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Well, hello everybody!

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I'm here to talk to you about[br]a new way of doing journalism.

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Some people call this citizen journalism,

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other people call it[br]collaborative journalism,

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but really it kind of means this:[br]for the journalists, people like me,

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it means accepting[br]that you can't know everything

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and allowing other people,[br]through technology,

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to be your eyes and your ears.

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And for people like you,[br]for other members of the public,

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it can mean not just being[br]the passive consumers of news,

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but also co-producing news.

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And I believe this can be[br]a really empowering process.

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It can enable ordinary people[br]to hold powerful organizations to account.

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So I am going to explain this[br]to you today with two cases,

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two stories that I've investigated.

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And they both involve[br]controversial deaths.

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And in both cases, the authorities[br]put out an official version of events,

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which was somewhat misleading.

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We were able to tell an alternative truth[br]utilizing new technology,

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utilizing social media,[br]particularly Twitter.

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Essentially, what I'm talking about here[br]is, as I said, citizen journalism.

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So to take the first case,

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this is Ian Tomlinson,[br]man in the foreground.

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He was a newspaper vendor from London,[br]and on the 1st of April 2009,

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he died at the G20 protests in London.

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He wasn't a protester, he'd been trying[br]to find his way home from work

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through the demonstrations,[br]but he didn't get home.

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He had an encounter[br]with a man behind him, and as you can see,

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the man behind him has covered his face[br]with a balaclava.

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And, in fact,[br]he wasn't showing his badge numbers.

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But I can tell you now,[br]he was PC Simon Harwood,

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a police officer[br]with London's Metropolitan Police Force.

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In fact, he belonged[br]to the elite territorial support group.

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Now, moments after this image was shot,[br]Harwood struck Tomlinson with a baton,

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and he pushed him to ground,[br]and Tomlinson died moments later.

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But that wasn't the story[br]the police wanted us to tell.

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Initially, through official statements[br]and off-the-record briefings,

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they said that Ian Tomlinson[br]had died of natural causes.

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They said that there had been[br]no contact with the police,

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that there were no marks on his body.

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In fact, they said that when police[br]tried to resuscitate him,

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the police medics were impeded[br]from doing so

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because protesters were throwing missiles,[br]believed to be bottles, at police.

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And the result of that[br]were stories like this.

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I show you this slide[br]because this was the newspaper

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that Ian Tomlinson had been selling[br]for 20 years of his life.

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And if any news organization[br]had an obligation

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to properly forensically analyze[br]what had been going on,

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it was the Evening Standard newspaper,[br]but they, like everyone else,

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including my news organization,

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were misled by the official version[br]of events put out by police.

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But you can see here the bottles

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that were supposedly being thrown[br]at the police

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were turned into bricks[br]by the time they reached

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this edition of the newspaper.

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We were suspicious and we wanted to see[br]if there was more to the story.

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We needed to find those protesters[br]you see in the image,

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but they had vanished[br]by the time we started investigating.

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So how do you find the witnesses?

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And this is, for me,[br]where it got really interesting.

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We turned to the internet.

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This is Twitter,[br]we've heard a lot about it today.

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Essentially, for me,[br]when I began investigating this case,

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I was completely new to this,[br]I'd signed up two days earlier.

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And I discovered[br]that Twitter was a micro-blogging site.

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It enabled me to send out[br]short, 140-character messages.

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Also, an amazing search facility.

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But it was a social arena[br]in which other people

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were gathering with a common motive.

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And in this case,[br]independently of journalists,

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people themselves were interrogating[br]exactly what had happened to Ian Tomlinson

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in his last 30 minutes of life.

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Individuals like these two guys.

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So they went to Ian Tomlinson's aid[br]after he collapsed.

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They phoned the ambulance.

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They didn't see any bottles,[br]they didn't see any bricks.

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They were concerned that[br]the stories weren't quite as accurate

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as police were claiming them to be.

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And again, through social media,[br]we started encountering

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individuals with material like this:[br]photographs, evidence.

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Now this does not show the attack[br]on Ian Tomlinson,

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but he appears to be in some distress.

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Was he drunk?[br]Did he fall over?

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Did this have anything to do[br]with the police officers next to him?

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Here he appears to be talking to them.

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For us, this was enough[br]to investigate further, to dig deeper.

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The result was putting out[br]stories ourselves.

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Now, one of the most amazing things[br]about the internet is the information

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that people put out is freely available[br]to anyone, as we all know.

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That doesn't just go[br]for citizen journalists,

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or for people putting out[br]messages on Facebook or Twitter.

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That goes for journalists themselves,[br]people like me.

