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(♪♪♪)

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>> Gillian: It's sweet.

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It's seductive.

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Is it deadly?

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Tonight the dangers of sugar.

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>> I think that sugar is a

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main contributing factor.

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>> Gillian: Serious new

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warnings from serious people.

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>> The more I learn about it,

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the more it scares me.

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>> Gillian: Also tonight, what

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the sugar industry has tried

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to hide.

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>> Strategies that I thought

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the tobacco companies made up

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back in the 50's, actually

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some of those, the sugar

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people had done even before

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that.

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(♪♪♪)

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>> Gillian: When the Breedon

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family goes shopping, like

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most Canadians, they try to

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buy healthy.

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>> Let's go...

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Up, up, up.

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>> Gillian: But, like most

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Canadians, they don't always

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succeed.

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They're busy.

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Meals have to be quick.

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And then there's keeping the

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kids happy.

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>> It's either Lucky Charms or

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the Mini Wheat Chocolate?

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>> No I want the Lucky Ones.

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>> Okay, Lucky Charms?

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Okay.

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>> You want one that looks

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like half a moon or you want

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one that looks like a full...

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>> Gillian: A lot of what they

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eat is processed.

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They assume it's nutritious

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but they've never paid much

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attention to what's in the

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food they buy, have no idea

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how much sugar is hidden in

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it.

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>> All right, guys, I want you

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To kind of start by telling me

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a little bit about some of the

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groceries that you got today.

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>> Gillian: Registered

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dietician Jacelyn Pritchard is

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about to help them figure it

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out.

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>> Have you guys ever taken a

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look at any of the nutrition

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labels or really paid

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attention...

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>> The label on this Nesquick

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cereal says there are 10 grams

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of sugar in 3/4 of a cup.

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But who ever just eats 3/4 of

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a cup?

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>> How many of those would go

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into your bowl to make up your

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bowl of cereal?

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>> For me?

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Um...I'd say probably like 8

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or 9.

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>> 8?

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Okay.

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>> Gillian: That's a lot of

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cereal....and as Jonathon

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Breedon is about to find out,

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an awful lot of added sugar.

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>> So in your serving of

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cereal of about 8 of these

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servings, you're looking at

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about 20 teaspoons of sugar

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added.

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Of non-nutritional value.

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>> That's a lot.

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>> Yeah.

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>> Gillian: So let's start at

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the beginning.

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What do we mean when we say

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sugar?

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Well, whether it's the white

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stuff you bake with, or the

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brown stuff you sprinkle on

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your oatmeal, whether it's

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honey, molasses, syrup, maybe

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the high fructose corn syrup

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you've heard of.

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There's a lot of that in

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things like pop, chemically

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it's all pretty much the same

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thing.

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And we do consume a lot.

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On average in this country, 26

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teaspoons of sugar per person,

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per day.

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That's 40 kilos a year, the

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equivalent of 20 bags.

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It's what sweetens the products

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and spikes the profits of some

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of the most powerful,

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and familiar companies in

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the world.

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The food industry is one of

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the biggest manufacturers in

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North America, nearly a

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trillion dollars in sales

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every year, and it couldn't do

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it without sugar.

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(♪♪♪)

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>> Sugar is one of the essential

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basic ingredients used in 99%

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of the processed foods out

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there.

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>> Gillian: Former industry

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executive Bruce Bradley has

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worked for some of North

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America's biggest food

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companies.

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>> It's something that can

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drive a lot of taste in the

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products and a lot of appeal

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for consumers, so it's one of

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the basic building blocks.

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>> Gillian: And make no

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mistake, the amount of sugar

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in our food is no accident.

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The food industry goes to

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great lengths to figure out

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what makes us crave a

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product -- the exact

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combination of ingredients it

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calls the "bliss point."

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>> You know everybody asks

145
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what is the bliss point?

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Dr. Howard Moskowitz, he's a

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long time food industry

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consultant, known as Dr. Bliss.

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>> The best way I can do it is

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to give you an example.

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Do you drink coffee with sugar

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or with milk?

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>> Gillian: With milk.

