,0:10:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covering the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.86,0:10:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, people started\Nto hear something.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.95,0:10:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just a noise of grail,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.47,0:10:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a noise of something falling.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.45,0:10:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, you had the lapilli.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.66,0:10:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see them all around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.46,0:10:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lapilli? What is a lapilli?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.60,0:10:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a very, very small rock,\Nbut very light.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.02,0:10:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It floats in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.20,0:10:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just like a piece of cork.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.93,0:10:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't really kill you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.65,0:10:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, it is something falling from the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.59,0:10:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.81,0:10:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, just imagine a bottle of champagne.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.88,0:10:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You open it, you have foam coming up.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.78,0:10:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you see in the lower part
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.54,0:10:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the bottle, the wine is still watery.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.05,0:10:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, you still have wine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.52,0:10:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as the wine goes up in the neck,\Nit transforms itself into foam.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.78,0:11:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's exactly what that volcano did.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.75,0:11:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The magma in the magmatic chamber
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.26,0:11:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was magma, but as it came up,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.20,0:11:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was just like a foam,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.100,0:11:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solidified foam, that turned out
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.69,0:11:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be those lapilli falling.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.85,0:11:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people started just to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.36,0:11:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hear that, those pieces of rock,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.04,0:11:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very small and very light,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.21,0:11:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hitting the tiles.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.49,0:11:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they were not the killers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.06,0:11:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I asked myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.24,0:11:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why didn't the people go away?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.83,0:11:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you go and see
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.59,0:11:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the strata of the lapilli,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.19,0:11:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will see, you find rocks that big,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.85,0:11:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gigantic, big rocks
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.17,0:11:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming from the volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.91,0:11:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming from kilometers,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.48,0:11:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really, killers, like meteors,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.86,0:11:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,falling from the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.53,0:11:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, in Ercolano,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.96,0:11:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is not too far away from here,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.78,0:11:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the past, a skeleton of a man\Nwithout legs was found,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.66,0:11:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and close to him\Nthere was a big, gigantic rock
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.56,0:11:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fallen from that volcano.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.15,0:11:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, so people, just imagine,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.98,0:11:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to see those rocks coming down,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.05,0:12:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smoking rocks, hitting the roofs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.03,0:12:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making holes in the roofs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.49,0:12:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people started to go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.40,0:12:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They started to do\Nwhat you and me would have done,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.15,0:12:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is, going back home,\Nlooking for the people we love.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.84,0:12:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just, it was panic everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.62,0:12:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a matter of fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.66,0:12:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was a time when
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.83,0:12:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would have your life saved.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.18,0:12:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you had fled,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.59,0:12:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you had gone away from Pompeii,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.40,0:12:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could have survived.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.90,0:12:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Because the lapilli
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.44,0:12:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to accumulate in the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.73,0:12:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hours. But after two or three hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.15,0:12:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was that straight up lapilli,\Nmore or less.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.57,0:12:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that time, you couldn't\Nsee anything outside Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.90,0:12:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You couldn't see the roads,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.25,0:12:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like when you have a heavy snow.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.32,0:12:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You couldn't see anything.\NSo where could you go?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.31,0:12:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another thing is that you had\Nlike a fog coming down.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.46,0:12:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was actually like a -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.98,0:12:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine a desert storm.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.95,0:12:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had like ashes coming down.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.26,0:12:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You couldn't see
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.47,0:13:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than one or two meters.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.21,0:13:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these ashes were containing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.61,0:13:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pieces of glass, actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.25,0:13:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were actually
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.53,0:13:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hurting your windpipe.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.94,0:13:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you had to breathe with a cloth
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.64,0:13:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dipped in water.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.52,0:13:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was really a nightmare.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.39,0:13:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it is normal to think\Nthat people just hid in their houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.14,0:13:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened then?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.38,0:13:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the lapilli started to accumulate.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.76,0:13:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once they reached something like a meter,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.37,0:13:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cubic meter, there would be
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.86,0:13:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an equivalent of six men as weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.73,0:13:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you had the roof starting to collapse.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.22,0:13:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, one-third of the people\Nfound dead in Pompeii died
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.12,0:13:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to the collapsing\Nof the roofs or the floors.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.57,0:13:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably you also had\Nearthquakes in that process.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.86,0:13:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people were in the houses,\Nscreaming, asking for help.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.76,0:13:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one could see anything; it\Nwas like the end of the world for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.75,0:13:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that, for twelve hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.37,0:13:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twelve hours later, say,\Nat one o'clock in the morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.16,0:14:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's move and go to Ercolano.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.21,0:14:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ercolano is another town,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.64,0:14:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very close to the sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.77,0:14:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the sea and the volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.41,0:14:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is about six kilometers\Naway from the volcano;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.98,0:14:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pompeii is about eight kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.49,0:14:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when archaeologists started to dig
