[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.37,0:00:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've thought a little bit about the lungs and the tissue,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.77,0:00:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how there is a kind of (...sing?) relationship between the two,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.94,0:00:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they're trying to send little molecules back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.73,0:00:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so long it try to send, of course oxygen, out to the tissues, right.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.11,0:00:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the tissue is trying to figure out a way to efficiently send back carbondioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.88,0:00:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are the --the kind of core things are going on, between the two.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.77,0:00:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And remember in turns of getting oxygen accross, there're two major ways we said.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.46,0:00:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one, kind of the easy one, is as dissolved oxygen
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.74,0:00:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,--dissolved oxygen in the blood itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.49,0:00:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not the major way.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.51,0:00:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The major way is when oxygen actually binds hemoglobin --in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.28,0:00:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we called it HbO2, and the name of that molecule is oxyhemoglobin.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.78,0:00:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is kind of how the majority of the oxygen is gonna get delivered to the tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.87,0:00:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on the other side, coming back from the tissue to the lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.00,0:01:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got dissolved carbondioxide,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.11,0:01:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little bit of carbondioxide actually literally comes just right in the plasma.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.38,0:01:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not the majority of how carbondioxide gets back.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.23,0:01:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more effective ways of getting carbondioxide back,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.42,0:01:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember we have this protonated hemoglobin.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.12,0:01:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually --remember when I-- when I said there's a protonated hemoglobin,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.65,0:01:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's gotta be some bicarb floating around in the plasma.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.08,0:01:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason that that works is because,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.27,0:01:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they get back to the lungs, the proton --the bicarb,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.52,0:01:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually kind of meet up again, and they form CO2 and water,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.09,0:01:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this happens because there's an enzyme called carbonic-anhydrase,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.28,0:01:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside of the red blood cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.81,0:01:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is where the carbondioxide is actually gets back.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.88,0:01:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course there's the third way, remember there's also some hemoglobin
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.11,0:01:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually binds directly to carbondioxide in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.39,0:01:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, it forms a little proton as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.58,0:01:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that proton can go to this bussiness, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.95,0:01:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can bind to a hemoglobin as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.06,0:02:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there's a little interplay there, but the important ones
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.26,0:02:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to really kind of focus in on, are the fact that hemoglobin can bind to oxygen
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.49,0:02:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also in this side, that hemoglobin actually can bind to protons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.59,0:02:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the fun part about all this is that there's a little competition, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.98,0:02:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A little game going on here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.01,0:02:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because you've got --on the one side you've got hemoglobin binding oxigen,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.44,0:02:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let me draw it twice,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.82,0:02:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's say this topple an interaction with proton,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.40,0:02:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well that proton is gonna wanna snatch away the hemoglobin.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.22,0:02:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so there's a little competition for hemoglobin,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.49,0:02:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here the oxygen kind of gets left out in the cold,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.28,0:02:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the carbondioxide does kind of the same thing we said. We--
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.68,0:02:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we've little hemoglobin bound a carbondioxide and makes a proton in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.43,0:02:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but again, that leaves oxygen out in the cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.88,0:02:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So depending on whether you have a lot of oxygen around,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.61,0:02:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if that's the kind of key thing going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.33,0:03:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether you have a lot of these kind of products, the proton or the carbondioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.45,0:03:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Depending on which one you have more of, floating around in the --in the tissue, in the cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.19,0:03:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will determine which way the reaction goes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.18,0:03:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So keeping this concept to mind, then I could actually step back and say, well--
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.46,0:03:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, I think that oxygen is affected by carbondioxide and proton,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.84,0:03:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I could say, well, these two --carbondioxide and protons, are actually --affecting,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.73,0:03:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say are affecting,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.24,0:03:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the --let's say, the affinity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.58,0:03:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the affinity or the willingness of hemoglobin to bind --of hemoglobin-- four oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.13,0:03:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, that's one kind of statement you could make by looking at that kind of competition,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.78,0:03:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and (the repressing?) come along in that they say, well, I think
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.28,0:03:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oxygen actually is affecting, you know, depending on which one
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.18,0:03:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,--which perspective you take, you get the oxygen is affecting,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.86,0:04:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe the affinity of hemoglobin for the carbondioxide and proton.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.75,0:04:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,--of hemoglobin for CO2 and protons.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.39,0:04:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you could say it from either perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.28,0:04:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I wanna point out is that actually in a sense both of these are true,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.51,0:04:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a lot of times we think, well, maybe it's just saying the same thing twice.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.63,0:04:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually, these're two separate facts, and they have two separate names.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.98,0:04:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the first one, talking about carbondioxide and protons,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.64,0:04:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their effect is called the {Bohr Effect}.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.74,0:04:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, you might see that word, or this description,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.45,0:04:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Bohr Effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.58,0:04:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the other one, kind of looking at from the other perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.73,0:04:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at from oxygen perspective, this should be the {Haldane Effect}.