[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.69,0:00:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good evening!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.77,0:00:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in one of the most important
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.70,0:00:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,archaeological sites of the world:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.53,0:00:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.59,0:00:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in one of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.51,0:00:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most important sites of Pompeii:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.85,0:00:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the big theater.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.46,0:00:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2000 years ago, you had
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.61,0:00:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thousand people watching
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.70,0:00:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anyone on the stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.33,0:00:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But do we really know Pompeii?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.01,0:00:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.98,0:00:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen so many movies,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.05,0:00:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,read so many novels
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.02,0:00:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling us about the big volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.21,0:00:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling us about the lava,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.94,0:00:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lava flows and everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.58,0:00:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in fact, there are many myths
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.69,0:00:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be cleared up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.64,0:00:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.54,0:00:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we didn't have any volcano visible at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.51,0:00:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is something that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.32,0:00:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be shocking, but if you speak to
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.54,0:00:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have a lunch
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.36,0:00:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe with a vulcanologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.34,0:00:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an anthropologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.06,0:01:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an archaeologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.50,0:01:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he will tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.72,0:01:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so many truths about Pompeii
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.67,0:01:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you will really be surprised to know.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.96,0:01:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.74,0:01:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we're talking about volcanoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.53,0:01:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today it's a towering volcano.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.01,0:01:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at the time of Pompeii,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.79,0:01:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it didn't exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.80,0:01:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the simple reason that it started
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.27,0:01:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to exist that day of the eruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.45,0:01:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From that day, it started to grow
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.51,0:01:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and become what we see today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.58,0:01:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what could the Pompeiians see?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.83,0:01:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.69,0:01:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a small mound with a crest.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.17,0:01:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can still see it today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.59,0:01:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's exactly where the big volcano
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.55,0:01:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sitting today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.22,0:01:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, if you could see it at that time,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.73,0:01:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could have seen so many woods
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.69,0:01:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could have seen, I don't know, deer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.96,0:01:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pompeiians would probably go there
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.77,0:01:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to collect wood, pick up mushrooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.30,0:01:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make love.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.26,0:01:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a friend that betrayed them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.54,0:01:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's the first thing: no volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.99,0:01:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first myth to clear up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.65,0:02:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, another thing is the lava.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.95,0:02:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't have a single drop of lava
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.77,0:02:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting to Pompeii. Not a single one.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.16,0:02:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, gases, ashes, lapilli, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.98,0:02:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's another myth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.27,0:02:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we will see what happened exactly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.27,0:02:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third myth is about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.47,0:02:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the date of the eruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.71,0:02:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that everything happened
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.44,0:02:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 24th twenty-fourth of August,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.05,0:02:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 79 A.D.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.63,0:02:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do we know that?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.14,0:02:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, we know that because
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.88,0:02:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pliny the Younger wrote that in a letter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.26,0:02:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a witness.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.21,0:02:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, if you try to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.90,0:02:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are at least seven witnesses,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.34,0:02:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seven survivors of the eruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.12,0:02:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I would also like
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.10,0:02:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spend some time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.26,0:02:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to answer one question, that is:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.16,0:02:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Would we have survived the eruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.84,0:02:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had we been there
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.16,0:02:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost 2000 years ago?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.56,0:02:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Pliny the Younger said
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.96,0:02:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that everything happened
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.17,0:02:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the 24th of August.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.92,0:02:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do we know that?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.58,0:03:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I told you there was a letter.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.05,0:03:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This letter, though, is not here anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.85,0:03:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It vanished in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.22,0:03:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, in the Middle Ages, the monks started
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.53,0:03:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write some copies of that letter.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.93,0:03:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we have three families
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.02,0:03:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that old letter made by monks
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.27,0:03:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were writing copies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.08,0:03:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another one would copy the copy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.19,0:03:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.04,0:03:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, of course, they would make mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.16,0:03:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, is the date right or not?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.80,0:03:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you see the different letters,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.74,0:03:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will see that they are different dates
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.91,0:03:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One says "Nine days before
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.53,0:03:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Calends of September,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.66,0:03:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the 24th of August.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.46,0:03:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another one says, "Nine days before
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.07,0:03:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Calends of November,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.92,0:03:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the 24th of October.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.05,0:03:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where is the answer?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.42,0:03:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the answer is buried here,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.74,0:03:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the strata of Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.22,0:03:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, archaeologists have been finding