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>> So if you add more and more

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milk you like it more and more

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up to a certain point where

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you like it the most and then

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add a little bit more milk,

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and you say oh, it's too milky

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and my gosh, and add a lot

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more milk and it's horrid.

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So it's Goldilocks, it's the

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middle, it's the best one.

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It's the level where you like

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the product the most.

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>> Gillian: A Harvard trained

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mathematician Moskowitz uses

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models to test people's

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reactions to different

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versions of a product.

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Once he's found the bliss

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point, the product hits the

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shelves.

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From soda pop to spaghetti

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sauce, his magic makes money.

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>> Everybody wants to sell

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just a bit more.

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How do you get that immediate

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increase in acceptance?

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Those in the know realize you

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can add a little sugar.

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>> Gillian: A little?

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The first thing to know is

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that 4 grams of sugar is one

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teaspoon.

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So with that in mind, let's

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look at some products.

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It's no surprise Coca Cola has

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a lot of sugar.

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40 grams a can.

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That's 10 teaspoons.

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But much of the sugar we eat

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is hidden in foods we don't

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necessarily think of as sweet.

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This oatmeal, 3 and 3/4

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teaspoons of sugar a bowl.

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This vanilla flavoured yogourt,

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nearly 5 teaspoons in just

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half a cup.

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You can find sugar added to

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bread, soup, all kinds of

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condiments.

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Hot dogs.

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This chicken dinner, labelled

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Healthy Choice, has

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5-and-a-half teaspoons of

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sugar in every serving.

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Is this the result?

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There's no question as our

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consumption of sugars has

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grown so have our bodies.

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Canada doesn't keep good

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statistics so we've used

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American ones.

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And those stats raise the

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troubling question: Are we

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changing our evolutionary

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shape.

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Here's the line showing our

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sugar consumption for the last

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50 years.

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Here's the number of people

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who've become overweight and

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obese.

225
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Now look at this line, it's

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for cases of type 2 diabetes.

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And this one, diseases of the

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heart.

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Back in the '80s and '90s we

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used to blame a lot of those

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problems on dietary fat.

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But then we started taking fat

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out of our foods.

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Did the incidence of disease

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go down?

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No.

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So that got a lot of doctors

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and nutritionists asking why.

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The answer, according to an

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increasingly vocal group,

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is sugar.

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>> Which was worse, the sugar

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or the fat?

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The sugar a 1000 times over.

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>> Gillian: Robert Lustig,

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doctor, author, medical

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professor, and one of the

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leaders of the anti-sugar

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campaign.

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>> The fact is, our food

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supply has been altered and

252
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adulterated under our very

253
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noses and in plain sight over

254
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the past 30 years.

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>> Gillian: In addition to

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treating obese kids Lustig is

257
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a YouTube sensation.

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His lecture on sugar has been

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seen by nearly 4 million

260
00:07:36,488 --> 00:07:38,757
people around the world.

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And he doesn't pull his

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punches.

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>> The fat's going down, the

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sugar's going up and we're all

265
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getting sick.

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>> Gillian: You use words, you

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use poison, you use toxic.

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>> Certainly I use those words

269
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and I mean them, this is not a

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hyperbole, this is the real

271
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deal.

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Everyone thinks that the bad

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00:07:57,944 --> 00:07:59,412
effects of sugar are because

274
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sugar has empty calories.

275
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What I'm saying is no,

276
00:08:03,815 --> 00:08:05,417
actually there are lots of

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things that do have empty

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calories that are not

279
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necessarily poisons.

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>> Gillian: Poisonous, he says,

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00:08:12,190 --> 00:08:13,225
because of what too much

282
00:08:13,225 --> 00:08:15,661
sugar does in our body.

283
00:08:15,661 --> 00:08:17,396
So let's take a look at that.

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Sugar is made up of two

285
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molecules: One called glucose,

286
00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:22,735
here in blue, the other

287
00:08:22,735 --> 00:08:25,538
fructose, in red.

288
00:08:25,538 --> 00:08:27,073
When they separate in our gut,

289
00:08:27,072 --> 00:08:28,406
the glucose circulates

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00:08:28,406 --> 00:08:29,908
throughout our body feeding

291
00:08:29,908 --> 00:08:32,378
our muscles and our brain...