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.78,0:04:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just the name of it, Haldane Effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.57,0:04:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what is the Bohr Effect and the Haldane effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.60,0:04:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than simply saying that the things compete for hemoglobin?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.57,0:04:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let me actually bring up a little bit of the (can?) list,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.93,0:04:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's see if I can diagram this out.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.16,0:05:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because sometimes I think a little diagram would really go along when explaining these things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.98,0:05:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's see if I can do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.37,0:05:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's use a little graph and see if you can illustrate the Bohr Effect on this graph.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.85,0:05:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the partial pressure of oxygen, how much it dissolved in the plasma.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.53,0:05:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is oxygen content which is to say how much total oxygen is there in the blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.63,0:05:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this of course takes an account mostly the amount of oxygen that's bound to hemoglobin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.18,0:05:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if I slowly increase the partial pressure of oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.75,0:05:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see how initially not too much is gonna be binding to the hemoglobin,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.95,0:05:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but eventually as a few of the molecules bind, you get cooperativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.06,0:05:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so then slowly the slopes start to rise, becomes more steep.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.85,0:05:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is all because of cooperativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.54,0:05:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oxygen likes to bind where other oxygen have already bound.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.90,0:05:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it's gonna kind of level off.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.71,0:05:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the leveling off is because hemoglobin is starting to get saturated.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.32,0:05:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there aren't to many extra spots available,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.76,0:06:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you need a lot --a lot of oxygen dissolved in the plasma,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.78,0:06:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to seek out and find those extra remaining spots on hemoglobin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.88,0:06:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's say we choose two spots.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.17,0:06:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One spot, let's say, is high amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.78,0:06:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this, let's say, is a low amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.00,0:06:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just kind of choosing them arbitrarily, and don't--
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.99,0:06:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't worry about the units.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.52,0:06:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you are to think of where in the body would be high location,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.02,0:06:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could be something like the lungs, where you have a lot of oxygen dissolved in bloods.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.12,0:06:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And low would be, let's say, the thigh muscle where there is a lot of CO2,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.03,0:06:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not so much oxygen dissolved in the blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.44,0:06:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these could be two parts of our body, and you--
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.14,0:06:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see that, now if I wanna figure out--
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.97,0:06:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at this curve, how much oxygen is being delivered to the thigh.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.64,0:06:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then that's actually pretty easy, I could just say, well,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.95,0:06:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much oxygen was there in the lungs --or in the blood vessel leaving the lungs--
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.54,0:07:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's this much oxygen in the blood vessels leaving the lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.32,0:07:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's this much oxygen in the blood vessel leaving the thigh.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.42,0:07:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the difference wherever oxygen is between this two points,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.94,0:07:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the amount of oxygen that I got delivered.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.32,0:07:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you want to figure out how much oxygen got delivered to any --any tissue,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.05,0:07:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can simply substract these two values.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.35,0:07:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the oxygen delivery.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.05,0:07:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But looking at this you can see a kind of interesting point,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.79,0:07:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that if you want it to increase the oxygen delivery,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.08,0:07:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say you want it, for some reason, to increase it, become more efficient,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.09,0:07:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then really the only way to do that is to have the thigh
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.67,0:07:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of become more hypoxic, as he moves to the left on here,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.85,0:07:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's really becoming hypoxic, or having less oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.79,0:07:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if he becomes more hypoxic, then yes --you'll, you'll have, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.06,0:07:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe, a lower point here, maybe a point like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.07,0:07:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that would mean a larger oxygen delivery.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.89,0:08:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not ideal, you know, when your thighs to become hypoxic,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.91,0:08:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know that --that could start aching and hurting.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.39,0:08:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so is there an another way to have a large oxygen delivery
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.65,0:08:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without having any hypoxic tissue, or tissue that has a low amount of oxygen in it?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.94,0:08:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is where the Bohr Effect comes into play.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.42,0:08:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, remember that Bohr Effect is that CO2 and proton affect the hemoglobin affinity for oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.68,0:08:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's think of a situation --I'll do it in green,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.55,0:08:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in this situation we have a lot of carbondioxide and proton,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.89,0:08:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Bohr Effect thought is, that it's kind of a bit harder for oxygen to bind hemoglobin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.42,0:08:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if I was to sketch another curve,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.37,0:08:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,initially, it's gonna be even less impressive, with less oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.66,0:08:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And eventually, once the --once the concentration of oxygen rises enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.21,0:08:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will start going up up up, and it does bind hemoglobin eventually,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.69,0:08:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's not like it'll never bind hemoglobin in the presence of carbondioxide and protons,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.11,0:09:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it takes longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.91,0:09:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the entire curve looks shifted over.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.11,0:09:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This-- these conditions of kind of high CO2 and high proton,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.96,0:09:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's not really relevant to the lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.45,0:09:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lungs will think you --for us, you know-- "who cares, we don't really have these conditions".