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As long as your news is the right side[br]of a pay wall, i.e., it's free,

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anybody can access it.

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And stories like these,[br]which were questioning

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the official version of events,[br]which were skeptical in tone,

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allowed people to realize[br]that we had questions ourselves.

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They were online magnets.

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Individuals with material[br]that could help us

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were drawn toward us[br]by some kind of gravitational force.

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And after six days, we had managed[br]to track down around 20 witnesses.

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And we've plotted them here on the map.

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This is the scene[br]of Ian Tomlinson's death,

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the Bank of England in London.

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And each of these witnesses[br]that we plotted on the map,

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you could click on these[br]small bullet points,

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and you could hear what they had to say,[br]see their photographic image,

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and at times,[br]see their videographic images as well.

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But still, at this stage,[br]with witnesses telling us

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that they'd seen police[br]attack Ian Tomlinson before his death,

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still, police refused to accept that.

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There was no official investigation[br]into his death.

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And then something changed.

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I got an email from[br]an investment fund manager in New York.

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On the day of Ian Tomlinson's death,[br]he'd been in London on business,

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and he'd taken out his digital camera,[br]and he'd recorded this.

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(Video) This is the crowd[br]at G20 protest

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on April the 1st around 7:20PM.

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They were on Cornhill,[br]near the Bank of England.

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This footage will form the basis[br]of a police investigation

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into the death of this man.

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Ian Tomlinson was walking[br]through this area,

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attempting to get home from work.

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(People yelling)

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We've slowed down the footage[br]to show how it poses serious questions

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about police conduct.

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Ian Tomlinson had his back[br]to riot officers and dog handlers

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and was walking away from them,[br]he had his hands in his pockets.

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Here the riot officer appears to strike[br]Tomlinson's leg area with a baton.

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He then lunges Tomlinson from behind.

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Tomlinson is propelled forward[br]and hits the floor.

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(People yelling)

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Paul Lewis: Okay, so, shocking stuff,[br]that video wasn't playing too well,

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but when I remember[br]when I first watched the video for myself

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I'd been in touch with[br]this investment fund manager in New York,

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you know, I'd become obsessed[br]with this story.

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I spoke to so many people who'd said[br]they'd seen this happen,

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and the guy on the other end of the phone[br]was saying, "Look the video shows it."

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I didn't want to believe him[br]until I actually saw it for myself.

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It was 2AM, I was there with an IT guy,

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the video wasn't working,[br]and then finally,

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it landed and I clicked on it.

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And I just realized this is[br]really something quite significant.

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And within 15 hours,[br]we put it on our website.

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The first thing police did[br]was they came into our office,

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senior officers came to our office,[br]and asked us to take the video down.

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We said no.

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It would have been too late anyway

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because it had traveled around the world.

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And the officer in that film,[br]in two days' time,

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will appear before[br]an inquest jury in London,

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and they have the power to decide[br]that Ian Tomlinson was unlawfully killed.

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So that's the first case,[br]I said two cases today.

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The second case is this man.

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Now, like Ian Tomlinson, he was a father.

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He lived in London,[br]but he was a political refugee from Angola

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and six months ago, the British government[br]decided they wanted

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to return him to Angola;[br]he was a failed asylum seeker.

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So they booked him a seat on an airline,[br]okay, a flight from Heathrow.

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Now, the official version of events,[br]official explanation,

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of Jimmy Mubenga's death[br]was simply that he'd taken ill.

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He'd become unwell on the flight,[br]the plane had returned to Heathrow,

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and then he was transferred to a hospital[br]and pronounced dead.

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Now, what actually happened[br]to Jimmy Mubenga,

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the story that we were able to tell,[br]my colleague Mathew Taylor and I,

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was that three security guards[br]began trying to restrain him in his seat.

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When he was resisting his deportation,[br]they were restraining him in his seat.

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They placed him in a dangerous hold.

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It keeps detainees quiet[br]and he was making a lot of noise.

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But it can also lead[br]to positional asphyxia,

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a form of suffocation.

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You have to imagine here that[br]there were other passengers on the plane,

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who could hear him saying[br]"I can't breathe, I can't breathe.

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They're killing me."

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And then he stopped breathing.

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So how did we find these passengers?

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For Ian Tomlinson's case,[br]the witnesses were still in London,

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but these passengers,[br]many of them had returned to Angola.

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How were we going to find them?

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Again, we turned to the internet,[br]and we wrote -

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as I said before,[br]stories, they're online magnets.

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The tone of some these stories,

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journalism professors might frown upon[br]because they were skeptical,

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they were asking questions,[br]perhaps speculative,

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maybe things that journalists[br]shouldn't do, but we needed to do it,

0:10:10.630,0:10:12.770
and we needed to use Twitter also.

