WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.669 (♪♪♪) 00:00:02.669 --> 00:00:04.304 >> Gillian: It's sweet. 00:00:04.304 --> 00:00:05.472 It's seductive. 00:00:05.472 --> 00:00:06.973 Is it deadly? 00:00:06.972 --> 00:00:09.641 Tonight the dangers of sugar. 00:00:09.641 --> 00:00:10.609 >> I think that sugar is a 00:00:10.609 --> 00:00:13.145 main contributing factor. 00:00:13.146 --> 00:00:14.180 >> Gillian: Serious new 00:00:14.179 --> 00:00:16.515 warnings from serious people. 00:00:16.515 --> 00:00:17.483 >> The more I learn about it, 00:00:17.484 --> 00:00:19.586 the more it scares me. 00:00:19.585 --> 00:00:20.519 >> Gillian: Also tonight, what 00:00:20.519 --> 00:00:21.887 the sugar industry has tried 00:00:21.888 --> 00:00:24.157 to hide. 00:00:24.157 --> 00:00:25.391 >> Strategies that I thought 00:00:25.391 --> 00:00:27.493 the tobacco companies made up 00:00:27.493 --> 00:00:29.161 back in the 50's, actually 00:00:29.161 --> 00:00:30.429 some of those, the sugar 00:00:30.429 --> 00:00:31.698 people had done even before 00:00:31.698 --> 00:00:33.899 that. 00:00:34.834 --> 00:00:41.274 (♪♪♪) 00:00:44.143 --> 00:00:45.110 >> Gillian: When the Breedon 00:00:45.110 --> 00:00:46.045 family goes shopping, like 00:00:46.045 --> 00:00:47.380 most Canadians, they try to 00:00:47.380 --> 00:00:49.382 buy healthy. 00:00:49.381 --> 00:00:50.250 >> Let's go... 00:00:50.250 --> 00:00:51.151 Up, up, up. 00:00:51.151 --> 00:00:52.618 >> Gillian: But, like most 00:00:52.618 --> 00:00:54.219 Canadians, they don't always 00:00:54.219 --> 00:00:55.655 succeed. 00:00:55.655 --> 00:00:56.389 They're busy. 00:00:56.389 --> 00:00:58.024 Meals have to be quick. 00:00:58.024 --> 00:00:59.192 And then there's keeping the 00:00:59.192 --> 00:01:01.895 kids happy. 00:01:01.895 --> 00:01:02.595 >> It's either Lucky Charms or 00:01:02.594 --> 00:01:03.796 the Mini Wheat Chocolate? 00:01:03.796 --> 00:01:05.697 >> No I want the Lucky Ones. 00:01:05.697 --> 00:01:06.965 >> Okay, Lucky Charms? 00:01:06.965 --> 00:01:08.367 Okay. 00:01:08.367 --> 00:01:10.003 >> You want one that looks 00:01:10.003 --> 00:01:11.004 like half a moon or you want 00:01:11.004 --> 00:01:12.204 one that looks like a full... 00:01:12.204 --> 00:01:13.006 >> Gillian: A lot of what they 00:01:13.006 --> 00:01:13.706 eat is processed. 00:01:13.706 --> 00:01:15.207 They assume it's nutritious 00:01:15.207 --> 00:01:16.176 but they've never paid much 00:01:16.176 --> 00:01:17.343 attention to what's in the 00:01:17.343 --> 00:01:19.478 food they buy, have no idea 00:01:19.478 --> 00:01:21.013 how much sugar is hidden in 00:01:21.013 --> 00:01:24.616 it. 00:01:26.052 --> 00:01:26.653 >> All right, guys, I want you 00:01:26.653 --> 00:01:28.021 To kind of start by telling me 00:01:28.021 --> 00:01:29.355 a little bit about some of the 00:01:29.355 --> 00:01:30.856 groceries that you got today. 00:01:30.856 --> 00:01:32.257 >> Gillian: Registered 00:01:32.257 --> 00:01:33.926 dietician Jacelyn Pritchard is 00:01:33.927 --> 00:01:35.628 about to help them figure it 00:01:35.628 --> 00:01:37.230 out. 00:01:37.230 --> 00:01:38.231 >> Have you guys ever taken a 00:01:38.230 --> 00:01:39.331 look at any of the nutrition 00:01:39.331 --> 00:01:40.599 labels or really paid 00:01:40.599 --> 00:01:41.266 attention... 00:01:41.266 --> 00:01:42.167 >> The label on this Nesquick 00:01:42.168 --> 00:01:43.903 cereal says there are 10 grams 00:01:43.903 --> 00:01:46.573 of sugar in 3/4 of a cup. 00:01:46.572 --> 00:01:48.340 But who ever just eats 3/4 of 00:01:48.340 --> 00:01:50.476 a cup? 00:01:50.477 --> 00:01:52.779 >> How many of those would go 00:01:52.778 --> 00:01:53.912 into your bowl to make up your 00:01:53.912 --> 00:01:55.314 bowl of cereal? 00:01:55.314 --> 00:01:57.917 >> For me? 00:01:57.917 --> 00:01:59.585 Um...I'd say probably like 8 00:01:59.585 --> 00:02:01.087 or 9. 00:02:01.087 --> 00:02:01.954 >> 8? 00:02:01.954 --> 00:02:02.621 Okay. 00:02:02.621 --> 00:02:03.388 >> Gillian: That's a lot of 00:02:03.388 --> 00:02:04.923 cereal....and as Jonathon 00:02:04.924 --> 00:02:06.459 Breedon is about to find out, 00:02:06.459 --> 00:02:08.728 an awful lot of added sugar. 00:02:08.728 --> 00:02:10.296 >> So in your serving of 00:02:10.295 --> 00:02:12.031 cereal of about 8 of these 00:02:12.031 --> 00:02:13.700 servings, you're looking at 00:02:13.699 --> 00:02:15.300 about 20 teaspoons of sugar 00:02:15.300 --> 00:02:16.435 added. 00:02:16.436 --> 00:02:18.872 Of non-nutritional value. 00:02:18.872 --> 00:02:19.906 >> That's a lot. 00:02:19.906 --> 00:02:22.108 >> Yeah. 00:02:23.308 --> 00:02:24.009 >> Gillian: So let's start at 00:02:24.009 --> 00:02:24.710 the beginning. 00:02:24.711 --> 00:02:25.879 What do we mean when we say 00:02:25.878 --> 00:02:26.778 sugar? 00:02:26.778 --> 00:02:28.014 Well, whether it's the white 00:02:28.014 --> 00:02:29.182 stuff you bake with, or the 00:02:29.181 --> 00:02:30.449 brown stuff you sprinkle on 00:02:30.449 --> 00:02:32.084 your oatmeal, whether it's 00:02:32.085 --> 00:02:34.020 honey, molasses, syrup, maybe 00:02:34.020 --> 00:02:35.622 the high fructose corn syrup 00:02:35.622 --> 00:02:37.056 you've heard of. 00:02:37.056 --> 00:02:37.991 There's a lot of that in 00:02:37.991 --> 00:02:40.360 things like pop, chemically 00:02:40.360 --> 00:02:41.895 it's all pretty much the same 00:02:41.895 --> 00:02:42.862 thing. 00:02:42.861 --> 00:02:46.498 And we do consume a lot. 00:02:46.498 --> 00:02:48.033 On average in this country, 26 00:02:48.033 --> 00:02:50.802 teaspoons of sugar per person, 00:02:50.802 --> 00:02:52.472 per day. 00:02:52.472 --> 00:02:54.841 That's 40 kilos a year, the 00:02:54.841 --> 00:02:58.243 equivalent of 20 bags. 00:03:00.413 --> 00:03:01.881 It's what sweetens the products 00:03:01.881 --> 00:03:04.050 and spikes the profits of some 00:03:04.050 --> 00:03:05.118 of the most powerful, 00:03:05.117 --> 00:03:06.686 and familiar companies in 00:03:06.686 --> 00:03:08.721 the world. 00:03:08.721 --> 00:03:09.889 The food industry is one of 00:03:09.889 --> 00:03:10.890 the biggest manufacturers in 00:03:10.889 --> 00:03:12.424 North America, nearly a 00:03:12.425 --> 00:03:14.194 trillion dollars in sales 00:03:14.193 --> 00:03:16.495 every year, and it couldn't do 00:03:16.496 --> 00:03:18.731 it without sugar. 00:03:18.730 --> 00:03:21.099 (♪♪♪) 00:03:21.099 --> 00:03:22.968 >> Sugar is one of the essential 00:03:22.968 --> 00:03:26.138 basic ingredients used in 99% 00:03:26.139 --> 00:03:27.207 of the processed foods out 00:03:27.206 --> 00:03:29.275 there. 00:03:29.275 --> 00:03:30.043 >> Gillian: Former industry 00:03:30.043 --> 00:03:31.510 executive Bruce Bradley has 00:03:31.510 --> 00:03:32.544 worked for some of North 00:03:32.544 --> 00:03:33.812 America's biggest food 00:03:33.812 --> 00:03:36.448 companies. 00:03:36.449 --> 00:03:37.717 >> It's something that can 00:03:37.717 --> 00:03:39.586 drive a lot of taste in the 00:03:39.586 --> 00:03:41.321 products and a lot of appeal 00:03:41.320 --> 00:03:43.789 for consumers, so it's one of 00:03:43.789 --> 00:03:45.924 the basic building blocks. 00:03:45.925 --> 00:03:46.960 >> Gillian: And make no 00:03:46.960 --> 00:03:48.795 mistake, the amount of sugar 00:03:48.794 --> 00:03:51.163 in our food is no accident. 00:03:51.163 --> 00:03:52.331 The food industry goes to 00:03:52.331 --> 00:03:53.699 great lengths to figure out 00:03:53.699 --> 00:03:54.933 what makes us crave a 00:03:54.933 --> 00:03:56.468 product -- the exact 00:03:56.468 --> 00:03:58.003 combination of ingredients it 00:03:58.003 --> 00:04:01.274 calls the "bliss point." 00:04:01.274 --> 00:04:02.307 >> You know everybody asks 00:04:02.307 --> 00:04:05.644 what is the bliss point? 00:04:05.645 --> 00:04:07.313 Dr. Howard Moskowitz, he's a 00:04:07.312 --> 00:04:09.248 long time food industry 00:04:09.248 --> 00:04:13.986 consultant, known as Dr. Bliss. 00:04:13.986 --> 00:04:15.221 >> The best way I can do it is 00:04:15.221 --> 00:04:16.689 to give you an example. 00:04:16.689 --> 00:04:17.857 Do you drink coffee with sugar 00:04:17.857 --> 00:04:19.359 or with milk? 00:04:19.358 --> 00:04:20.158 >> Gillian: With milk. 00:04:20.158 --> 00:04:21.260 >> So if you add more and more 00:04:21.261 --> 00:04:23.730 milk you like it more and more 00:04:23.730 --> 00:04:25.131 up to a certain point where 00:04:25.130 --> 00:04:26.765 you like it the most and then 00:04:26.766 --> 00:04:28.468 add a little bit more milk, 00:04:28.468 --> 00:04:29.869 and you say oh, it's too milky 00:04:29.869 --> 00:04:32.105 and my gosh, and add a lot 00:04:32.105 --> 00:04:34.374 more milk and it's horrid. 00:04:34.374 --> 00:04:36.442 So it's Goldilocks, it's the 00:04:36.442 --> 00:04:38.444 middle, it's the best one. 00:04:38.444 --> 00:04:40.413 It's the level where you like 00:04:40.413 --> 00:04:43.516 the product the most. 00:04:43.516 --> 00:04:44.384 >> Gillian: A Harvard trained 00:04:44.384 --> 00:04:45.918 mathematician Moskowitz uses 00:04:45.918 --> 00:04:47.586 models to test people's 00:04:47.586 --> 00:04:48.820 reactions to different 00:04:48.821 --> 00:04:50.490 versions of a product. 00:04:50.490 --> 00:04:51.658 Once he's found the bliss 00:04:51.658 --> 00:04:52.824 point, the product hits the 00:04:52.824 --> 00:04:54.192 shelves. 00:04:54.192 --> 00:04:55.260 From soda pop to spaghetti 00:04:55.261 --> 00:05:01.100 sauce, his magic makes money. 