292
00:08:32,378 --> 00:08:33,746
but the fructose goes right to

293
00:08:33,745 --> 00:08:34,779
our liver.

294
00:08:34,779 --> 00:08:36,048
And its in the liver where all

295
00:08:36,048 --> 00:08:40,019
kinds of problems begin.

296
00:08:41,120 --> 00:08:42,355
>> When you metabolize

297
00:08:42,355 --> 00:08:44,657
fructose in excess, your liver

298
00:08:44,657 --> 00:08:46,559
has no choice but to turn that

299
00:08:46,558 --> 00:08:49,394
energy into liver fat, and

300
00:08:49,394 --> 00:08:50,996
that liver fat then causes all

301
00:08:50,996 --> 00:08:52,931
of the downstream metabolic

302
00:08:52,932 --> 00:08:55,033
diseases.

303
00:08:55,033 --> 00:08:55,835
>> Gillian: We'll tell you

304
00:08:55,835 --> 00:08:56,802
more about those diseases in a

305
00:08:56,802 --> 00:08:57,769
moment.

306
00:08:57,769 --> 00:08:59,004
But first let's talk about

307
00:08:59,004 --> 00:09:00,605
your brain.

308
00:09:00,605 --> 00:09:01,706
Too much fructose, says

309
00:09:01,706 --> 00:09:03,174
Lustig, shuts down the part of

310
00:09:03,174 --> 00:09:05,076
your brain that tells you when

311
00:09:05,076 --> 00:09:07,647
you're full.

312
00:09:07,647 --> 00:09:08,781
>> It doesn't get registered

313
00:09:08,780 --> 00:09:10,348
by the brain as you're having

314
00:09:10,349 --> 00:09:11,984
eaten.

315
00:09:11,984 --> 00:09:13,386
So, if you take a kid and prep

316
00:09:13,385 --> 00:09:16,488
him with a soft drink and then

317
00:09:16,489 --> 00:09:17,723
let him loose at the fast food

318
00:09:17,722 --> 00:09:19,057
restaurant, does he eat less

319
00:09:19,057 --> 00:09:21,226
or does he eat more?

320
00:09:21,226 --> 00:09:25,063
Turns out he eats more.

321
00:09:25,898 --> 00:09:26,798
>> I think there's a long way

322
00:09:26,798 --> 00:09:29,034
to go before, um, the

323
00:09:29,034 --> 00:09:32,070
literature is sorted out.

324
00:09:32,071 --> 00:09:33,205
>> Gillian: Phyllis Tanaka

325
00:09:33,205 --> 00:09:34,373
speaks for the biggest food

326
00:09:34,373 --> 00:09:36,742
companies in Canada.

327
00:09:36,741 --> 00:09:37,943
She doesn't buy Dr. Lustig's

328
00:09:37,943 --> 00:09:39,578
theories and doesn't think

329
00:09:39,578 --> 00:09:42,247
consumers should either.

330
00:09:42,248 --> 00:09:43,649
I think it's more important

331
00:09:43,649 --> 00:09:46,018
that we step back and look at

332
00:09:46,018 --> 00:09:49,055
how do we look for ways to

333
00:09:49,054 --> 00:09:51,856
educate and help consumers fit

334
00:09:51,856 --> 00:09:53,525
sugar into a healthy dietary

335
00:09:53,525 --> 00:09:55,794
pattern.

336
00:09:55,794 --> 00:09:56,596
>> Gillian: But the industry

337
00:09:56,596 --> 00:09:58,764
sure doesn't make it easy.

338
00:09:58,764 --> 00:10:01,433
Look at this breakfast bar.

339
00:10:01,433 --> 00:10:02,802
There's sugar near the top of

340
00:10:02,802 --> 00:10:04,503
the ingredient list.

341
00:10:04,503 --> 00:10:05,338
But there's four more

342
00:10:05,337 --> 00:10:06,738
sweeteners.

343
00:10:06,739 --> 00:10:07,740
Did you know that chemically

344
00:10:07,740 --> 00:10:11,443
they're all the same?