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Here I'm saying an Angolan man[br]dies on a flight.

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This story could be big,[br]a level of speculation.

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This next tweet says, "Please RT."

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That means please retweet,[br]please pass down the chain.

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And one of the fascinating things[br]about Twitter

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is that the pattern of flow of information

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is unlike anything we've ever seen before.

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We don't understand it,[br]but once you let go

0:10:33.660,0:10:37.190
of a piece of information,[br]it travels like wind.

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You can't determine[br]where it ends up, but strangely,

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tweets have an uncanny ability[br]to reach their intended destination.

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And in this case, it was this man.

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He says, "I was also there on the BA77" -[br]that's the flight number -

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"And the man was begging for help,

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and I now feel so guilty[br]that I did nothing."

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Now this was Michael.

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He was on an Angolan oil field[br]when he sent me this tweet.

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I was in my office in London.

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He had concerns[br]about what happened on the flight.

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He'd gone onto his laptop,[br]he typed in the flight number.

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He'd encountered that tweet,[br]he'd encountered our stories.

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He realized we had an intention[br]to tell a different version of events.

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We were skeptical and he contacted me.

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And this is what Michael said.

0:11:25.684,0:11:29.330
(Audio) Michael: "I'm pretty sure[br]it'll turn out to be asphyxiation.

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The last thing we heard the man say[br]was he couldn't breathe.

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And he got three security guards[br]and each one of them

0:11:38.170,0:11:42.590
looked like 100-kilo plus,[br]bearing down on him,

0:11:42.590,0:11:45.800
holding him down,[br]from what I could see, below the seats.

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What I saw was the three men trying[br]to pull him down below the seats.

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And all I could see was his head[br]sticking up above the seats

0:11:54.030,0:11:57.855
and he was hollering out,[br]you know, "Help me."

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He just kept saying, "Help me, help me,"[br]and then he disappeared below the seats.

0:12:04.605,0:12:09.380
And you could see the three security[br]guards sitting on top of him from there.

0:12:10.200,0:12:15.480
For the rest of my life, I'm always[br]going to have that in the back of my mind.

0:12:15.480,0:12:17.325
Could I have done something?

0:12:17.325,0:12:21.367
That's going to bother me[br]every time I lay down to go to sleep now.

0:12:21.367,0:12:23.500
I didn't get involved because I was scared

0:12:23.500,0:12:26.914
I might get kicked off the flight[br]and lose my job.

0:12:26.914,0:12:30.580
If it takes three men[br]to hold a man down,

0:12:30.580,0:12:33.214
to put him on a flight,

0:12:33.214,0:12:38.097
when the public is armed,[br]that's acceptable, okay.

0:12:38.758,0:12:44.405
If the man died,[br]okay, that right there is excessive."

0:12:46.570,0:12:49.981
PL: So that was his interpretation[br]of what had happened on the flight.

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And Michael was actually[br]one of five witnesses

0:12:52.470,0:12:56.230
that we eventually managed to track down,[br]most of them, as I said,

0:12:56.230,0:12:59.390
through the internet,[br]through social media.

0:12:59.390,0:13:01.390
We could actually place them[br]on the plane,

0:13:01.390,0:13:03.830
so you could see[br]exactly where they were sat.

0:13:03.830,0:13:07.000
And I should say at this stage,[br]that one really important dimension

0:13:07.000,0:13:10.356
to all of this,[br]for journalists to utilize social media,

0:13:10.356,0:13:14.720
and who utilize this as in journalism,[br]is making sure we get our facts correct.

0:13:14.720,0:13:17.406
Verification is absolutely essential.

0:13:17.406,0:13:20.373
So in the case[br]of the Ian Tomlinson witnesses,

0:13:20.373,0:13:22.800
I got them to return to the scene[br]of the death

0:13:22.800,0:13:26.900
and physically walk me through,[br]and tell me exactly what they had seen.

0:13:27.660,0:13:29.290
That was absolutely essential.

0:13:29.290,0:13:31.340
In the case of Mubenga,[br]we couldn't do that,

0:13:31.340,0:13:33.440
but they could send us[br]their boarding passes.

0:13:33.440,0:13:35.450
We could interrogate what they were saying

0:13:35.450,0:13:39.070
and ensure it was consistent with what[br]our other passengers were saying too.

0:13:39.070,0:13:42.556
The danger in all of this for journalists,[br]for all of us,

0:13:42.556,0:13:47.600
is that we're victims of hoaxes,[br]or that there's deliberate misinformation

0:13:47.600,0:13:51.060
fed into the public domain,[br]so we have to be careful.