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.45,0:14:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the strata in Ercolano,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.66,0:14:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they couldn't find dead people,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.99,0:14:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only a few scattered skeletons.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.76,0:14:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So everyone thought\Nthat the inhabitants of Ercolano
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.59,0:14:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had escaped somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.67,0:14:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had actually managed to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.80,0:14:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once the archaeologists
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.84,0:14:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reached the beach
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.25,0:14:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got to the arches, the arcade
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.15,0:14:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where, usually, the fishing boats
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.18,0:14:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were parked, just like [in] a garage,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.43,0:14:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they found three hundred skeletons.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.73,0:14:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all died in a single moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.68,0:14:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you see those skeletons,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.66,0:14:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you realize something: they all died
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.80,0:14:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without defending themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.67,0:14:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just as if something
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.96,0:14:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had unplugged life from their bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.75,0:14:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just, boom!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.08,0:14:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.83,0:15:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vulcanologists will tell you that,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.18,0:15:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the gigantic column
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.05,0:15:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going up in the sky,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.80,0:15:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a certain time, couldn't stand,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.54,0:15:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it sat on itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.79,0:15:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just went down
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.18,0:15:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transformed itself
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.48,0:15:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into deadly avalanches
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.35,0:15:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made of gas and ashes,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.14,0:15:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming down at a speed of
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.90,0:15:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one hundred kilometers per hour,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.72,0:15:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a, let's say, a heat of between
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.06,0:15:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five and six hundred degrees Celsius.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.55,0:15:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that killed the people instantly.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.28,0:15:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to think what happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.34,0:15:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just imagine being on the shore
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.57,0:15:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and watching in the night
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.18,0:15:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the volcano, the red part,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.16,0:15:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say, of the eruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.16,0:15:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was instantly being covered by
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.49,0:15:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that avalanche that's coming down.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.28,0:15:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You couldn't see anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.32,0:15:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, you know, vulcanologists\Nwould tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.40,0:15:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, maybe you could see some flare,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.80,0:16:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something like a flock\Nof red-hot bats coming toward you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.86,0:16:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people were instantly killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.02,0:16:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that you have the bone
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.60,0:16:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in contact with the ash layers
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.19,0:16:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that skin, organs, muscles
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.88,0:16:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got vaporized in a matter\Nof a few seconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.69,0:16:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people died violently.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.32,0:16:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back to Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.00,0:16:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.22,0:16:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People hear that things are changing.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.66,0:16:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably you don't have\Nthe rain of lapilli anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.20,0:16:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they want to go away,\Nbut you have so many lapilli,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.44,0:16:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's impossible to open the door.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.16,0:16:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, actually, people\Ngo outside from the roofs,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.52,0:16:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they start to run away.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.32,0:16:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at that time,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.78,0:16:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the volcano does the same thing again,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.55,0:16:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sits on himself and transforms his column
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.57,0:16:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on those deadly avalanches of gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.42,0:16:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one stops\Nright at the suburbia of Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.01,0:16:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second one kills anyone on the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.46,0:17:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what you see, those people,\Nin those glass frameworks.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.02,0:17:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the people\Nkilled in that moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.33,0:17:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third one would come again
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.38,0:17:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and break down walls,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.21,0:17:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,open the roof and kill people inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.32,0:17:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there is another one,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.79,0:17:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the last one, that is so powerful,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.23,0:17:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it goes all the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.59,0:17:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even at thirty kilometers away
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.20,0:17:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Pliny the Younger,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.07,0:17:23.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one that wrote that letter,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.02,0:17:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was almost afraid to die.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.85,0:17:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was staying at thirty kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.98,0:17:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what happened,\Nexactly, in Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.69,0:17:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you see today
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.77,0:17:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a place that probably\Ndoesn't tell you much
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.33,0:17:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about these problems,\Nthis atmosphere that happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.87,0:17:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you find yourself\Nin front of one of those bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.53,0:17:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the glass frame,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.10,0:17:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just remember that these are not statues.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.35,0:17:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are not petrified people.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.45,0:17:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are people in the process of dying,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.37,0:18:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that intimate moment of their life.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.02,0:18:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we, I guess, should pay respect\Nto them every time.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.01,0:18:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.22,0:18:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)