00:05:01.100 --> 00:05:02.335 >> Everybody wants to sell 00:05:02.334 --> 00:05:04.336 just a bit more. 00:05:04.336 --> 00:05:05.570 How do you get that immediate 00:05:05.571 --> 00:05:08.775 increase in acceptance? 00:05:08.774 --> 00:05:10.342 Those in the know realize you 00:05:10.343 --> 00:05:13.045 can add a little sugar. 00:05:13.045 --> 00:05:13.913 >> Gillian: A little? 00:05:13.913 --> 00:05:15.348 The first thing to know is 00:05:15.348 --> 00:05:16.783 that 4 grams of sugar is one 00:05:16.783 --> 00:05:18.484 teaspoon. 00:05:18.483 --> 00:05:19.618 So with that in mind, let's 00:05:19.619 --> 00:05:22.355 look at some products. 00:05:22.355 --> 00:05:23.523 It's no surprise Coca Cola has 00:05:23.523 --> 00:05:25.024 a lot of sugar. 00:05:25.024 --> 00:05:26.425 40 grams a can. 00:05:26.425 --> 00:05:28.760 That's 10 teaspoons. 00:05:28.761 --> 00:05:30.163 But much of the sugar we eat 00:05:30.163 --> 00:05:31.430 is hidden in foods we don't 00:05:31.430 --> 00:05:34.800 necessarily think of as sweet. 00:05:34.800 --> 00:05:36.468 This oatmeal, 3 and 3/4 00:05:36.468 --> 00:05:39.171 teaspoons of sugar a bowl. 00:05:39.172 --> 00:05:40.873 This vanilla flavoured yogourt, 00:05:40.872 --> 00:05:43.709 nearly 5 teaspoons in just 00:05:43.709 --> 00:05:46.012 half a cup. 00:05:46.012 --> 00:05:47.379 You can find sugar added to 00:05:47.379 --> 00:05:49.048 bread, soup, all kinds of 00:05:49.048 --> 00:05:50.483 condiments. 00:05:50.483 --> 00:05:52.084 Hot dogs. 00:05:52.084 --> 00:05:53.185 This chicken dinner, labelled 00:05:53.185 --> 00:05:55.221 Healthy Choice, has 00:05:55.221 --> 00:05:56.588 5-and-a-half teaspoons of 00:05:56.588 --> 00:06:00.526 sugar in every serving. 00:06:00.526 --> 00:06:02.694 Is this the result? 00:06:02.694 --> 00:06:03.528 There's no question as our 00:06:03.528 --> 00:06:04.831 consumption of sugars has 00:06:04.831 --> 00:06:07.333 grown so have our bodies. 00:06:07.333 --> 00:06:08.668 Canada doesn't keep good 00:06:08.668 --> 00:06:10.069 statistics so we've used 00:06:10.069 --> 00:06:11.604 American ones. 00:06:11.603 --> 00:06:12.771 And those stats raise the 00:06:12.771 --> 00:06:14.473 troubling question: Are we 00:06:14.473 --> 00:06:16.341 changing our evolutionary 00:06:16.341 --> 00:06:19.444 shape. 00:06:19.444 --> 00:06:20.579 Here's the line showing our 00:06:20.579 --> 00:06:22.014 sugar consumption for the last 00:06:22.014 --> 00:06:25.117 50 years. 00:06:25.117 --> 00:06:26.185 Here's the number of people 00:06:26.185 --> 00:06:27.687 who've become overweight and 00:06:27.687 --> 00:06:30.256 obese. 00:06:30.255 --> 00:06:31.690 Now look at this line, it's 00:06:31.690 --> 00:06:36.528 for cases of type 2 diabetes. 00:06:36.528 --> 00:06:37.829 And this one, diseases of the 00:06:37.829 --> 00:06:40.733 heart. 00:06:40.733 --> 00:06:42.134 Back in the '80s and '90s we 00:06:42.134 --> 00:06:43.502 used to blame a lot of those 00:06:43.502 --> 00:06:46.238 problems on dietary fat. 00:06:46.238 --> 00:06:47.472 But then we started taking fat 00:06:47.473 --> 00:06:48.608 out of our foods. 00:06:48.608 --> 00:06:49.776 Did the incidence of disease 00:06:49.776 --> 00:06:51.244 go down? 00:06:51.244 --> 00:06:51.978 No. 00:06:51.978 --> 00:06:53.045 So that got a lot of doctors 00:06:53.045 --> 00:06:55.747 and nutritionists asking why. 00:06:55.747 --> 00:06:56.949 The answer, according to an 00:06:56.949 --> 00:06:58.884 increasingly vocal group, 00:06:58.884 --> 00:07:02.120 is sugar. 00:07:03.790 --> 00:07:05.024 >> Which was worse, the sugar 00:07:05.024 --> 00:07:06.526 or the fat? 00:07:06.526 --> 00:07:10.463 The sugar a 1000 times over. 00:07:10.463 --> 00:07:11.798 >> Gillian: Robert Lustig, 00:07:11.798 --> 00:07:12.999 doctor, author, medical 00:07:12.999 --> 00:07:14.567 professor, and one of the 00:07:14.567 --> 00:07:16.102 leaders of the anti-sugar 00:07:16.101 --> 00:07:18.471 campaign. 00:07:18.471 --> 00:07:19.939 >> The fact is, our food 00:07:19.939 --> 00:07:21.407 supply has been altered and 00:07:21.406 --> 00:07:22.974 adulterated under our very 00:07:22.975 --> 00:07:24.510 noses and in plain sight over 00:07:24.509 --> 00:07:28.848 the past 30 years. 00:07:28.848 --> 00:07:29.649 >> Gillian: In addition to 00:07:29.649 --> 00:07:31.317 treating obese kids Lustig is 00:07:31.317 --> 00:07:33.786 a YouTube sensation. 00:07:33.786 --> 00:07:35.021 His lecture on sugar has been 00:07:35.021 --> 00:07:36.489 seen by nearly 4 million 00:07:36.488 --> 00:07:38.757 people around the world. 00:07:38.757 --> 00:07:39.791 And he doesn't pull his 00:07:39.791 --> 00:07:40.892 punches. 00:07:40.892 --> 00:07:42.294 >> The fat's going down, the 00:07:42.295 --> 00:07:43.830 sugar's going up and we're all 00:07:43.829 --> 00:07:45.730 getting sick. 00:07:45.730 --> 00:07:46.632 >> Gillian: You use words, you 00:07:46.632 --> 00:07:50.168 use poison, you use toxic. 00:07:50.168 --> 00:07:51.137 >> Certainly I use those words 00:07:51.137 --> 00:07:53.639 and I mean them, this is not a 00:07:53.639 --> 00:07:55.675 hyperbole, this is the real 00:07:55.675 --> 00:07:56.542 deal. 00:07:56.541 --> 00:07:57.943 Everyone thinks that the bad 00:07:57.944 --> 00:07:59.412 effects of sugar are because 00:07:59.411 --> 00:08:02.180 sugar has empty calories. 00:08:02.180 --> 00:08:03.815 What I'm saying is no, 00:08:03.815 --> 00:08:05.417 actually there are lots of 00:08:05.418 --> 00:08:06.586 things that do have empty 00:08:06.586 --> 00:08:07.887 calories that are not 00:08:07.887 --> 00:08:10.889 necessarily poisons. 00:08:10.889 --> 00:08:12.190 >> Gillian: Poisonous, he says, 00:08:12.190 --> 00:08:13.225 because of what too much 00:08:13.225 --> 00:08:15.661 sugar does in our body. 00:08:15.661 --> 00:08:17.396 So let's take a look at that. 00:08:17.396 --> 00:08:18.663 Sugar is made up of two 00:08:18.663 --> 00:08:21.000 molecules: One called glucose, 00:08:21.000 --> 00:08:22.735 here in blue, the other 00:08:22.735 --> 00:08:25.538 fructose, in red. 00:08:25.538 --> 00:08:27.073 When they separate in our gut, 00:08:27.072 --> 00:08:28.406 the glucose circulates 00:08:28.406 --> 00:08:29.908 throughout our body feeding 00:08:29.908 --> 00:08:32.378 our muscles and our brain... 00:08:32.378 --> 00:08:33.746 but the fructose goes right to 00:08:33.745 --> 00:08:34.779 our liver. 00:08:34.779 --> 00:08:36.048 And its in the liver where all 00:08:36.048 --> 00:08:40.019 kinds of problems begin. 00:08:41.120 --> 00:08:42.355 >> When you metabolize 00:08:42.355 --> 00:08:44.657 fructose in excess, your liver 00:08:44.657 --> 00:08:46.559 has no choice but to turn that 00:08:46.558 --> 00:08:49.394 energy into liver fat, and 00:08:49.394 --> 00:08:50.996 that liver fat then causes all 00:08:50.996 --> 00:08:52.931 of the downstream metabolic 00:08:52.932 --> 00:08:55.033 diseases. 00:08:55.033 --> 00:08:55.835 >> Gillian: We'll tell you 00:08:55.835 --> 00:08:56.802 more about those diseases in a 00:08:56.802 --> 00:08:57.769 moment. 00:08:57.769 --> 00:08:59.004 But first let's talk about 00:08:59.004 --> 00:09:00.605 your brain. 00:09:00.605 --> 00:09:01.706 Too much fructose, says 00:09:01.706 --> 00:09:03.174 Lustig, shuts down the part of 00:09:03.174 --> 00:09:05.076 your brain that tells you when 00:09:05.076 --> 00:09:07.647 you're full. 00:09:07.647 --> 00:09:08.781 >> It doesn't get registered 00:09:08.780 --> 00:09:10.348 by the brain as you're having 00:09:10.349 --> 00:09:11.984 eaten. 00:09:11.984 --> 00:09:13.386 So, if you take a kid and prep 00:09:13.385 --> 00:09:16.488 him with a soft drink and then 00:09:16.489 --> 00:09:17.723 let him loose at the fast food 00:09:17.722 --> 00:09:19.057 restaurant, does he eat less 00:09:19.057 --> 00:09:21.226 or does he eat more? 00:09:21.226 --> 00:09:25.063 Turns out he eats more. 00:09:25.898 --> 00:09:26.798 >> I think there's a long way 00:09:26.798 --> 00:09:29.034 to go before, um, the 00:09:29.034 --> 00:09:32.070 literature is sorted out. 00:09:32.071 --> 00:09:33.205 >> Gillian: Phyllis Tanaka 00:09:33.205 --> 00:09:34.373 speaks for the biggest food 00:09:34.373 --> 00:09:36.742 companies in Canada. 00:09:36.741 --> 00:09:37.943 She doesn't buy Dr. Lustig's 00:09:37.943 --> 00:09:39.578 theories and doesn't think 00:09:39.578 --> 00:09:42.247 consumers should either. 00:09:42.248 --> 00:09:43.649 I think it's more important 00:09:43.649 --> 00:09:46.018 that we step back and look at 00:09:46.018 --> 00:09:49.055 how do we look for ways to 00:09:49.054 --> 00:09:51.856 educate and help consumers fit 00:09:51.856 --> 00:09:53.525 sugar into a healthy dietary 00:09:53.525 --> 00:09:55.794 pattern. 00:09:55.794 --> 00:09:56.596 >> Gillian: But the industry 00:09:56.596 --> 00:09:58.764 sure doesn't make it easy. 00:09:58.764 --> 00:10:01.433 Look at this breakfast bar. 00:10:01.433 --> 00:10:02.802 There's sugar near the top of 00:10:02.802 --> 00:10:04.503 the ingredient list. 00:10:04.503 --> 00:10:05.338 But there's four more 00:10:05.337 --> 00:10:06.738 sweeteners. 