[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.76,0:00:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the president issued the\NEmancipation Proclamation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.98,0:00:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was not really something\Nthat had effect in Georgia
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.04,0:00:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was more aspirational,\Nand it was more strategic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.28,0:00:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President Lincoln was trying to increase\Nthe number of freed slaves
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.82,0:00:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in parts of the South who could \Nfight against the Confederacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.02,0:00:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Emancipation Proclamation\Ndid very little in terms of freeing slaves
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.77,0:00:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the time it was issued in 1863.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.82,0:00:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally in April of 1865,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.50,0:00:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when General Lee surrendered\Nto General Grant in Virginia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.82,0:00:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we began to see in Georgia a real \Nmovement towards the freeing of slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.82,0:00:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was a slow process.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.42,0:00:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emancipation came almost\Nplace by place slowly
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.82,0:01:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there were, in many parts\Nof Georgia, not enough federal troops
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.13,0:01:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to enforce the end of slavery,\Nto enforce the Emancipation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.12,0:01:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it became a very slow process.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.72,0:01:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1868 in Georgia,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.21,0:01:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were enough federal troops\Nto enforce the US Constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.22,0:01:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was the beginning, the passage
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.01,0:01:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of federal amendments\Nto the US Constitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.82,0:01:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was what we call today a \NReconstruction Constitution
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.20,0:01:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adopted in Georgia in 1868.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.22,0:01:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that recognized \Nthe equality of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.82,0:01:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It recognized the right of people to work \Nand be paid for their work.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.42,0:01:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at that point, there began to be\Nsome African Americans
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.02,0:01:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were actually elected to office
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.82,0:01:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were then\Nable to have the vote.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.42,0:01:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was great \Nwhite resistance to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.19,0:02:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whole society in Georgia was built\Non the notion that white people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.17,0:02:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were superior and black people\Nwere inferior.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.62,0:02:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And between 1876 and 1896, \Nthere was a back and forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.82,0:02:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a 20-year period in which\Nthis whole notion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.95,0:02:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the equality of every citizen\Nwas in play every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.99,0:02:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it was someone trying to vote,\Nsomeone trying to go to school,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.22,0:02:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone trying to get a job\Nthat paid a decent wage,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.92,0:02:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone trying to get a house\Nthat they could own themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.32,0:02:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every part of society,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.78,0:02:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was an uncertainty about just \Nhow much equality under the law
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.38,0:02:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the state would permit.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.82,0:03:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And white folks generally\Nwanted no equality for African Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.36,0:03:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And black folks obviously wanted\Ntheir full citizenship,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.21,0:03:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rights that they were entitled to\Nunder the new Reconstruction Amendments.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.41,0:03:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And generally that fight went on,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.81,0:03:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there was an uncertainty\Nabout what it actually meant,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.11,0:03:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until a case went before \Nthe US Supreme Court.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.82,0:03:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that case we now remember \Nas Plessy vs. Ferguson.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.42,0:03:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plessy vs. Ferguson\Nwas a Supreme Court case in 1896
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.12,0:03:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involving an African-American man\Nnamed Homer Plessy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.22,0:03:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took place in Louisiana.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.82,0:03:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Homer Plessy\Nsat in a white-only railroad car.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.42,0:03:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Louisiana, this railroad car company,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.12,0:03:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had separate cars\Nfor whites and blacks.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.32,0:03:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so he sat in the white-only\Nrailroad car, refused to leave
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.13,0:03:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the case ends up going \Nthrough the lower court.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.42,0:03:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gets to the US Supreme Court.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.12,0:04:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the US Supreme Court decided \Nthat it did not violate
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.12,0:04:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Equal Protection Clause \Nof the Fourteenth Amendment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.82,0:04:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what they decided\Nis separate-but-equal doctrine came to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.12,0:04:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That as long as you have equal facilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.44,0:04:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were anything\Nbut equal in the South,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.02,0:04:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as long as you had equal facilities,\Nit was okay to separate the races.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.62,0:04:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, what it allowed\Nthe southern states to do
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.06,0:04:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were some things they were already doing\Nwith their Jim Crow laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.15,0:04:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They make African Americans \Nto be second-class citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.52,0:04:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim Crow separated folks on streetcars.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.02,0:04:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They separated folks in bathrooms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.42,0:04:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Black folks would not be allowed\Nto use a spigot
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.72,0:04:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where water was flowing\Njust to get a drink,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.59,0:04:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if it was used by white folks\Nin any way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.72,0:04:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They just simply wanted to separate \Nblack people from all of white folks.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.22,0:04:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then assure that in Jim Crow laws
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.90,0:04:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were unable to influence society\Nso that they could change any of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.06,0:05:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some Jim Crow laws were passed\Nduring this time
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.91,0:05:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to disenfranchise African Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.22,0:05:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Disenfranchise means to deny\NAfrican Americans the right to vote,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.50,0:05:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deny a certain group of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.22,0:05:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we associate it with our society to \Ndeny African Americans right to vote.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.32,0:05:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were several different ways\Nto disenfranchise.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.12,0:05:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the laws was the poll tax.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.22,0:05:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, these former slaves just coming out\Nof slavery did not have a lot of money.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.62,0:05:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could not afford the fee\Nto pay in all these different elections.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.22,0:05:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another was the white primary.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.02,0:05:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the white primaries, you had to\Nbe a white person to vote in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.52,0:05:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So African Americans were not even \Nallowed to vote in the primary elections
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.32,0:05:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to even pick the candidate\Nthat they wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.92,0:05:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you had literacy tests,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.72,0:05:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which again it was illegal as slaves\Nto learn how to read and write
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.73,0:05:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to teach a slave to read and write.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.69,0:05:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the majority of African Americans\Ncould not pass these literacy tests
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.82,0:05:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they could not\Nread and write legibly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.32,0:06:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What Jim Crow era did was\Nestablish a way with the sanction
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.41,0:06:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Supreme Court\Nin Plessy vs. Ferguson,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.61,0:06:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which to indirectly\Ninfringe upon those rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.42,0:06:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the blessings of the rest of the\Ncountry and the US Supreme Court...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.25,0:06:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until Brown vs. the Board.