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.10,0:03:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nuts, have been finding chestnuts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.08,0:03:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dates, dried figs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.93,0:03:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are not really summer fruits,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.95,0:04:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather you find them in the fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.95,0:04:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they've been finding
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.75,0:04:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so many little clues
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.02,0:04:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the warm weather.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.40,0:04:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, people were dressed up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.36,0:04:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with very warm clothes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.83,0:04:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with scarves, for instance.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.49,0:04:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that means that, probably,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.51,0:04:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a very cold climate,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.100,0:04:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which makes more sense
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.96,0:04:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it is around November.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.61,0:04:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one interesting clue, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.93,0:04:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about wine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.44,0:04:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the diggings,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.45,0:04:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the decades in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.16,0:04:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,archaeologists found some big jars
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.14,0:04:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,containing wine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.82,0:04:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what the Romans would do
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.55,0:04:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they would have grape harvests,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.19,0:04:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would collect grape juice,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.42,0:04:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put that in those big, gigantic jars
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.78,0:04:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called dolia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.02,0:04:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they would wait ten days
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.85,0:04:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for it to boil, to ferment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.49,0:04:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, twenty days
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.82,0:04:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to check that everything was okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.68,0:04:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they would cover
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.90,0:04:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seal everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.98,0:04:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's exactly
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.98,0:05:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the archaeologists found.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.91,0:05:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as a matter of fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.23,0:05:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grape harvest was over
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.93,0:05:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least from a month.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.69,0:05:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that would probably tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.52,0:05:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the date of the eruption
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.19,0:05:15.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was around the end of October.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.100,0:05:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, 24th of October makes sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.21,0:05:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that, of course, is no definite proof,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.41,0:05:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's interesting to see that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.07,0:05:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such a known site like Pompeii
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.64,0:05:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really is still an open site
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.63,0:05:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with many discoveries to be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.98,0:05:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another myth to be cleared up is that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.93,0:05:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pompeii, we always see that in the movies,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.24,0:05:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a city with wealthy people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.57,0:05:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with banquets, gladiators, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.19,0:05:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's not the truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.92,0:05:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the day of the eruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.46,0:05:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a city full in crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.32,0:05:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no running water,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.97,0:05:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no running water,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.95,0:05:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, no bathhouses, the thermae.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.05,0:05:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't see anyone having fun
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.53,0:05:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the thermae, because
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.77,0:05:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you didn't have water.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.26,0:06:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was one therma working
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.24,0:06:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had its own reservoir of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.02,0:06:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, maybe people would go there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.66,0:06:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, there was a big crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.32,0:06:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another thing is that, well,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.66,0:06:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you didn't have a lot of people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.15,0:06:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like in the old times in Pompeii
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.69,0:06:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you had a lot of earthquakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.14,0:06:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earthquakes were a signal
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.78,0:06:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the eruption coming, getting close
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.19,0:06:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the magma was pushing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.22,0:06:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and provoking those earthquakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.28,0:06:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, many people, especially aristocracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.55,0:06:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had gone away.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.34,0:06:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had new people, new rich,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.96,0:06:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,former slaves, the liberti, so called,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.83,0:06:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would buy fancy houses
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.25,0:06:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would live there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.78,0:06:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, you didn't have
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.93,0:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the old society of Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.01,0:06:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't have running water.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.04,0:06:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Running water was not there,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.76,0:06:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because probably the aqueduct
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.72,0:06:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was broken in some places,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.27,0:06:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe due to earthquakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.57,0:06:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe due to the swelling of the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.98,0:06:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.72,0:07:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know exactly.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.26,0:07:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as you can see, there are
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.66,0:07:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many myths to be cleared up.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.18,0:07:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's go to the day of the eruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.18,0:07:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened exactly?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.71,0:07:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's try to answer the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.58,0:07:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Would I have survived?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.35,0:07:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, first of all, let's go to that day.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.13,0:07:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it was the 24th of October,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.18,0:07:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a Friday. Clear sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.63,0:07:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that because