00:10:06.739 --> 00:10:07.740 Did you know that chemically 00:10:07.740 --> 00:10:11.443 they're all the same? 00:10:11.443 --> 00:10:13.945 Then there's this tomato soup. 00:10:13.946 --> 00:10:14.980 who knew it would have added 00:10:14.980 --> 00:10:18.783 sugars too? 00:10:18.783 --> 00:10:19.985 How is a consumer supposed to 00:10:19.985 --> 00:10:21.687 know that healthy, old, tomato 00:10:21.687 --> 00:10:23.188 soup has three-and-a-half 00:10:23.188 --> 00:10:25.323 teaspoons of sugar in a cup? 00:10:25.323 --> 00:10:26.024 >> Well, how did you figure it 00:10:26.024 --> 00:10:26.925 out? 00:10:26.926 --> 00:10:28.894 By the nutrition facts table. 00:10:28.894 --> 00:10:29.794 >> Gillian: I figured that out 00:10:29.794 --> 00:10:30.596 because I've spent a lot of 00:10:30.596 --> 00:10:32.130 time recently learning about 00:10:32.130 --> 00:10:33.399 what a gram of sugar is and 00:10:33.399 --> 00:10:34.634 how to read these labels. 00:10:34.634 --> 00:10:35.401 Do you think most people know 00:10:35.400 --> 00:10:36.468 how to do that? 00:10:36.469 --> 00:10:37.203 >> In the last couple of 00:10:37.202 --> 00:10:39.105 years, we engaged with Health 00:10:39.105 --> 00:10:42.508 Canada on a campaign called 00:10:42.508 --> 00:10:43.942 the nutrition facts education 00:10:43.942 --> 00:10:48.146 campaign in large part as a 00:10:48.147 --> 00:10:50.383 commitment to help Canadians 00:10:50.383 --> 00:10:51.850 understand how to go into the 00:10:51.850 --> 00:10:53.085 grocery store and make 00:10:53.085 --> 00:10:54.487 informed choices. 00:10:54.486 --> 00:10:55.453 >> Gillian: But surely there 00:10:55.453 --> 00:10:56.888 is a way to warn people who 00:10:56.889 --> 00:10:58.456 might be interested in this 00:10:58.456 --> 00:11:01.226 that a cup of this, of this 00:11:01.226 --> 00:11:02.495 soup, brings you 00:11:02.495 --> 00:11:04.129 three-and-a-half teaspoons of 00:11:04.129 --> 00:11:08.033 sugar. 00:11:08.033 --> 00:11:10.568 >> To what end though? 00:11:10.568 --> 00:11:11.403 >> Gillian: Well, if they have 00:11:11.403 --> 00:11:12.504 decided that as part of their 00:11:12.504 --> 00:11:13.605 healthy diet they want to eat 00:11:13.605 --> 00:11:15.740 less sugar. 00:11:15.740 --> 00:11:19.444 >> Well, let me see. 00:11:19.445 --> 00:11:20.780 Then they would use this same 00:11:20.779 --> 00:11:25.350 label. 00:11:25.350 --> 00:11:26.118 >> Gillian: The only 00:11:26.118 --> 00:11:27.186 information on the label is 14 00:11:27.186 --> 00:11:30.690 grams of sugar in half a cup. 00:11:30.690 --> 00:11:34.393 Do you know what that means? 00:11:35.027 --> 00:11:35.795 You shouldn't have to be a 00:11:35.794 --> 00:11:36.928 dietitian to figure out how 00:11:36.928 --> 00:11:38.129 much added sugar you're 00:11:38.129 --> 00:11:40.599 eating, but it helps. 00:11:40.599 --> 00:11:41.634 Jaclyn Pritchard has added up 00:11:41.634 --> 00:11:43.235 all the sugar Jonathon eats in 00:11:43.235 --> 00:11:44.736 a week. 00:11:44.736 --> 00:11:46.404 It's pretty scary. 00:11:46.404 --> 00:11:47.405 >> This is your week's worth 00:11:47.405 --> 00:11:49.040 of sugar intake then. 00:11:49.041 --> 00:11:52.211 So this is equivalent to 245 00:11:52.211 --> 00:11:54.779 teaspoons of sugar. 00:11:54.779 --> 00:11:57.850 >> That's a lot of sugar. 00:11:57.850 --> 00:11:58.551 >> Gillian: When we come 00:11:58.551 --> 00:11:59.518 back, what all that excess 00:11:59.518 --> 00:12:03.923 sugar might be leading to. 00:12:05.124 --> 00:12:14.567 (♪♪♪) 00:12:18.770 --> 00:12:20.805 (♪♪♪) 00:12:20.806 --> 00:12:25.578 >> That's two grams of sugar. 00:12:25.577 --> 00:12:26.478 >> Gillian: Having discovered 00:12:26.479 --> 00:12:27.379 just how much sugar is in 00:12:27.379 --> 00:12:29.181 their food, the Breedon family 00:12:29.181 --> 00:12:30.549 is on a purge. 00:12:30.548 --> 00:12:31.716 >> Okay, the Kraft Zesty 00:12:31.716 --> 00:12:33.619 Italian has one gram of sugar 00:12:33.619 --> 00:12:35.553 in this one... 00:12:35.553 --> 00:12:36.521 >> Gillian: They're still 00:12:36.522 --> 00:12:37.757 surprised at the kinds of 00:12:37.756 --> 00:12:40.692 Products that contain sugar. 00:12:40.692 --> 00:12:42.461 But they're also determined, 00:12:42.461 --> 00:12:45.498 all of it, out it goes. 00:12:45.498 --> 00:12:46.465 Of course, they still have 00:12:46.465 --> 00:12:47.700 to eat. 00:12:47.700 --> 00:12:48.533 So to help them learn about 00:12:48.533 --> 00:12:50.668 life beyond processed foods, 00:12:50.668 --> 00:12:52.203 we've made them a deal. 00:12:52.203 --> 00:12:53.505 For three weeks we'll provide 00:12:53.505 --> 00:12:54.839 all of their meals 00:12:54.840 --> 00:12:56.375 professionally made without 00:12:56.375 --> 00:12:58.177 any added sugar. 00:12:58.177 --> 00:12:59.945 They'll stick to the diet and 00:12:59.945 --> 00:13:03.081 submit to medical tests. 00:13:03.081 --> 00:13:03.816 >> Lucky Charms ain't so lucky 00:13:03.816 --> 00:13:06.819 any more. 00:13:12.124 --> 00:13:12.925 >> Gillian: They're only in 00:13:12.924 --> 00:13:13.892 their mid-twenties but 00:13:13.893 --> 00:13:15.261 according to medical standards 00:13:15.260 --> 00:13:16.961 both Jonathon and Anna are 00:13:16.961 --> 00:13:19.431 technically obese. 00:13:19.431 --> 00:13:20.633 Five-year-old Ruby is hovering 00:13:20.633 --> 00:13:25.004 on the edge. 00:13:25.004 --> 00:13:26.538 We started our experiment by 00:13:26.538 --> 00:13:27.505 having their blood 00:13:27.505 --> 00:13:29.073 tested and analyzed by 00:13:29.073 --> 00:13:30.475 obesity specialist, Dr. Dan 00:13:30.475 --> 00:13:32.812 Flanders. 00:13:32.812 --> 00:13:33.611 The family, he says, is 00:13:33.611 --> 00:13:35.514 heading for trouble. 00:13:35.514 --> 00:13:36.615 >> Looking at these results, 00:13:36.615 --> 00:13:38.116 I would say that I'm very 00:13:38.116 --> 00:13:39.350 concerned. 00:13:39.350 --> 00:13:40.552 Quite frankly, if they don't 00:13:40.552 --> 00:13:42.520 make meaningful change to 00:13:42.520 --> 00:13:44.455 their lifestyle relatively 00:13:44.456 --> 00:13:48.027 soon, there's a higher chance 00:13:48.027 --> 00:13:50.496 that they're heading for a 00:13:50.495 --> 00:13:53.399 life of lousy quality of life 00:13:53.399 --> 00:13:56.836 and early death. 00:13:56.836 --> 00:13:57.802 >> Gillian: Like most of us, 00:13:57.802 --> 00:13:59.638 getting fatter and sicker, 00:13:59.638 --> 00:14:00.739 the Breedon's might be 00:14:00.739 --> 00:14:01.907 forgiven their nutritional 00:14:01.907 --> 00:14:03.242 ignorance. 00:14:03.241 --> 00:14:04.509 But the food industry has 00:14:04.509 --> 00:14:06.110 known, and discussed, links 00:14:06.110 --> 00:14:07.846 between processed food and 00:14:07.846 --> 00:14:11.115 disease for decades. 00:14:15.019 --> 00:14:16.020 It was Minneapolis. 00:14:16.020 --> 00:14:17.722 1999. 00:14:17.722 --> 00:14:18.990 Obesity was only an emerging 00:14:18.990 --> 00:14:20.759 problem back then, when the 00:14:20.759 --> 00:14:22.161 heads of America's biggest 00:14:22.160 --> 00:14:23.628 food companies arrived for a 00:14:23.629 --> 00:14:26.098 rare meeting. 00:14:26.097 --> 00:14:27.131 Among them, the heads of 00:14:27.131 --> 00:14:28.733 Kraft, Nabisco, Nestle, 00:14:28.734 --> 00:14:33.272 Coca-Cola and General Mills. 00:14:34.273 --> 00:14:35.307 >> These are executives, who 00:14:35.307 --> 00:14:36.975 normally are fighting each 00:14:36.975 --> 00:14:39.077 other for space on the grocery 00:14:39.077 --> 00:14:43.448 store. 00:14:43.448 --> 00:14:44.182 They don't get together 00:14:44.182 --> 00:14:45.149 very often. 00:14:45.149 --> 00:14:46.885 But, in '99, they got together 00:14:46.885 --> 00:14:50.622 to talk about obesity. 00:14:50.623 --> 00:14:51.523 >> Gillian: Reporter and 00:14:51.523 --> 00:14:53.259 author Michael Moss. 00:14:53.259 --> 00:14:54.560 He described the Minneapolis 00:14:54.559 --> 00:14:55.760 meeting in his best-selling 00:14:55.760 --> 00:14:58.463 book. 00:14:58.464 --> 00:14:59.632 >> And they had been pulled 00:14:59.631 --> 00:15:02.667 together by a cabal of 00:15:02.668 --> 00:15:04.870 insiders within the industry, 00:15:04.870 --> 00:15:06.238 who had increasingly become 00:15:06.238 --> 00:15:08.407 concerned about, um, both the 00:15:08.407 --> 00:15:11.043 industry's responsibility for, 00:15:11.043 --> 00:15:13.445 and culpability for, being 00:15:13.445 --> 00:15:16.248 blamed for obesity. 00:15:16.248 --> 00:15:17.116 >> Gillian: They gathered at 00:15:17.115 --> 00:15:18.216 the Pillsbury Company 00:15:18.216 --> 00:15:20.184 headquarters, 31st floor. 00:15:20.184 --> 00:15:21.786 The message they got was 00:15:21.787 --> 00:15:24.322 uncompromising. 00:15:24.322 --> 00:15:25.624 And it was delivered by two of 00:15:25.624 --> 00:15:27.793 their own: Michael Mudd, a top 00:15:27.793 --> 00:15:29.928 executive at Kraft, and Jim 00:15:29.928 --> 00:15:31.529 Hill a leading nutrition 00:15:31.529 --> 00:15:33.399 researcher. 00:15:33.399 --> 00:15:34.600 In a slide presentation 00:15:34.600 --> 00:15:36.067 obtained by the Fifth estate 00:15:36.067 --> 00:15:37.369 the two men gave it to the 00:15:37.369 --> 00:15:39.939 bosses straight. 00:15:39.938 --> 00:15:42.206 >> A national epidemic. 00:15:42.206 --> 00:15:42.942 >> Gillian: There were too 00:15:42.942 --> 00:15:43.975 many warnings Mudd told 00:15:43.975 --> 00:15:45.210 them, before drawing a 00:15:45.210 --> 00:15:46.745 parallel designed to make them 00:15:46.745 --> 00:15:48.212 uncomfortable. 00:15:48.212 --> 00:15:50.081 Tobacco companies had recently 00:15:50.081 --> 00:15:51.817 settled a massive lawsuit in 00:15:51.817 --> 00:15:53.485 face of evidence their product 00:15:53.485 --> 00:15:55.120 caused disease. 