0:13:51.060,0:13:54.779
But nobody can deny the power[br]of citizen journalism.

0:13:54.779,0:13:58.071
When a plane crashes into the Hudson[br]two years ago,

0:13:58.071,0:14:01.820
and the world finds out about this[br]because a man is on a nearby ferry,

0:14:01.820,0:14:05.340
he takes out his iPhone,[br]and he photographs the image of the plane

0:14:05.340,0:14:06.900
and sends it around the world.

0:14:06.900,0:14:09.090
That's how most people[br]found out initially,

0:14:09.090,0:14:13.564
in the early minutes and hours,[br]about the plane in Hudson River.

0:14:13.564,0:14:16.860
And think of the two biggest news stories[br]of the year, okay?

0:14:16.860,0:14:20.210
We had the Japanese earthquake[br]and the tsunami.

0:14:20.210,0:14:23.720
Cast your mind's eye[br]back to the images that you saw

0:14:23.720,0:14:25.635
on your television screens.

0:14:25.635,0:14:29.290
They were boats left five miles inland.

0:14:29.290,0:14:33.462
They were houses being moved along[br]as if in the sea.

0:14:34.350,0:14:38.820
Water lifting up inside people's[br]living rooms, supermarkets shaking.

0:14:38.820,0:14:41.090
These were images[br]shot by citizen journalists,

0:14:41.090,0:14:42.970
and instantly shared on the internet.

0:14:42.970,0:14:47.255
And the other big story of the year,[br]the political crisis,

0:14:47.255,0:14:50.524
the political earthquake[br]in the Middle East.

0:14:50.524,0:14:55.482
And it doesn't matter if it was[br]Egypt, or Libya, or Syria, or Yemen.

0:14:55.482,0:14:58.570
Individuals have managed to overcome

0:14:58.570,0:15:04.010
the repressive restrictions in those[br]regimes by recording their environment

0:15:04.010,0:15:06.150
and telling their own stories[br]on the internet.

0:15:06.150,0:15:08.598
Again, always very difficult to verify,

0:15:08.598,0:15:12.709
but potentially,[br]a huge layer of accountability.

0:15:12.709,0:15:15.290
This image - and I could have[br]shown you any, actually.

0:15:15.290,0:15:16.500
YouTube is full of them.

0:15:16.500,0:15:21.187
This image is of an apparently[br]unarmed protester in Bahrain.

0:15:21.187,0:15:24.125
And he's being shot by security forces.

0:15:24.125,0:15:28.530
It doesn't matter[br]if the individual being mistreated,

0:15:28.530,0:15:32.643
possibly even killed,[br]is in Bahrain or in London.

0:15:32.643,0:15:36.790
But citizen journalism and this technology[br]has inserted a new layer

0:15:36.790,0:15:41.185
of accountability into our world,[br]and I think that's a good thing.

0:15:41.185,0:15:45.210
To conclude the theme of the conference,[br]why not?

0:15:45.210,0:15:47.660
I think for journalists,[br]it's quite simple really.

0:15:47.660,0:15:52.210
I mean why not utilize this technology,[br]which massively broadens

0:15:52.210,0:15:55.310
the boundaries of what's possible,[br]accept that many of the things

0:15:55.310,0:15:59.946
that happen in our world now go recorded,[br]and we can obtain that information

0:15:59.946,0:16:01.698
through social media.

0:16:01.698,0:16:03.170
That's new for journalists

0:16:03.170,0:16:06.870
The stories I showed you, I don't think[br]we would have been able to investigate

0:16:06.870,0:16:09.920
10 years ago,[br]possibly even five years ago.

0:16:09.920,0:16:12.950
I think there's a very good argument[br]to say that the two deaths,

0:16:12.950,0:16:15.810
the death of Ian Tomlinson,[br]and the death of Jimmy Mubenga,

0:16:15.810,0:16:19.370
we still today wouldn't know[br]exactly what happened in those cases.

0:16:19.370,0:16:21.780
And why not, for people like yourselves?

0:16:21.780,0:16:24.399
Well, I think that's very simple too.

0:16:24.399,0:16:28.060
If you encounter something[br]that you believe is problematic,

0:16:28.060,0:16:32.280
that disturbs you, that concerns you,[br]an injustice of some kind,

0:16:32.280,0:16:35.190
something that just[br]doesn't feel quite right,

0:16:35.190,0:16:39.862
then why not witness it,[br]record it, and share it?

0:16:40.833,0:16:46.341
That process of witnessing,[br]recording, and sharing is journalism.

0:16:46.678,0:16:48.970
And we can all do it, so thank you.

0:16:48.970,0:16:50.366
(Applause)