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.83,0:07:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the witnesses,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.83,0:07:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was living 30 kilometers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.78,0:07:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away from here, saw everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.27,0:07:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, imagine that it was probably,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.48,0:07:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't know, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.50,0:07:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the end of October,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.92,0:07:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clear sky, maybe,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.72,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, a very cold morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.00,0:07:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, what happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.17,0:07:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we know from the letter
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.82,0:07:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Pliny the Younger
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.33,0:07:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that everything started,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.06,0:07:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more or less, at noon, lunchtime.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.38,0:07:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, vulcanologists found some clues
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.24,0:07:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that everything happened slightly before.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.56,0:07:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Pliny didn't see that;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.92,0:07:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was 30 kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.18,0:07:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, probably, the volcano started
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.49,0:07:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to open, crack open in that morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.25,0:08:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, you see, that small,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.32,0:08:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, long mound,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.78,0:08:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,similar to the back of a whale,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.19,0:08:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that betrayed the Romans,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.47,0:08:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not a mound.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.90,0:08:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a volcano, a very old volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.94,0:08:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,silent volcano, that had not erupted
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.30,0:08:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the last centuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.99,0:08:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, no one knew it was a volcano.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.71,0:08:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that morning, it woke up.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.53,0:08:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it started to crack open
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.74,0:08:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exactly, let's say,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.95,0:08:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first hours of the morning
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.84,0:08:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were terrible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.04,0:08:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People, let's say, started to gather
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.66,0:08:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Forum, which is, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.23,0:08:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was the central place,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.15,0:08:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,central square of Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.44,0:08:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone would gather there
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.72,0:08:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the morning, usually,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.88,0:08:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to get information,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.06,0:08:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to meet friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.00,0:08:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just like a tv set of that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.75,0:08:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they started to gather.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.05,0:08:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they saw something weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.71,0:08:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That very low mound was covered
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.11,0:08:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a kind of fog, let's say,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.88,0:09:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with ashes that had covered
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.94,0:09:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the sides.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.47,0:09:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looked like it had snowed.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.42,0:09:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they started to speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.28,0:09:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one with the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.32,0:09:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What happened?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.09,0:09:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, some people probably came
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.20,0:09:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the countryside,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.19,0:09:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling strange things,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.86,0:09:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling people, "Well, you know, there,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.82,0:09:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we hear noises like thunder.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.02,0:09:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a strange smell of sulfur
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.23,0:09:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just from that mountain."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.77,0:09:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, then something happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.42,0:09:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whole thing started to explode.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.72,0:09:31.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mouth got opened and you had
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.100,0:09:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a gigantic column of ashes, vapors,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.71,0:09:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going up in the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.90,0:09:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would reach more than
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.08,0:09:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,32 kilometers of height
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.83,0:09:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the hour, which is three times
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.05,0:09:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what, actually, a jetliner can reach.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.37,0:09:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, just imagine people seeing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.96,0:09:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that column going high in the sky,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.02,0:09:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just staring at something.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.22,0:09:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't even know what a volcano was.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.37,0:09:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is just the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.12,0:10:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the tragedy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.42,0:10:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think about that column
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.08,0:10:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going up and expanding in the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.32,0:10:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what Pliny the Younger tells us,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.20,0:10:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can imagine like a big stain of ink
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.10,0:10:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting bigger and bigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.18,0:10:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covering the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.86,0:10:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, people started
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.28,0:10:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hear something.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.19,0:10:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just a noise of grail,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.47,0:10:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a noise of something falling.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.45,0:10:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, you had the lapilli.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.66,0:10:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see them all around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.46,0:10:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lapilli? What is a lapilli?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.60,0:10:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a very, very small rock,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.04,0:10:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but very light.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.85,0:10:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It floats in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.16,0:10:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just like a piece of cork.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.93,0:10:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't really kill you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.31,0:10:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, it is something falling from the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.59,0:10:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.35,0:10:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, just imagine
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.69,0:10:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bottle of champagne.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.88,0:10:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You open it, you have foam coming up.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.78,0:10:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you see in the lower part
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.54,0:10:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the bottle, the wine is still watery.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.05,0:10:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, you still have wine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.16,0:10:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as the wine goes up in the neck,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.87,0:10:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it transforms itself into foam.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.78,0:11:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's exactly what that volcano did.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.75,0:11:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The magma in the magmatic chamber