00:15:55.120 --> 00:15:56.087 Did the food industry, he 00:15:56.087 --> 00:15:59.991 asked, want to be next? 00:15:59.991 --> 00:16:00.725 >> If anyone in the food 00:16:00.725 --> 00:16:02.094 industry ever doubted there 00:16:02.094 --> 00:16:03.996 was a slippery slope out 00:16:03.995 --> 00:16:05.864 there, I imagine that they're 00:16:05.864 --> 00:16:07.932 beginning distinct sliding 00:16:07.932 --> 00:16:11.602 sensation right about now. 00:16:11.602 --> 00:16:12.570 >> Gillian: Graphics drove 00:16:12.571 --> 00:16:13.839 home the point. 00:16:13.839 --> 00:16:16.141 Maps showing obesity rates 00:16:16.140 --> 00:16:17.909 rising and spreading across 00:16:17.909 --> 00:16:21.245 the country like a rash. 00:16:21.245 --> 00:16:22.180 >> What are the health 00:16:22.181 --> 00:16:24.350 implications of all this? 00:16:24.350 --> 00:16:25.683 Studies show that obese 00:16:25.683 --> 00:16:27.019 individuals are at a higher 00:16:27.019 --> 00:16:28.519 risk of developing chronic 00:16:28.519 --> 00:16:30.555 diseases such as diabetes, 00:16:30.556 --> 00:16:33.658 heart disease, hypertension 00:16:33.658 --> 00:16:36.095 and cancer. 00:16:36.095 --> 00:16:36.995 >> Gillian: Topping the list 00:16:36.995 --> 00:16:38.896 of contributing factors: The 00:16:38.897 --> 00:16:40.632 ubiquity of inexpensive, 00:16:40.631 --> 00:16:42.667 good-tasting, super-sized, 00:16:42.668 --> 00:16:44.903 energy-dense foods. 00:16:44.903 --> 00:16:46.437 In other words, the very foods 00:16:46.437 --> 00:16:48.307 the C.E.O.s were in charge of 00:16:48.307 --> 00:16:50.341 selling. 00:16:50.341 --> 00:16:51.210 The two men were hoping for 00:16:51.210 --> 00:16:52.644 money to study the link 00:16:52.644 --> 00:16:54.645 between food and obesity. 00:16:54.645 --> 00:16:55.747 Instead they got a 00:16:55.748 --> 00:16:57.483 tongue-lashing, starting with 00:16:57.482 --> 00:16:59.317 Stephen Sanger, the head of 00:16:59.317 --> 00:17:01.120 General Mills. 00:17:01.120 --> 00:17:02.421 >> He was rather furious at 00:17:02.421 --> 00:17:05.657 Mudd for bringing this to them 00:17:05.656 --> 00:17:06.891 and blaming them for this, and 00:17:06.892 --> 00:17:09.928 his defence was, "Look, we 00:17:09.928 --> 00:17:12.498 already offer consumers a 00:17:12.498 --> 00:17:13.664 choice. 00:17:13.664 --> 00:17:15.867 If they want low fat this or 00:17:15.867 --> 00:17:18.770 low sugar that, we have those 00:17:18.770 --> 00:17:21.240 products in the grocery store. 00:17:21.240 --> 00:17:22.941 We feel we're already being 00:17:22.941 --> 00:17:25.877 responsible, both to consumers 00:17:25.877 --> 00:17:28.012 from a health perspective, um, 00:17:28.012 --> 00:17:30.915 but also to Wall Street. 00:17:30.915 --> 00:17:31.916 >> Gillian: In other words, 00:17:31.916 --> 00:17:34.019 they didn't want to know. 00:17:34.019 --> 00:17:35.421 Now, it's one thing to silence 00:17:35.421 --> 00:17:36.755 troublesome voices in their 00:17:36.755 --> 00:17:37.956 own companies. 00:17:37.955 --> 00:17:39.023 Michael Mudd eventually left 00:17:39.023 --> 00:17:40.291 the food industry out of 00:17:40.291 --> 00:17:41.626 frustration. 00:17:41.626 --> 00:17:42.994 But the people who profit from 00:17:42.994 --> 00:17:44.662 sugar have proven themselves 00:17:44.663 --> 00:17:46.464 very adept at crushing 00:17:46.464 --> 00:17:48.766 dissenting voices everywhere, 00:17:48.767 --> 00:17:50.235 including in the halls of 00:17:50.234 --> 00:17:53.538 science. 00:17:56.942 --> 00:17:57.910 >> In front of us day by day 00:17:57.910 --> 00:18:01.180 are increasingly more and more 00:18:01.180 --> 00:18:02.847 very tempting foods. 00:18:02.847 --> 00:18:04.148 >> Gillian: His name was John 00:18:04.148 --> 00:18:06.551 Yudkin, a British nutritionist 00:18:06.551 --> 00:18:08.920 who in 1972 wrote a book the 00:18:08.921 --> 00:18:12.124 sugar industry did not like. 00:18:12.124 --> 00:18:14.259 "Pure White and Deadly" was a 00:18:14.259 --> 00:18:15.861 culmination of decades of 00:18:15.861 --> 00:18:16.929 research, according to his son 00:18:16.929 --> 00:18:18.797 Michael, that led Yudkin to 00:18:18.797 --> 00:18:20.132 what were then controversial 00:18:20.132 --> 00:18:22.701 conclusions. 00:18:22.701 --> 00:18:24.635 >> He started to wonder and 00:18:24.635 --> 00:18:26.672 late in the 1950s whether 00:18:26.672 --> 00:18:28.273 sugar might be a culprit in 00:18:28.272 --> 00:18:31.375 the increase in heart disease. 00:18:31.375 --> 00:18:32.376 >> Gillian: More significant 00:18:32.376 --> 00:18:33.311 than fat, which was the 00:18:33.311 --> 00:18:34.545 prevailing opinion at the time? 00:18:34.546 --> 00:18:35.413 >> Certainly more significant 00:18:35.413 --> 00:18:36.381 than fat, certainly more 00:18:36.381 --> 00:18:38.684 significant than fat, but that 00:18:38.683 --> 00:18:41.487 sugar was also involved in a 00:18:41.487 --> 00:18:43.122 number of other undesirable 00:18:43.122 --> 00:18:44.456 conditions, particularly 00:18:44.455 --> 00:18:48.292 diabetes and obesity. 00:18:48.292 --> 00:18:49.227 >> Gillian: That thesis soon 00:18:49.228 --> 00:18:50.629 put Yudkin in direct conflict 00:18:50.628 --> 00:18:52.630 with big sugar's biggest 00:18:52.631 --> 00:18:53.899 apologist. 00:18:53.898 --> 00:18:54.899 This man, American 00:18:54.900 --> 00:18:57.669 nutritionist, Ancel Keyes. 00:18:57.669 --> 00:18:59.071 Keyes would later be exposed 00:18:59.070 --> 00:19:00.505 as having been funded by the 00:19:00.506 --> 00:19:02.541 industry, but not before he 00:19:02.540 --> 00:19:04.009 helped destroy John Yudkin's 00:19:04.009 --> 00:19:07.445 reputation. 00:19:07.445 --> 00:19:09.113 >> And as early as the 1950s 00:19:09.114 --> 00:19:10.949 he had started producing 00:19:10.949 --> 00:19:13.818 publications suggesting that 00:19:13.818 --> 00:19:15.787 dietary fat was a problem. 00:19:15.787 --> 00:19:16.755 >> Gillian: Award winning 00:19:16.755 --> 00:19:18.657 science writer and author Gary 00:19:18.656 --> 00:19:20.625 Taubes. 00:19:20.625 --> 00:19:22.059 >> Keyes successfully managed 00:19:22.059 --> 00:19:23.895 to taint Yudkin with this smell 00:19:23.895 --> 00:19:26.130 of quackery. 00:19:26.131 --> 00:19:27.099 And then on in, anyone else for 00:19:27.098 --> 00:19:29.134 the next 20, 30 years who did 00:19:29.134 --> 00:19:31.803 research on sugar was accused 00:19:31.803 --> 00:19:33.539 of being just like Yudkin. 00:19:33.538 --> 00:19:34.573 >> There was a systematic 00:19:34.573 --> 00:19:37.643 campaign to discredit or 00:19:37.643 --> 00:19:39.944 ignore his work. 00:19:39.944 --> 00:19:40.678 >> Because of the actions of 00:19:40.679 --> 00:19:42.514 the sugar industry in the 70s 00:19:42.513 --> 00:19:43.414 virtually no research was 00:19:43.414 --> 00:19:44.582 funded. 00:19:44.583 --> 00:19:45.684 You have this idea that if you 00:19:45.683 --> 00:19:46.751 study sugar, you're just like 00:19:46.751 --> 00:19:48.653 Yudkin and he was a quack. 00:19:48.653 --> 00:19:49.421 >> Gillian: But that's 00:19:49.421 --> 00:19:50.221 remarkable. 00:19:50.221 --> 00:19:51.155 I mean, what you're saying is 00:19:51.155 --> 00:19:52.191 scientific investigation into 00:19:52.191 --> 00:19:53.592 the link between sugar and 00:19:53.592 --> 00:19:56.195 disease ground to a halt? 00:19:56.194 --> 00:19:59.030 >> It ground to a halt. 00:20:00.265 --> 00:20:01.099 >> Gillian: When we return, 00:20:01.098 --> 00:20:05.136 the science is back. 00:20:05.136 --> 00:20:06.003 What happens when you take 00:20:06.003 --> 00:20:07.738 healthy students and feed them 00:20:07.739 --> 00:20:09.740 too much sugar? 00:20:10.741 --> 00:20:16.480 (♪♪♪) 00:20:27.558 --> 00:20:29.327 (♪♪♪) 00:20:29.327 --> 00:20:30.295 >> Gillian: It's week one of 00:20:30.295 --> 00:20:31.596 "The Fifth Estate" Sugar 00:20:31.596 --> 00:20:33.131 Challenge. 00:20:33.131 --> 00:20:33.932 >> Just look at recipes that 00:20:33.932 --> 00:20:35.834 actually help reduce the sugar 00:20:35.834 --> 00:20:36.935 in your diets. 00:20:36.934 --> 00:20:37.836 >> Gillian: And the Breedons 00:20:37.836 --> 00:20:40.271 are getting a cooking lesson. 00:20:40.271 --> 00:20:41.606 Chef James Smith is teaching 00:20:41.606 --> 00:20:43.608 that real food, all the fruits 00:20:43.608 --> 00:20:45.276 and vegetables and grains of a 00:20:45.277 --> 00:20:47.846 healthy diet, can also be fast 00:20:47.846 --> 00:20:49.881 and delicious, without any 00:20:49.881 --> 00:20:52.050 added sugar at all. 00:20:52.049 --> 00:20:52.951 >> They use specific 00:20:52.951 --> 00:20:54.286 ingredients that will change 00:20:54.286 --> 00:20:55.754 up and that will lower the 00:20:55.753 --> 00:20:56.821 sugar and lower the processed 00:20:56.821 --> 00:20:58.689 foods in your diet. 00:20:58.690 --> 00:20:59.557 >> Gillian: And that may prove 00:20:59.557 --> 00:21:00.692 a good thing, because after 00:21:00.692 --> 00:21:02.260 decades of silence there is 00:21:02.260 --> 00:21:03.628 new scientific research 00:21:03.628 --> 00:21:05.930 linking sugar to all kinds of 00:21:05.931 --> 00:21:08.799 chronic disease. 00:21:09.934 --> 00:21:12.937 (wind blowing) 00:21:13.904 --> 00:21:14.839 >> Gillian: Jonathan's blood 00:21:14.839 --> 00:21:16.107 work suggests he may be on the 00:21:16.107 --> 00:21:17.275 verge of getting one. 00:21:17.276 --> 00:21:20.479 Dr. Dan Flanders. 