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.30,0:09:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for the thigh, it is relevant.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.72,0:09:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the thigh has a lot of CO2 and the thigh has a lot of proton.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.28,0:09:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, remember, high protons means low pH.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.81,0:09:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you can think it either way.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.11,0:09:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the thigh, you're gonna get, then, a different point.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.84,0:09:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, it's gonna be on the green curve, not the blue curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.64,0:09:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we can draw it at the same O2 level, actually being down here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.11,0:09:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is the O2 content in the blood that's leaving the thigh?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.11,0:09:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well then, to do it properly out, they'll-- you'll be, actually you'll be over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.32,0:09:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the actual amount. And so O2 delivery is actually much more impressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.95,0:10:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at that. So O2 delivery is inceased because of the Bohr Effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.94,0:10:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you want to know exactly how much it increase,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.100,0:10:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could even show you, I could say, well this amount from here down to here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.13,0:10:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally the vertical distance between the green and the blue lines,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.28,0:10:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this is the extra oxygen delivered because of the Bohr Effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.61,0:10:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is how the Bohr Effect is so important
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.79,0:10:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually helping us deliver oxygen to our tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.21,0:10:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's do the same thing now,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.99,0:10:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for the Haldane Effect, and to do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.92,0:10:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually have to switch things around, so our units and our axis are gonna be different.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.66,0:10:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're gonna have the amount of carbondioxide there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.66,0:10:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here we'll do carbondioxide content in the blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.02,0:10:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's think through this kind of carefully.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.04,0:10:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's first start out with increasing the amount of carbondioxide slowly but surely,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.58,0:10:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see that the content goes up.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.68,0:10:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here, as you increase the amount of carbondioxide,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.38,0:10:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the content just kind of goes up as the straight line.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.15,0:10:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason it doesn't take that S-shape that we had with the oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.31,0:11:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there is no cooperativity in binding the hemoglobin.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.65,0:11:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just kind of goes up straight.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.54,0:11:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's easy enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.50,0:11:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's take two points like we did before.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.71,0:11:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a point --let's say, up here this'll be high amount of CO2 in the blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.12,0:11:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this'll be a low amount of CO2 in the blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.04,0:11:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you'd have a low amount, let's say right here, in what part of tissue?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.80,0:11:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, low CO2, that sounds like the lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.70,0:11:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is not too much CO2 there.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.75,0:11:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But high CO2 probably is the thighs, 'cause the thigh is like a little CO2 factories, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.54,0:11:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the thigh has a high amount, and the lungs have a low amount.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.87,0:11:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if I wanna look at the amount of CO2 delivered, we do it the same way with --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.05,0:11:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,okay, well the thighs had a high amount, this is the amount of CO2 in the blood, remember.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.94,0:11:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the amount of CO2 in the blood when it goes to the lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.70,0:11:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the amount of CO2 that was delivered from the thigh to the lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.58,0:12:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the difference --and so this is how much CO2 delivery were actually getting.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.02,0:12:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just like we had O2 delivery, we have this much CO2 delivery.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.34,0:12:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, read over the Haldane Effect, and let's see if we can actually sketch out
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.51,0:12:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another line in the presence of high oxygen, what's gonna happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.71,0:12:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if there is a lot of oxygen around,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.38,0:12:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it's gonna change the affinity of hemoblobin for carbondioxide and protons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.86,0:12:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's gonna low less binding of protons and carbondioxide directly to the hemoglobin.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.32,0:12:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means that you're gonna have less CO2 content,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.28,0:12:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for any given amount of dissolved CO2 in the blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.25,0:12:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that line is still a straight line, but it's actually --you notice it's kind of sloped downwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.28,0:12:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where is this relevant?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.56,0:12:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where do you have a lot of oxygen?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.11,0:12:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's not really relevant for the thigh,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.44,0:12:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the thighs don't have a lot of oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.52,0:13:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is relevant for the lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.07,0:13:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is very relevant there.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.20,0:13:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now you can actually say, "well, let's see what happens"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.54,0:13:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that you have high O2, how much CO2 delivery are you getting?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.52,0:13:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then-- then you can already kind of see it, it's gonna be more, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.73,0:13:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now you got this much, you've got going all the way over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.47,0:13:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the new amount of CO2 delivery.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.23,0:13:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's gone up. And in fact, you can even show exactly how much it's gone up by--
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.87,0:13:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by simply taking this difference. So, this difference right here,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.34,0:13:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the two, this is the Haldane Effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.60,0:13:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the kind of visual way that you can actually see the Haldane Effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.86,0:13:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Bohr Effect and the Haldane Effect, these are two important strategies our body has,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.91,0:13:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for increasing the amount of O2 delivery and CO2 delivery
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.80,0:13:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going back and forth between the lungs and the tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.01,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,~o0o~