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.26,0:11:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was magma, but as it came up,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.20,0:11:06.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was just like a foam,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.100,0:11:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solidified foam, that turned out
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.69,0:11:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be those lapilli falling.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.85,0:11:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people started just to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.36,0:11:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hear that, those pieces of rock,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.04,0:11:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very small and very light,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.21,0:11:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hitting the tiles.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.49,0:11:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they were not the killers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.06,0:11:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I asked myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.24,0:11:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why didn't the people go away?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.83,0:11:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you go and see
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.59,0:11:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the strata of the lapilli,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.19,0:11:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will see, you find rocks that big,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.85,0:11:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gigantic, big rocks
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.17,0:11:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming from the volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.91,0:11:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming from kilometers,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.48,0:11:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really, killers, like meteors,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.86,0:11:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,falling from the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.53,0:11:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, in Ercolano,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.96,0:11:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is not too far away from here,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.85,0:11:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the past a skeleton of a man
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.04,0:11:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without legs was found,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.66,0:11:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and close to him
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.65,0:11:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a big, gigantic rock
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.56,0:11:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fallen from that volcano.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.15,0:11:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, so people, just imagine,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.98,0:11:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to see those rocks coming down,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.05,0:12:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smoking rocks, hitting the roofs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.03,0:12:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making holes in the roofs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.49,0:12:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people started to go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.40,0:12:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They started to do
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.03,0:12:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you and me would have done,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.56,0:12:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is, going back home,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.94,0:12:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking for the people we love.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.68,0:12:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just, it was panic everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.62,0:12:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a matter of fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.66,0:12:18.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was a time when
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.83,0:12:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would have your life saved.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.18,0:12:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you had fled,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.59,0:12:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you had gone away from Pompeii,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.40,0:12:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could have survived.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.90,0:12:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Because the lapilli
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.44,0:12:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to accumulate in the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.73,0:12:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hours. But after two or three hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.35,0:12:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was that straight up lapilli,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.57,0:12:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more or less.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.56,0:12:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that time, you couldn't
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.06,0:12:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see anything outside Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.90,0:12:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You couldn't see the roads,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.25,0:12:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like when you have a heavy snow.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.32,0:12:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You couldn't see anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.57,0:12:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, where could you go?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.98,0:12:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another thing is that you had
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.66,0:12:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a fog coming down.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.02,0:12:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was actually like a,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.54,0:12:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine a desert storm.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.59,0:12:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had like ashes coming down.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.26,0:12:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You couldn't see
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.47,0:13:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than one or two meters.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.21,0:13:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these ashes were containing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.61,0:13:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pieces of glass, actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.25,0:13:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were actually
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.53,0:13:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hurting your windpipe.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.94,0:13:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you had to breathe with a cloth
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.64,0:13:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dipped in water.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.52,0:13:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was really a nightmare.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.39,0:13:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it is normal to think
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.56,0:13:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people just hid in their houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.96,0:13:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened then?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.98,0:13:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the lapilli started to accumulate.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.21,0:13:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once they reached something like a meter,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.37,0:13:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cubic meter, there would be
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.86,0:13:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an equivalent of six men as weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.37,0:13:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you had the roof starting to collapse.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.35,0:13:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, one-third of the people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.79,0:13:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found dead in Pompeii
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.39,0:13:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,died due to the collapsing of the roofs
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.04,0:13:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the floors.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.91,0:13:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably you had also earthquakes
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.93,0:13:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that process.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.10,0:13:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people were in the houses, screaming
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.04,0:13:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asking for help.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.21,0:13:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one could see anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.62,0:13:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was like the end of the world for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.72,0:13:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that, for twelve hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.37,0:13:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twelve hours later
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.18,0:13:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say, at one o'clock in the morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.16,0:14:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's move and go to Ercolano.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.21,0:14:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ercolano is another town,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.64,0:14:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very close to the sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.77,0:14:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the sea and the volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.41,0:14:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is about six kilometers
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.88,0:14:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away from the volcano;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.98,0:14:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pompeii is about eight kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.49,0:14:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when archaeologists started to dig
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.45,0:14:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the strata in Ercolano,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.66,0:14:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they couldn't find dead people.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.99,0:14:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you see are scattered skeletons.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.76,0:14:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So everyone thought that