00:21:20.479 --> 00:21:21.980 >> His results suggest that 00:21:21.980 --> 00:21:24.016 he's pre-diabetic. 00:21:24.016 --> 00:21:25.984 That his levels have been high 00:21:25.983 --> 00:21:27.618 and that if we don't make some 00:21:27.618 --> 00:21:29.353 changes to his lifestyle soon, 00:21:29.354 --> 00:21:32.223 diabetes is coming. 00:21:32.223 --> 00:21:32.990 >> Gillian: Today in North 00:21:32.990 --> 00:21:34.660 America it's estimated more 00:21:34.660 --> 00:21:36.728 than 100 million people are 00:21:36.728 --> 00:21:39.664 diabetic or pre-diabetic. 00:21:39.664 --> 00:21:41.365 Dr Robert Lustig is quite sure 00:21:41.365 --> 00:21:43.335 he knows why. 00:21:43.335 --> 00:21:44.236 >> So I can actually 00:21:44.236 --> 00:21:45.937 categorically say to you that 00:21:45.936 --> 00:21:48.472 sugar is the proximate cause 00:21:48.472 --> 00:21:51.542 of diabetes worldwide and we 00:21:51.542 --> 00:21:53.611 have hard and fast data to 00:21:53.612 --> 00:21:55.314 show that. 00:21:55.314 --> 00:21:56.281 >> Gillian: His data come from 00:21:56.280 --> 00:21:57.715 his own study, done over a 00:21:57.715 --> 00:21:59.950 decade, comparing diabetes 00:21:59.951 --> 00:22:02.854 rates in 175 countries with 00:22:02.854 --> 00:22:04.956 peoples' diets. 00:22:04.955 --> 00:22:05.790 >> And we asked the question: 00:22:05.790 --> 00:22:08.025 When you adjust for all of 00:22:08.026 --> 00:22:09.494 the factors that we know are 00:22:09.493 --> 00:22:11.896 relevant, what about the food 00:22:11.896 --> 00:22:13.631 supply predicts diabetes 00:22:13.632 --> 00:22:15.933 rates, worldwide? 00:22:15.933 --> 00:22:19.837 Answer: Sugar. 00:22:19.837 --> 00:22:22.973 And only sugar. 00:22:22.973 --> 00:22:23.674 >> These studies are generally 00:22:23.674 --> 00:22:24.576 considered a weak level of 00:22:24.576 --> 00:22:25.477 evidence. 00:22:25.477 --> 00:22:26.244 A lot of other things have 00:22:26.243 --> 00:22:28.012 happened at the same time. 00:22:28.012 --> 00:22:28.879 >> Gillian: Toronto researcher 00:22:28.880 --> 00:22:31.316 Dr. John Sievenpiper. 00:22:31.316 --> 00:22:32.718 He argues Lustig's methodology 00:22:32.718 --> 00:22:36.021 is seriously flawed. 00:22:36.020 --> 00:22:37.556 >> Methodologists would tell 00:22:37.556 --> 00:22:39.157 you there's a lot of potential 00:22:39.156 --> 00:22:39.957 bias, I could give you one 00:22:39.958 --> 00:22:40.759 example. 00:22:40.759 --> 00:22:42.193 Over the same time as sugar 00:22:42.193 --> 00:22:42.993 has gone up, so has bottled 00:22:42.993 --> 00:22:44.295 water, but there's no real 00:22:44.296 --> 00:22:45.864 biological plausibility in the 00:22:45.864 --> 00:22:47.365 link between bottled water and 00:22:47.365 --> 00:22:48.532 overweight and obesity. 00:22:48.532 --> 00:22:49.567 So it's not a, I don't think, 00:22:49.567 --> 00:22:51.470 a sound finding. 00:22:51.470 --> 00:22:52.837 But we have to be careful in 00:22:52.837 --> 00:22:53.704 putting too much of the 00:22:53.704 --> 00:22:54.740 biological plausibility in 00:22:54.740 --> 00:22:55.941 wanting to believe patterns 00:22:55.941 --> 00:22:57.509 that we see. 00:22:57.509 --> 00:22:58.309 >> Gillian: His point is it's 00:22:58.309 --> 00:22:59.477 hard to know what causes 00:22:59.478 --> 00:23:00.512 diseases. 00:23:00.511 --> 00:23:01.812 And ethically can't induce it 00:23:01.813 --> 00:23:03.415 to find out. 00:23:03.414 --> 00:23:05.416 But you can test for markers, 00:23:05.416 --> 00:23:06.951 warning signs that disease may 00:23:06.951 --> 00:23:08.353 be coming. 00:23:08.353 --> 00:23:09.254 And that's what they're doing 00:23:09.253 --> 00:23:10.355 here, at the University of 00:23:10.355 --> 00:23:13.357 California at Davis. 00:23:13.424 --> 00:23:15.659 (♪♪♪) 00:23:15.660 --> 00:23:22.067 (wind blowing) 00:23:22.067 --> 00:23:22.968 >> Gillian: In this lab, 00:23:22.968 --> 00:23:25.202 students are the guinea pigs. 00:23:25.202 --> 00:23:26.137 The scientists are feeding 00:23:26.137 --> 00:23:27.772 them sugar to figure out if it 00:23:27.772 --> 00:23:29.240 raises the markers for heart 00:23:29.240 --> 00:23:32.676 disease. 00:23:32.676 --> 00:23:34.478 That drink contains 25 percent 00:23:34.479 --> 00:23:36.213 of her daily calories, as high 00:23:36.213 --> 00:23:41.086 fructose corn syrup. 00:23:41.086 --> 00:23:42.586 >> Look at this... 00:23:42.586 --> 00:23:43.521 >> Gillian: Every time they've 00:23:43.521 --> 00:23:44.588 run the test, says Dr. Kimber 00:23:44.588 --> 00:23:46.691 Stanhope, the results have 00:23:46.691 --> 00:23:48.160 been the same. 00:23:48.160 --> 00:23:50.394 >> We saw increases in 00:23:50.394 --> 00:23:53.464 visceral adiposity, that means-- 00:23:53.464 --> 00:23:54.398 >> Gillian: What's that? 00:23:54.398 --> 00:23:55.500 >> That's the fat within the 00:23:55.500 --> 00:23:59.336 abdominal region. 00:23:59.336 --> 00:24:00.439 This is the fat surrounding 00:24:00.439 --> 00:24:02.941 the liver and the intestines, 00:24:02.941 --> 00:24:04.308 and the kidney. 00:24:04.308 --> 00:24:06.010 This is the fat that is 00:24:06.010 --> 00:24:07.578 associated with increased risk 00:24:07.578 --> 00:24:09.280 for diabetes and 00:24:09.280 --> 00:24:12.416 cardiovascular disease. 00:24:12.416 --> 00:24:13.518 >> Gillian: The Breedons know 00:24:13.518 --> 00:24:14.586 that fact. 00:24:14.586 --> 00:24:16.221 Anna and Jonathon have already 00:24:16.221 --> 00:24:18.088 been diagnosed as having fatty 00:24:18.088 --> 00:24:19.857 livers, which puts them at 00:24:19.857 --> 00:24:21.525 risk for raised insulin and 00:24:21.526 --> 00:24:23.327 triglyceride levels. 00:24:23.327 --> 00:24:27.432 That's the fat in our blood. 00:24:27.432 --> 00:24:28.467 When Dr. Stanhope tested the 00:24:28.467 --> 00:24:30.001 blood of her college guinea 00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:31.635 pigs, healthy kids with 00:24:31.635 --> 00:24:33.270 healthy livers, she was 00:24:33.270 --> 00:24:34.940 shocked by how quickly they 00:24:34.940 --> 00:24:37.375 saw problems. 00:24:37.375 --> 00:24:40.612 >> We definitely in two weeks 00:24:40.612 --> 00:24:43.014 see increases in the risk 00:24:43.013 --> 00:24:44.548 factors for cardiovascular 00:24:44.548 --> 00:24:46.684 disease in the blood. 00:24:46.684 --> 00:24:47.551 >> Gillian: Just in two weeks? 00:24:47.551 --> 00:24:48.752 >> In two weeks. 00:24:48.752 --> 00:24:49.587 >> Gillian: But those kinds of 00:24:49.587 --> 00:24:50.788 studies don't impress 00:24:50.788 --> 00:24:51.823 everyone. 00:24:51.823 --> 00:24:52.724 After surveying a number 00:24:52.723 --> 00:24:54.192 of studies, including 00:24:54.192 --> 00:24:55.660 Dr. Stanhope's, that look at 00:24:55.660 --> 00:24:57.528 sugar and heart disease, 00:24:57.528 --> 00:25:00.164 John Seivenpiper sees no reason 00:25:00.164 --> 00:25:01.365 for alarm. 00:25:01.365 --> 00:25:02.701 >> What we find when we look 00:25:02.701 --> 00:25:04.336 at those trials very carefully 00:25:04.336 --> 00:25:05.804 is that as long as you match 00:25:05.804 --> 00:25:07.639 for calories, fructose does 00:25:07.638 --> 00:25:09.573 not behave differently than 00:25:09.574 --> 00:25:11.009 does any other form of 00:25:11.009 --> 00:25:12.911 carbohydrate, namely starches 00:25:12.911 --> 00:25:13.945 or refined starches and 00:25:13.944 --> 00:25:14.512 glucose. 00:25:14.512 --> 00:25:15.212 Now, that's not to say that 00:25:15.212 --> 00:25:16.347 they're benign, because I 00:25:16.347 --> 00:25:17.081 don't think we should be 00:25:17.082 --> 00:25:17.816 having a lot of refined 00:25:17.816 --> 00:25:18.616 starches or glucose. 00:25:18.616 --> 00:25:19.584 But it's not behaving any 00:25:19.584 --> 00:25:22.053 differently. 00:25:22.053 --> 00:25:22.787 >> Gillian: Stanhope can't 00:25:22.787 --> 00:25:24.890 speak to the other studies but 00:25:24.890 --> 00:25:26.391 says she tested for all kinds 00:25:26.391 --> 00:25:27.993 of things, and it was only the 00:25:27.992 --> 00:25:29.461 fructose that caused the 00:25:29.461 --> 00:25:31.663 problems. 00:25:31.663 --> 00:25:35.032 >> If I had results as strong 00:25:35.032 --> 00:25:38.102 with regard to a food 00:25:38.103 --> 00:25:40.272 additive, a brand new food 00:25:40.271 --> 00:25:42.206 additive and then I started 00:25:42.207 --> 00:25:43.842 producing these results, they 00:25:43.842 --> 00:25:45.043 would -- that additive would 00:25:45.042 --> 00:25:47.778 get pulled pretty quickly. 00:25:47.778 --> 00:25:48.413 >> Gillian: That's how strong 00:25:48.413 --> 00:25:49.146 these results are? 00:25:49.146 --> 00:25:50.615 >> I think they are. 00:25:50.615 --> 00:25:53.218 (wind blowing) 00:25:53.218 --> 00:25:54.019 >> Gillian: In the world of 00:25:54.019 --> 00:25:56.186 cancer research, Lewis Cantley 00:25:56.186 --> 00:25:57.821 is a rockstar. 00:25:57.821 --> 00:25:58.989 Five years ago the Cornell 00:25:58.990 --> 00:26:00.659 University professor was 00:26:00.659 --> 00:26:02.727 chosen to head a scientific 00:26:02.727 --> 00:26:03.995 dream team. 00:26:03.994 --> 00:26:05.096 A group of America's top 00:26:05.096 --> 00:26:06.798 cancer specialists brought 00:26:06.798 --> 00:26:08.465 together to supercharge the 00:26:08.465 --> 00:26:10.868 search for a cure. 00:26:10.868 --> 00:26:11.936 His findings may not be 00:26:11.936 --> 00:26:13.671 embraced by everyone but in 00:26:13.672 --> 00:26:15.539 the cancer world, when Cantley 00:26:15.539 --> 00:26:18.276 talks, people listen. 