[Script Info]
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[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.05,0:00:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The discovery of the structure of DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.60,0:00:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was one of the most important scientific\Nachievements in the last century,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.17,0:00:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in human history, in fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.22,0:00:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The now-famous double helix is almost\Nsynonymous with Watson and Crick,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.16,0:00:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two of the scientists who won\Nthe Nobel Prize for figuring it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.33,0:00:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's another name \Nyou may know, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.44,0:00:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rosalind Franklin.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.38,0:00:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may have heard that her data supported\NWatson and Crick's brilliant idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.57,0:00:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that she was a plain-dressing,\Nbelligerent scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.85,0:00:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is how Watson actually described her\Nin the Double Helix.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.86,0:00:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But thanks to Franklin's biographers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.85,0:00:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who investigated her life \Nand interviewed many people close to her,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.19,0:00:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we now know that that account\Nis far from true,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.92,0:00:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her scientific contributions\Nhave been vastly underplayed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.85,0:00:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's hear the real story.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.72,0:01:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rosalind Elsie Franklin was born\Nin London in 1920.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.48,0:01:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She wanted to be a scientist ever\Nsince we was a teenager,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.61,0:01:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which wasn't a common or easy\Ncareer path for girls at that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.76,0:01:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she excelled at science anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.04,0:01:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She won a scholarship to Cambridge\Nto study chemistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.32,0:01:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where she earned her Ph.D.,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.11,0:01:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she later conducted research on\Nthe structure of coal
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.40,0:01:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that led to better gas masks for \Nthe British during World War II.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.70,0:01:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1951, she joined King's College
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.26,0:01:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to use x-ray techniques to study\Nthe structure of DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.79,0:01:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then one of the hottest topics in science.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.41,0:01:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Franklin upgraded the x-ray lab\Nand got to work
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.45,0:01:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shining high-energy x-rays \Non tiny, wet crystals of DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.12,0:01:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the acadmemic culture at the time\Nwasn't very friendly to women,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.80,0:01:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Fraklin was isolated \Nfrom her colleagues.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.29,0:01:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She clashed with Maurice Wilkins,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.61,0:01:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a labmate who assumed Franklin\Nhad been hired as his assistant.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.97,0:01:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Franklin kept working,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.47,0:02:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in 1952, she obtained Photo 51,\Nthe most famous x-ray image of DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.19,0:02:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just getting the image took 100 hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.63,0:02:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the calculations necessary to analyze it\Nwould take a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.48,0:02:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, the American biologist\NJames Watson
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.45,0:02:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the British physicist Francis Crick
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.79,0:02:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were also working \Non finding DNA's structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.73,0:02:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without Franklin's knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.25,0:02:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wilkins took Photo 51\Nand showed it to Watson and Crick.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.67,0:02:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of calculating the exact\Nposition of every atom,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.08,0:02:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they did a quick analysis \Nof Franklin's data
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.94,0:02:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and used that to build \Na few potential structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.44,0:02:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, they arrived at the right one.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.22,0:02:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA is made of two helicoidal strands,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.17,0:02:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one opposite the other with bases\Nin the center like rungs of a ladder.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.42,0:02:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Watson and Crick published their model\Nin April 1953.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.67,0:02:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, \NFranklin had finished her calculations,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.22,0:02:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes to the same conclusion,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.66,0:02:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and submitted her own manuscript.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.40,0:02:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The journal published \Nthe manuscripts together,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.72,0:02:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but put Franklin's last,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.88,0:03:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it look like her experiments just\Nconfirmed Watson and Crick's breakthrough
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.88,0:03:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of inspiring it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.38,0:03:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Franklin had already \Nstopped working on DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.92,0:03:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and died of cancer in 1958,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.02,0:03:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never knowing that Watson and Crick\Nhad seen her photographs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.11,0:03:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Watson, Crick, and Wilkins won\Nthe Nobel Prize in 1962
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.33,0:03:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their work on DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.42,0:03:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's often said that Franklin would have\Nbeen recognized by a Nobel Prize
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.01,0:03:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if only they could be \Nawarded posthumously.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.29,0:03:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, it's possible \Nshe could have won twice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.64,0:03:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her work on the structure of viruses\Nled to a Nobel for a colleague in 1982.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.30,0:03:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's time to tell the story of a brave\Nwoman who fought sexism in science,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.64,0:03:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whose work revolutionized\Nmedicine, biology, and agriculture.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.51,0:03:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's time to honor \NRosalind Elsie Franklin,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.04,0:03:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the unsung mother of the double helix.