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.19,0:14:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the inhabitants of Ercolano had escaped,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.56,0:14:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,escaped somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.67,0:14:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had actually managed to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.80,0:14:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once the archaeologists
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.84,0:14:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reached the beach
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.25,0:14:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got to the arches, the arcade
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.15,0:14:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where, usually, the fishing boats
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.18,0:14:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were parked, just like [in] a garage,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.43,0:14:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they found three hundred skeletons.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.73,0:14:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all died in a single moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.68,0:14:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you see those skeletons,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.66,0:14:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you realize something: they all died
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.80,0:14:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without defending themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.67,0:14:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just as if something
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.96,0:14:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had unplugged life from their bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.75,0:14:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just, boom!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.08,0:14:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.83,0:15:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vulcanologists will tell you that,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.18,0:15:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the gigantic column
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.05,0:15:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going up in the sky,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.80,0:15:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a certain time, couldn't stand,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.54,0:15:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it sat on itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.79,0:15:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just went down
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.18,0:15:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transformed itself
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.48,0:15:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into deadly avalanches
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.35,0:15:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made of gas and ashes,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.14,0:15:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming down at a speed of
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.90,0:15:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one hundred kilometers per hour,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.72,0:15:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a, let's say, a heat of between
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.06,0:15:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five and six hundred degrees Celsius.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.55,0:15:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that killed the people instantly.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.28,0:15:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to think what happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.34,0:15:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just imagine being on the shore
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.57,0:15:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and watching in the night
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.18,0:15:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the volcano, the red part,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.16,0:15:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say, of the eruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.16,0:15:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was instantly being covered by
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.49,0:15:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that avalanche that's coming down.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.28,0:15:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You couldn't see anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.72,0:15:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, you know, vulcanologists
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.42,0:15:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would tell you, maybe you could see
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.11,0:15:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some flare, something like
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.40,0:16:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a flock of red, hot bats
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.68,0:16:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming toward you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.90,0:16:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people were instantly killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.02,0:16:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that you have the bone
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.60,0:16:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in contact with the ash layers
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.19,0:16:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that skin, organs, muscles
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.88,0:16:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got vaporized in a matter of a second,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.40,0:16:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few seconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.34,0:16:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people died violently.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.32,0:16:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back to Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.00,0:16:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.22,0:16:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People hear that things are changing.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.66,0:16:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably you don't have
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.75,0:16:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rain of lapilli anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.95,0:16:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they wouldn't go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.90,0:16:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you have so many lapillis,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.06,0:16:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's impossible to open the door.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.77,0:16:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, actually, people go outside
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.32,0:16:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the roofs
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.09,0:16:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they start to run away.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.32,0:16:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at that time,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.78,0:16:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the volcano does the same thing again,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.55,0:16:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sits on himself and transforms his column
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.57,0:16:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on those deadly avalanches of gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.02,0:16:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one stopped
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.20,0:16:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right at the suburbia of Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.01,0:16:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second one kills
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.07,0:16:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anyone on the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.12,0:16:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what you see
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.74,0:17:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are those people, you see
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.10,0:17:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in those glass frameworks.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.51,0:17:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the people
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.81,0:17:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killed in that moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.90,0:17:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third one would come again
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.38,0:17:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and break down walls,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.21,0:17:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,open the roof and kill people inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.32,0:17:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there is another one,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.79,0:17:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the last one, that is so powerful,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.23,0:17:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it goes all the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.59,0:17:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even at thirty kilometers away
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.20,0:17:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Pliny the Younger,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.07,0:17:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one that wrote that letter,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.02,0:17:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was almost afraid to die.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.85,0:17:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was staying at thirty kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.54,0:17:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what happened
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.33,0:17:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly in Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.50,0:17:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you see today
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.24,0:17:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a place that probably
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.81,0:17:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't tell you much
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.99,0:17:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about these problems, this atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.78,0:17:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.70,0:17:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you find yourself
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.26,0:17:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of one of those bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.53,0:17:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the glass frame,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.72,0:17:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just remember that
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.36,0:17:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are not statues.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.35,0:17:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are not petrified people.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.84,0:17:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are people in the process of dying
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.37,0:18:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that intimate moment of their life.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.52,0:18:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we, I guess,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.85,0:18:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should pay respect to them every time.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.85,0:18:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.90,0:18:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(applause)