00:26:18.276 --> 00:26:19.244 >> Gillian: Let me ask then, 00:26:19.243 --> 00:26:22.413 do you believe that sugar 00:26:22.413 --> 00:26:25.750 consumption causes cancer? 00:26:25.750 --> 00:26:26.785 >> I think yes. 00:26:26.785 --> 00:26:28.320 I think that eating too much 00:26:28.319 --> 00:26:30.989 sugar can definitely increase 00:26:30.989 --> 00:26:32.723 the probability of cancer, and 00:26:32.723 --> 00:26:34.925 also make the outcome of 00:26:34.925 --> 00:26:35.961 people who already have 00:26:35.961 --> 00:26:38.930 cancer, uh, worse. 00:26:38.930 --> 00:26:39.998 >> Gillian: So how? 00:26:39.998 --> 00:26:41.432 Well, let's review what sugar 00:26:41.432 --> 00:26:42.800 is made of: One molecule 00:26:42.800 --> 00:26:45.336 glucose and one fructose. 00:26:45.336 --> 00:26:46.371 We know that when there's too 00:26:46.371 --> 00:26:48.306 much fructose in the liver, it 00:26:48.306 --> 00:26:50.642 sets off a chain reaction. 00:26:50.642 --> 00:26:52.009 The pancreas produces more 00:26:52.009 --> 00:26:53.411 insulin. 00:26:53.411 --> 00:26:54.746 What Cantley now believes is 00:26:54.746 --> 00:26:56.615 that excess insulin changes 00:26:56.615 --> 00:26:58.682 cancer tumours, telling them to 00:26:58.682 --> 00:27:02.319 gobble up the glucose. 00:27:02.319 --> 00:27:03.922 >> What we're now learning is 00:27:03.922 --> 00:27:06.357 that some of the cancers, 00:27:06.357 --> 00:27:07.358 particularly those cancers 00:27:07.358 --> 00:27:09.259 that correlate with obesity 00:27:09.259 --> 00:27:11.363 and diabetes, often have 00:27:11.363 --> 00:27:13.198 insulin receptor on the cancer 00:27:13.198 --> 00:27:14.466 cell. 00:27:14.465 --> 00:27:15.866 The tumour, by expressing the 00:27:15.866 --> 00:27:17.568 insulin receptor, tricks the 00:27:17.568 --> 00:27:18.802 glucose into going into the 00:27:18.803 --> 00:27:20.639 tumour, rather than the muscle 00:27:20.638 --> 00:27:21.639 and fat. 00:27:21.640 --> 00:27:22.907 And as a consequence, the 00:27:22.906 --> 00:27:24.608 tumour can use that glucose as 00:27:24.608 --> 00:27:28.045 a fuel to grow. 00:27:28.546 --> 00:27:29.447 >> Gillian: So if sugar can 00:27:29.446 --> 00:27:30.948 fuel existing tumours and make 00:27:30.949 --> 00:27:33.018 them grow, can it also cause 00:27:33.018 --> 00:27:34.451 tumours to form in the first 00:27:34.451 --> 00:27:36.186 place? 00:27:36.186 --> 00:27:37.154 The science on that isn't as 00:27:37.154 --> 00:27:38.490 clear. 00:27:38.490 --> 00:27:39.423 Yet. 00:27:39.423 --> 00:27:40.392 But Cantley is taking no 00:27:40.392 --> 00:27:42.059 chances. 00:27:42.059 --> 00:27:42.993 >> It scares me, yes, I think 00:27:42.993 --> 00:27:45.829 if definitely -- I don't, you 00:27:45.829 --> 00:27:48.232 know, I will eat fruit, fruit 00:27:48.232 --> 00:27:50.434 has sugar in it obviously. 00:27:50.434 --> 00:27:52.002 Uh, but if I can avoid any 00:27:52.002 --> 00:27:54.071 sugar at all, and any drinks 00:27:54.071 --> 00:27:55.806 that I drink, or foods, I try 00:27:55.807 --> 00:27:57.041 to avoid processed foods, 00:27:57.041 --> 00:27:58.042 'cause it's hard to find one 00:27:58.042 --> 00:28:00.678 that doesn't have sugar in it. 00:28:00.679 --> 00:28:02.313 I certainly avoid sugar when I 00:28:02.313 --> 00:28:03.948 can. 00:28:05.083 --> 00:28:08.119 (wind blowing) 00:28:08.118 --> 00:28:08.852 >> Gillian: One of the 00:28:08.853 --> 00:28:09.888 criticisms of the anti-sugar 00:28:09.887 --> 00:28:11.088 scientist is that too much of 00:28:11.088 --> 00:28:12.923 their "evidence" comes from 00:28:12.923 --> 00:28:15.859 animals, not humans. 00:28:15.859 --> 00:28:16.927 That said, here at Brown 00:28:16.928 --> 00:28:18.663 University in Rhode Island 00:28:18.663 --> 00:28:19.798 they're doing studies they 00:28:19.798 --> 00:28:21.066 think should make a lot of 00:28:21.066 --> 00:28:25.036 humans nervous. 00:28:25.036 --> 00:28:27.172 This rat is perfectly healthy. 00:28:27.172 --> 00:28:28.273 put him in a vat of water and 00:28:28.272 --> 00:28:30.107 he finds his way to safety, 00:28:30.107 --> 00:28:33.144 every time. 00:28:33.144 --> 00:28:36.914 >> 5.2. 00:28:36.914 --> 00:28:37.781 >> Gillian: Now, look at this 00:28:37.781 --> 00:28:39.483 guy. 00:28:39.483 --> 00:28:40.518 What he's been eating is the 00:28:40.518 --> 00:28:42.019 equivalent of a North American 00:28:42.019 --> 00:28:43.555 diet, complete with all the 00:28:43.555 --> 00:28:45.623 fats and sugars we regularly 00:28:45.623 --> 00:28:48.259 consume. 00:28:48.259 --> 00:28:50.428 he doesn't know where to go. 00:28:50.428 --> 00:28:54.099 his brain has been damaged. 00:28:54.098 --> 00:28:54.999 >> These rats were totally 00:28:54.999 --> 00:28:57.302 normal, and then they turned 00:28:57.301 --> 00:29:00.838 into demented animals. 00:29:00.838 --> 00:29:02.272 They don't remember they're 00:29:02.272 --> 00:29:05.142 learning after even a day. 00:29:05.143 --> 00:29:07.211 And as the challenge gets 00:29:07.211 --> 00:29:08.712 harder and harder, they fail 00:29:08.712 --> 00:29:10.280 more and more, just like a 00:29:10.280 --> 00:29:11.482 human with Alzheimer's 00:29:11.482 --> 00:29:13.717 disease. 00:29:13.718 --> 00:29:16.587 >> 36.2. 00:29:16.587 --> 00:29:17.355 >> Gillian: In this lab the 00:29:17.355 --> 00:29:18.623 belief now is that Alzheimer's 00:29:18.623 --> 00:29:20.458 is really diabetes of the 00:29:20.458 --> 00:29:22.293 brain, linked to insulin 00:29:22.292 --> 00:29:24.094 levels which can be affected 00:29:24.095 --> 00:29:26.264 by too much sugar. 00:29:26.263 --> 00:29:28.065 Professor Suzanne Delamonte. 00:29:28.066 --> 00:29:29.733 >> Insulin resistance, we now 00:29:29.733 --> 00:29:32.169 know, can occur in any organ. 00:29:32.170 --> 00:29:35.140 It can occur in the muscles. 00:29:35.140 --> 00:29:36.608 that's what diabetes is. 00:29:36.607 --> 00:29:37.975 It can occur in the liver, 00:29:37.976 --> 00:29:38.810 that causes fatty liver 00:29:38.809 --> 00:29:39.943 disease. 00:29:39.943 --> 00:29:41.613 It can occur in the ovaries, 00:29:41.613 --> 00:29:42.514 that's polycystic ovary 00:29:42.513 --> 00:29:43.914 disease. 00:29:43.914 --> 00:29:45.783 And it can occur in the brain, 00:29:45.784 --> 00:29:46.484 and we think that's 00:29:46.483 --> 00:29:47.818 Alzheimer's. 00:29:47.818 --> 00:29:48.619 >> Gillian: Now it's important 00:29:48.619 --> 00:29:49.753 to remember that none of this 00:29:49.753 --> 00:29:51.121 research represents the 00:29:51.122 --> 00:29:53.091 scientific main stream. 00:29:53.090 --> 00:29:54.692 The case against sugar has not 00:29:54.692 --> 00:29:56.493 been proven. 00:29:56.493 --> 00:29:57.728 Associations on both sides of 00:29:57.729 --> 00:29:59.831 the border for Alzheimer's, 00:29:59.830 --> 00:30:02.000 cancer, diabetes, including 00:30:02.000 --> 00:30:04.402 Health Canada and the FDA 00:30:04.402 --> 00:30:05.670 they all know about this 00:30:05.670 --> 00:30:07.337 research and yet but none of 00:30:07.337 --> 00:30:08.572 them are warning about links 00:30:08.573 --> 00:30:11.209 between sugar and disease. 00:30:11.209 --> 00:30:12.777 But there is one important 00:30:12.777 --> 00:30:14.211 group that is raising the 00:30:14.211 --> 00:30:15.980 alarm. 00:30:15.980 --> 00:30:18.048 The American heart association 00:30:18.048 --> 00:30:19.683 now recommends that people cut 00:30:19.683 --> 00:30:21.752 back on added sugar, 00:30:21.752 --> 00:30:23.387 dramatically. 00:30:23.387 --> 00:30:24.489 Women should have no more than 00:30:24.489 --> 00:30:26.457 6 teaspoons a day. 00:30:26.457 --> 00:30:28.826 Men 9. 00:30:28.826 --> 00:30:30.161 Don't forget the total sugar 00:30:30.161 --> 00:30:31.629 intake in this country per 00:30:31.628 --> 00:30:37.434 person is 26 teaspoons a day. 00:30:37.434 --> 00:30:38.569 And yet, the Canadian food 00:30:38.569 --> 00:30:42.339 industry remains unimpressed. 00:30:42.339 --> 00:30:43.374 >> We've talked to people who 00:30:43.374 --> 00:30:45.009 are quite convinced that there 00:30:45.009 --> 00:30:46.310 is a relationship, a 00:30:46.310 --> 00:30:48.879 correlation, between sugar and 00:30:48.880 --> 00:30:51.382 diabetes and heart disease, 00:30:51.382 --> 00:30:55.286 cancer, dementia. 00:30:55.286 --> 00:30:56.387 What happens if those people 00:30:56.386 --> 00:30:58.722 are right? 00:30:58.722 --> 00:31:00.959 >> Uh, at this point in time, 00:31:00.959 --> 00:31:02.326 I'm comfortable saying that 00:31:02.326 --> 00:31:04.394 the science just isn't there 00:31:04.394 --> 00:31:05.930 to support a role in chronic 00:31:05.930 --> 00:31:07.332 disease. 00:31:07.332 --> 00:31:08.333 >> Gillian: When we come 00:31:08.333 --> 00:31:09.567 back, government goes on the 00:31:09.567 --> 00:31:10.868 attack. 00:31:10.868 --> 00:31:11.802 >> If your kids drink one 00:31:11.803 --> 00:31:13.137 bottle of soda a day they're 00:31:13.136 --> 00:31:14.438 eating the equivalent of 50 00:31:14.439 --> 00:31:16.040 pounds of sugar a year, the 00:31:16.039 --> 00:31:17.307 equivalent of 50 pounds of 00:31:17.307 --> 00:31:19.943 sugar from just one soda a day. 00:31:19.943 --> 00:31:20.912 >> Gillian: And big sugar 00:31:20.912 --> 00:31:23.514 strikes back. 00:31:23.513 --> 00:31:26.850 (♪♪♪) 00:31:26.851 --> 00:31:27.685 >> Everywhere you turn 00:31:27.684 --> 00:31:28.619 somebody is telling us what we 00:31:28.619 --> 00:31:29.987 can't eat. 00:31:29.988 --> 00:31:31.990 (♪♪♪) 00:31:38.997 --> 00:31:41.733 (♪♪♪) 00:31:41.732 --> 00:31:42.567 >> Gillian: World wide, 00:31:42.567 --> 00:31:43.701 there are few industries more 00:31:43.701 --> 00:31:45.103 powerful than the processed 00:31:45.103 --> 00:31:46.938 food industry, or the sugar 00:31:46.938 --> 00:31:49.307 industry that feeds it. 00:31:49.307 --> 00:31:50.942 And yet for all their power, 00:31:50.942 --> 00:31:52.343 we know remarkably little 00:31:52.343 --> 00:31:55.346 about how they work. 00:31:57.981 --> 00:31:59.216 Cristen Couzens is determined 00:31:59.217 --> 00:32:01.119 to change that. 00:32:01.118 --> 00:32:02.252 As a community care dentist in 00:32:02.252 --> 00:32:04.221 Colorado she'd always been 00:32:04.221 --> 00:32:06.456 interested in sugar, but it 00:32:06.457 --> 00:32:07.692 wasn't until she unearthed a 00:32:07.692 --> 00:32:09.294 stash of documents from a 00:32:09.294 --> 00:32:10.495 sugar company that had gone 00:32:10.494 --> 00:32:12.462 out of business, that she got 00:32:12.462 --> 00:32:14.432 a peek into a very secretive 00:32:14.432 --> 00:32:16.000 world. 00:32:16.000 --> 00:32:17.801 >> The first folder that I 00:32:17.801 --> 00:32:22.973 pulled out opened up to a memo. 00:32:22.973 --> 00:32:24.041 The blue letterhead of the 00:32:24.041 --> 00:32:25.909 Sugar Association. 00:32:25.910 --> 00:32:26.576 And it had the word 00:32:26.576 --> 00:32:27.912 "confidential" underneath 00:32:27.912 --> 00:32:29.279 the letterhead. 00:32:29.279 --> 00:32:30.815 And I just looked at that and I, 00:32:30.815 --> 00:32:32.182 oh my G-- you know, what have 00:32:32.182 --> 00:32:34.384 I found? 00:32:34.384 --> 00:32:35.486 >> Gillian: What she'd found 00:32:35.486 --> 00:32:37.155 was a directive from the '70s, 00:32:37.154 --> 00:32:38.789 a memo to industry executives 00:32:38.789 --> 00:32:40.157 about a newly published 00:32:40.157 --> 00:32:42.025 scientific white paper; a 00:32:42.026 --> 00:32:43.894 paper that concluded sugar was 00:32:43.894 --> 00:32:48.432 not only safe, but important. 00:32:48.432 --> 00:32:49.467 >> It was clear after reading 00:32:49.467 --> 00:32:51.002 further that the Sugar 00:32:51.001 --> 00:32:53.370 Association had funded this 00:32:53.371 --> 00:32:55.239 white paper called, "Sugar in 00:32:55.239 --> 00:32:56.774 the Diet of Man," and they 00:32:56.773 --> 00:32:58.041 were trying to make it appear 00:32:58.041 --> 00:32:59.076 that it was an independent 00:32:59.076 --> 00:33:02.814 study. 00:33:02.814 --> 00:33:03.548 >> Gillian: Among the more 00:33:03.548 --> 00:33:05.115 than fifteen hundred pages 00:33:05.115 --> 00:33:06.584 she uncovered, there were 00:33:06.584 --> 00:33:08.419 some Canadian ones too. 00:33:08.419 --> 00:33:09.821 An account of a sugar industry 00:33:09.820 --> 00:33:10.988 meeting in the '70s in 00:33:10.989 --> 00:33:13.257 Montreal, that included frank 00:33:13.257 --> 00:33:17.362 talk about heart disease. 00:33:17.362 --> 00:33:18.096 >> The greatest threat to 00:33:18.096 --> 00:33:19.063 sugar consumption is in the 00:33:19.063 --> 00:33:20.898 field of nutrition, it says. 00:33:20.897 --> 00:33:22.299 More particularly in view of 00:33:22.299 --> 00:33:23.667 comments that have been 00:33:23.667 --> 00:33:25.135 recently made on the influence 00:33:25.135 --> 00:33:28.405 of sugar on atherosclerosis. 00:33:28.405 --> 00:33:29.240 >> Gillian: So they were 00:33:29.240 --> 00:33:30.375 worried? 00:33:30.375 --> 00:33:31.642 >> They were worried, as far 00:33:31.642 --> 00:33:34.045 back as 1971. 00:33:34.045 --> 00:33:34.579 >> Gillian: What does that say 00:33:34.578 --> 00:33:38.316 to you? 00:33:38.316 --> 00:33:38.883 >> They've known for a long 00:33:38.883 --> 00:33:40.018 time. 00:33:40.018 --> 00:33:42.019 >> So I took this paper and 00:33:42.019 --> 00:33:43.020 crossed out where it said 00:33:43.020 --> 00:33:45.322 "tobacco" and put in "sugar" 00:33:45.323 --> 00:33:46.990 and looked to see if I could 00:33:46.990 --> 00:33:48.225 find similar tactics that the 00:33:48.226 --> 00:33:52.163 sugar industry was using. 00:33:52.163 --> 00:33:53.030 >> Gillian: Today Couzens is 00:33:53.030 --> 00:33:54.698 pursuing her research at the 00:33:54.699 --> 00:33:56.567 University of California in 00:33:56.567 --> 00:33:58.368 San Francisco. 00:33:58.368 --> 00:33:59.336 And she's doing it under the 00:33:59.336 --> 00:34:00.938 tutelage of someone to whom it 00:34:00.938 --> 00:34:04.342 all sounds familiar. 00:34:04.342 --> 00:34:06.009 >> The amazing thing I learned 00:34:06.009 --> 00:34:08.713 from her was that strategies 00:34:08.713 --> 00:34:10.048 that I thought the tobacco 00:34:10.047 --> 00:34:11.782 companies made up back in the 00:34:11.782 --> 00:34:13.784 50's, actually some of those, 00:34:13.784 --> 00:34:15.185 the sugar people had done even 00:34:15.186 --> 00:34:17.155 before that. 00:34:17.155 --> 00:34:18.089 >> Well, you know now, we have 00:34:18.088 --> 00:34:19.657 83 million pages of history 00:34:19.657 --> 00:34:21.392 documents that's on the 00:34:21.391 --> 00:34:22.527 internet. 00:34:22.527 --> 00:34:23.760 >> Gillian: Stan Glantz is 00:34:23.760 --> 00:34:25.262 famous in litigation circles 00:34:25.262 --> 00:34:26.730 as the man who first 00:34:26.731 --> 00:34:28.399 publicized secret tobacco 00:34:28.398 --> 00:34:30.835 industry documents that proved 00:34:30.835 --> 00:34:32.103 cigarette companies knew their 00:34:32.103 --> 00:34:34.238 product was dangerous. 00:34:34.237 --> 00:34:35.572 In the new sugar documents, he 00:34:35.572 --> 00:34:38.643 sees lots of parallels. 00:34:38.643 --> 00:34:39.911 >> Well, one parallel is just 00:34:39.911 --> 00:34:41.979 trying to undermine science. 00:34:41.978 --> 00:34:43.480 Another one is working to try 00:34:43.481 --> 00:34:45.016 to attack and intimidate 00:34:45.016 --> 00:34:47.718 scientists and others who are 00:34:47.717 --> 00:34:49.953 coming up with results that 00:34:49.954 --> 00:34:51.823 these big corporate interests 00:34:51.822 --> 00:34:53.257 don't like. 00:34:53.257 --> 00:34:54.858 Another one is trying to 00:34:54.858 --> 00:34:58.362 subvert sensible regulation. 00:34:58.362 --> 00:34:59.297 >> Gillian: The sugar industry 00:34:59.297 --> 00:35:00.630 Has decades of practice in 00:35:00.630 --> 00:35:02.266 that. 00:35:02.266 --> 00:35:03.867 In 2003 the world health 00:35:03.867 --> 00:35:05.635 organization in Geneva was 00:35:05.635 --> 00:35:07.704 looking at a resolution 00:35:07.704 --> 00:35:09.106 recommending people reduce 00:35:09.106 --> 00:35:10.875 their sugar intake to just 10 00:35:10.875 --> 00:35:13.143 percent of what they eat. 00:35:13.143 --> 00:35:14.211 It had broad appeal among 00:35:14.211 --> 00:35:16.280 health experts, but then the 00:35:16.280 --> 00:35:19.217 industry weighed in. 00:35:19.217 --> 00:35:20.651 >> The sugar industry went to 00:35:20.650 --> 00:35:23.320 their friends in the US 00:35:23.320 --> 00:35:25.322 congress and they got these 00:35:25.322 --> 00:35:27.757 very influential congressmen 00:35:27.757 --> 00:35:29.159 to write letters and say that 00:35:29.159 --> 00:35:30.560 this is simply unacceptable. 00:35:30.561 --> 00:35:32.096 And in fact, that the US 00:35:32.096 --> 00:35:34.164 would, you know, pull it's 00:35:34.164 --> 00:35:35.532 funding from the World Health 00:35:35.532 --> 00:35:36.967 Organization if this report 00:35:36.967 --> 00:35:38.768 continued. 00:35:38.768 --> 00:35:39.769 >> Gillian: Five months later 00:35:39.769 --> 00:35:41.172 the recommendation quietly 00:35:41.172 --> 00:35:45.275 disappeared. 00:35:45.275 --> 00:35:46.978 Having seen the movie before, 00:35:46.978 --> 00:35:48.713 Stan Glantz says we can't 00:35:48.713 --> 00:35:51.615 afford to let it happen again. 00:35:51.615 --> 00:35:52.983 >> We wouldn't have a tobacco 00:35:52.983 --> 00:35:54.384 epidemic if there wasn't a 00:35:54.385 --> 00:35:55.786 tobacco industry. 00:35:55.786 --> 00:35:57.121 We wouldn't have an obesity 00:35:57.121 --> 00:35:58.889 epidemic if there wasn't an 00:35:58.889 --> 00:36:00.257 industry that was making a lot 00:36:00.257 --> 00:36:01.992 of money selling sugar and fat 00:36:01.992 --> 00:36:04.728 and salt and things like that. 00:36:04.728 --> 00:36:06.663 And to me the bottom line is 00:36:06.664 --> 00:36:08.032 that one of the key disease 00:36:08.032 --> 00:36:09.767 vectors for non-communicable 00:36:09.766 --> 00:36:12.736 diseases is big corporations. 00:36:12.737 --> 00:36:14.438 And I think we're going to 00:36:14.438 --> 00:36:15.806 have to have to get these big 00:36:15.806 --> 00:36:19.543 Corporations under control. 00:36:20.244 --> 00:36:21.045 >> It has become a bit of a 00:36:21.045 --> 00:36:26.983 moral issue, when you see the -- 00:36:26.983 --> 00:36:29.219 how far we've come. 00:36:29.219 --> 00:36:30.187 >> Gillian: Bruce Bradley, who 00:36:30.188 --> 00:36:31.689 used to help run a number of 00:36:31.688 --> 00:36:34.558 those corporations, agrees. 00:36:34.559 --> 00:36:35.560 >> This isn't a blip, this 00:36:35.559 --> 00:36:37.061 isn't a minor, oh, we just had 00:36:37.061 --> 00:36:38.796 a minor course correction. 00:36:38.795 --> 00:36:40.764 We're on a completely wrong 00:36:40.764 --> 00:36:42.799 trajectory with our health. 00:36:42.800 --> 00:36:43.367 >> Gillian: What's the answer 00:36:43.367 --> 00:36:44.569 then? 00:36:44.568 --> 00:36:45.570 >> I think the honest answer 00:36:45.570 --> 00:36:48.673 is that we need government to 00:36:48.672 --> 00:36:49.839 step in and to become an 00:36:49.840 --> 00:36:53.010 advocate for consumers. 00:36:53.010 --> 00:36:53.744 >> But sugary drinks are a big 00:36:53.744 --> 00:36:54.512 reason ... 00:36:54.512 --> 00:36:55.446 >> Gillian: But look what's 00:36:55.445 --> 00:36:56.413 happened when governments have 00:36:56.414 --> 00:36:57.648 tried. 00:36:57.648 --> 00:36:58.749 Earlier this year New York 00:36:58.748 --> 00:37:00.451 City passed a law banning 00:37:00.451 --> 00:37:03.286 super-sized sugary drinks. 00:37:03.286 --> 00:37:04.120 >> If your kids drink one 00:37:04.121 --> 00:37:05.523 bottle of soda a day, 00:37:05.523 --> 00:37:06.557 they're eating the equivalent 00:37:06.556 --> 00:37:08.491 of 50 pounds of sugar a year, 00:37:08.492 --> 00:37:09.627 the equivalent of 50 pounds of 00:37:09.626 --> 00:37:11.228 sugar from just one soda a 00:37:11.228 --> 00:37:12.663 day. 00:37:12.663 --> 00:37:13.431 >> Gillian: Industry's 00:37:13.431 --> 00:37:15.333 response, to ridicule Mayor 00:37:15.333 --> 00:37:16.601 Michael Bloomberg as an 00:37:16.601 --> 00:37:18.970 overbearing nanny. 00:37:18.969 --> 00:37:20.503 The law was later overturned 00:37:20.503 --> 00:37:22.306 by the courts. 00:37:22.306 --> 00:37:28.112 (♪♪♪) 00:37:28.112 --> 00:37:29.113 >> Everywhere you turn somebody 00:37:29.112 --> 00:37:30.280 is telling us what we can't 00:37:30.280 --> 00:37:32.349 eat. 00:37:32.349 --> 00:37:33.851 >> Gillian: But advocates keep 00:37:33.851 --> 00:37:35.186 on trying. 00:37:35.186 --> 00:37:36.554 Two weeks ago in Washington, 00:37:36.554 --> 00:37:37.989 congressmen calling on the 00:37:37.989 --> 00:37:39.923 government to help consumers 00:37:39.923 --> 00:37:41.157 by demanding better labels. 00:37:41.157 --> 00:37:42.460 And at the very least, 00:37:42.460 --> 00:37:45.096 recommending a daily limit for 00:37:45.096 --> 00:37:49.132 how much sugar is safe. 00:37:49.132 --> 00:37:51.401 In Canada and the U.S., those 00:37:51.402 --> 00:37:52.737 limits exist for other 00:37:52.737 --> 00:37:54.605 ingredients like fat and 00:37:54.605 --> 00:37:55.740 sodium. 00:37:55.739 --> 00:37:57.375 Manufacturers must say what 00:37:57.375 --> 00:37:58.541 percentage of the recommended 00:37:58.541 --> 00:37:59.876 daily limit their product 00:37:59.876 --> 00:38:01.579 contains. 00:38:01.579 --> 00:38:05.216 But next to sugar, nothing. 00:38:05.215 --> 00:38:06.516 >> Would your association 00:38:06.516 --> 00:38:08.785 representing the big food 00:38:08.786 --> 00:38:11.322 manufacturers in this country 00:38:11.322 --> 00:38:13.157 would they accept, uh, upper 00:38:13.157 --> 00:38:16.727 limit of how much sugar 00:38:16.726 --> 00:38:18.663 Canadians would, should eat? 00:38:18.663 --> 00:38:19.396 >> I think that's kind of 00:38:19.396 --> 00:38:21.231 hypothetical because ... 00:38:21.231 --> 00:38:22.032 >> Gillian: Well, people are 00:38:22.032 --> 00:38:22.900 putting on the table saying, 00:38:22.900 --> 00:38:24.302 this is one way to, if you 00:38:24.302 --> 00:38:25.169 want to curb the amount of 00:38:25.168 --> 00:38:26.369 sugar people are eating, this 00:38:26.369 --> 00:38:27.471 is one way to start doing 00:38:27.471 --> 00:38:28.472 that. 00:38:28.472 --> 00:38:29.707 >> I think the industry 00:38:29.706 --> 00:38:32.742 actually has responded to the 00:38:32.742 --> 00:38:36.947 need for, uh, a diverse supply 00:38:36.947 --> 00:38:38.382 of foods out in the retail 00:38:38.382 --> 00:38:39.916 marketplace. 00:38:39.916 --> 00:38:40.918 >> Across our portfolio of 00:38:40.918 --> 00:38:43.120 more than 650 beverages we now 00:38:43.119 --> 00:38:45.322 offer 180 low and no calorie 00:38:45.322 --> 00:38:47.257 choices. 00:38:47.257 --> 00:38:48.425 >> Gillian: Today, even 00:38:48.425 --> 00:38:50.628 Coca-Cola, the world's largest 00:38:50.628 --> 00:38:52.730 sugar user, knows it can't 00:38:52.730 --> 00:38:54.264 ignore the health debate 00:38:54.264 --> 00:38:55.465 anymore. 00:38:55.465 --> 00:38:56.333 >> We like people to come 00:38:56.333 --> 00:38:57.467 together with something that 00:38:57.467 --> 00:39:00.003 concerns all of us, obesity. 00:39:00.003 --> 00:39:01.172 Coca-cola and every ... 00:39:01.172 --> 00:39:02.005 >> Gillian: But the bottom 00:39:02.005 --> 00:39:03.306 line hasn't changed: If you're 00:39:03.306 --> 00:39:04.641 getting sick from what you 00:39:04.641 --> 00:39:08.478 eat, it's your fault. 00:39:08.478 --> 00:39:10.380 >> For people to blame the 00:39:10.380 --> 00:39:12.315 consumer, to blame the victim 00:39:12.315 --> 00:39:13.616 in all of this just as the 00:39:13.617 --> 00:39:15.920 tobacco companies blame the 12 00:39:15.920 --> 00:39:17.288 year olds they go out and 00:39:17.288 --> 00:39:20.257 addict, it's just not fair 00:39:20.257 --> 00:39:21.559 because people aren't given 00:39:21.559 --> 00:39:23.361 the information that they need 00:39:23.360 --> 00:39:24.561 if they're trying to make a 00:39:24.561 --> 00:39:26.996 good choice. 00:39:26.996 --> 00:39:28.031 >> Gillian: As with tobacco, 00:39:28.032 --> 00:39:29.432 at some point it will all come 00:39:29.432 --> 00:39:32.536 down to lives and to dollars. 00:39:32.536 --> 00:39:33.570 The reckoning, warns Dr. 00:39:33.570 --> 00:39:36.473 Lustig is coming. 00:39:36.474 --> 00:39:37.341 >> Bottom line? 00:39:37.340 --> 00:39:39.509 There will be no money left by 00:39:39.510 --> 00:39:41.979 the year 2026 for anything 00:39:41.978 --> 00:39:44.381 else because diabetes will 00:39:44.382 --> 00:39:45.449 have chewed through all the 00:39:45.449 --> 00:39:47.485 healthcare dollars. 00:39:47.485 --> 00:39:49.753 There will be no health care 00:39:49.753 --> 00:39:51.855 in 13 years here in America if 00:39:51.856 --> 00:39:53.324 we do nothing and I'm sure 00:39:53.324 --> 00:39:59.063 Canada is right behind. 00:39:59.063 --> 00:40:00.431 >> Gillian: For three weeks 00:40:00.431 --> 00:40:01.965 the Breedons have been eating 00:40:01.965 --> 00:40:04.768 the food we've supplied. 00:40:04.768 --> 00:40:05.568 >> How much steak you want, 00:40:05.568 --> 00:40:07.070 Anna? 00:40:07.070 --> 00:40:07.804 >> Gillian: They're still 00:40:07.804 --> 00:40:08.806 eating the kinds of food they 00:40:08.806 --> 00:40:11.041 like, as much as they like. 00:40:11.041 --> 00:40:12.276 The only difference none of 00:40:12.275 --> 00:40:13.777 it's processed and none has 00:40:13.777 --> 00:40:15.478 added sugar. 00:40:15.478 --> 00:40:16.246 >> Then eat some of mine because 00:40:16.246 --> 00:40:17.714 it's not too hot, hot. 00:40:17.715 --> 00:40:18.983 >> Gillian: So has it made a 00:40:18.983 --> 00:40:20.451 difference? 00:40:20.451 --> 00:40:22.719 The moment of truth. 00:40:22.719 --> 00:40:24.187 In three weeks Jonathon lost 00:40:24.188 --> 00:40:25.588 one-and-a-half inches around 00:40:25.588 --> 00:40:27.090 his waist. 00:40:27.090 --> 00:40:29.659 8-and-a-half pounds. 00:40:29.659 --> 00:40:32.028 Anna's weight is down too and 00:40:32.028 --> 00:40:33.396 her waist, where all that 00:40:33.396 --> 00:40:35.965 dangerous fat can accumulate, 00:40:35.965 --> 00:40:41.038 is down by 5 inches. 00:40:41.038 --> 00:40:41.806 And what effect did all that 00:40:41.806 --> 00:40:43.541 have on their bloodwork? 00:40:43.541 --> 00:40:44.041 >> I'm Dr. Flanders, nice to 00:40:44.041 --> 00:40:45.009 meet you. 00:40:45.009 --> 00:40:46.644 Okay, Jonathan, I am glad to 00:40:46.643 --> 00:40:49.112 say there's some real signs of 00:40:49.112 --> 00:40:51.114 things improving. 00:40:51.114 --> 00:40:52.315 If we have a look at your 00:40:52.315 --> 00:40:53.683 cholesterol level, it has 00:40:53.684 --> 00:40:55.286 actually gone down by 10 per 00:40:55.286 --> 00:40:57.153 cent which is fabulous. 00:40:57.153 --> 00:40:59.255 Your triglycerides have gone 00:40:59.255 --> 00:41:01.891 down by 20 per cent. 00:41:01.891 --> 00:41:04.194 Okay so Anna... 00:41:04.195 --> 00:41:04.929 >> Gillian: Her results are 00:41:04.929 --> 00:41:06.063 equally good. 00:41:06.063 --> 00:41:07.164 And while our three week 00:41:07.164 --> 00:41:08.499 experiment is far from 00:41:08.498 --> 00:41:10.967 scientific proof of anything, 00:41:10.967 --> 00:41:13.403 Dr. Flanders is pleased. 00:41:13.403 --> 00:41:16.106 >> So this is some evidence 00:41:16.106 --> 00:41:17.374 that the changes that you've 00:41:17.373 --> 00:41:19.976 made to your eating 00:41:19.976 --> 00:41:22.346 are helping to make your body 00:41:22.346 --> 00:41:24.114 happier, healthier. 00:41:24.114 --> 00:41:25.182 This is fantastic news. 00:41:25.181 --> 00:41:26.683 This is really great. 00:41:26.684 --> 00:41:27.451 >> Well, when we first started 00:41:27.451 --> 00:41:29.086 the project, I thought the 00:41:29.085 --> 00:41:30.320 change would be, like, really 00:41:30.320 --> 00:41:31.221 little. 00:41:31.222 --> 00:41:32.056 like, I wouldn't see anything. 00:41:32.056 --> 00:41:33.224 But to see how dramatically 00:41:33.224 --> 00:41:34.557 its changed, means to me, like, 00:41:34.557 --> 00:41:36.594 that it's really good. 00:41:36.594 --> 00:41:39.128 >> It was a big change, at first 00:41:39.128 --> 00:41:41.798 it was hell, but good results. 00:41:41.798 --> 00:41:44.534 I'm happy. 00:41:45.402 --> 00:41:50.773 (♪♪♪)