345
00:10:11,443 --> 00:10:13,945
Then there's this tomato soup.

346
00:10:13,946 --> 00:10:14,980
who knew it would have added

347
00:10:14,980 --> 00:10:18,783
sugars too?

348
00:10:18,783 --> 00:10:19,985
How is a consumer supposed to

349
00:10:19,985 --> 00:10:21,687
know that healthy, old, tomato

350
00:10:21,687 --> 00:10:23,188
soup has three-and-a-half

351
00:10:23,188 --> 00:10:25,323
teaspoons of sugar in a cup?

352
00:10:25,323 --> 00:10:26,024
>> Well, how did you figure it

353
00:10:26,024 --> 00:10:26,925
out?

354
00:10:26,926 --> 00:10:28,894
By the nutrition facts table.

355
00:10:28,894 --> 00:10:29,794
>> Gillian: I figured that out

356
00:10:29,794 --> 00:10:30,596
because I've spent a lot of

357
00:10:30,596 --> 00:10:32,130
time recently learning about

358
00:10:32,130 --> 00:10:33,399
what a gram of sugar is and

359
00:10:33,399 --> 00:10:34,634
how to read these labels.

360
00:10:34,634 --> 00:10:35,401
Do you think most people know

361
00:10:35,400 --> 00:10:36,468
how to do that?

362
00:10:36,469 --> 00:10:37,203
>> In the last couple of

363
00:10:37,202 --> 00:10:39,105
years, we engaged with Health

364
00:10:39,105 --> 00:10:42,508
Canada on a campaign called

365
00:10:42,508 --> 00:10:43,942
the nutrition facts education

366
00:10:43,942 --> 00:10:48,146
campaign in large part as a

367
00:10:48,147 --> 00:10:50,383
commitment to help Canadians

368
00:10:50,383 --> 00:10:51,850
understand how to go into the

369
00:10:51,850 --> 00:10:53,085
grocery store and make

370
00:10:53,085 --> 00:10:54,487
informed choices.

371
00:10:54,486 --> 00:10:55,453
>> Gillian: But surely there

372
00:10:55,453 --> 00:10:56,888
is a way to warn people who

373
00:10:56,889 --> 00:10:58,456
might be interested in this

374
00:10:58,456 --> 00:11:01,226
that a cup of this, of this

375
00:11:01,226 --> 00:11:02,495
soup, brings you

376
00:11:02,495 --> 00:11:04,129
three-and-a-half teaspoons of

377
00:11:04,129 --> 00:11:08,033
sugar.

378
00:11:08,033 --> 00:11:10,568
>> To what end though?

379
00:11:10,568 --> 00:11:11,403
>> Gillian: Well, if they have

380
00:11:11,403 --> 00:11:12,504
decided that as part of their

381
00:11:12,504 --> 00:11:13,605
healthy diet they want to eat

382
00:11:13,605 --> 00:11:15,740
less sugar.

383
00:11:15,740 --> 00:11:19,444
>> Well, let me see.

384
00:11:19,445 --> 00:11:20,780
Then they would use this same

385
00:11:20,779 --> 00:11:25,350
label.

386
00:11:25,350 --> 00:11:26,118
>> Gillian: The only

387
00:11:26,118 --> 00:11:27,186
information on the label is 14

388
00:11:27,186 --> 00:11:30,690
grams of sugar in half a cup.

389
00:11:30,690 --> 00:11:34,393
Do you know what that means?

390
00:11:35,027 --> 00:11:35,795
You shouldn't have to be a

391
00:11:35,794 --> 00:11:36,928
dietitian to figure out how

392
00:11:36,928 --> 00:11:38,129
much added sugar you're

393
00:11:38,129 --> 00:11:40,599
eating, but it helps.

394
00:11:40,599 --> 00:11:41,634
Jaclyn Pritchard has added up

395
00:11:41,634 --> 00:11:43,235
all the sugar Jonathon eats in

396
00:11:43,235 --> 00:11:44,736
a week.

397
00:11:44,736 --> 00:11:46,404
It's pretty scary.

398
00:11:46,404 --> 00:11:47,405
>> This is your week's worth

399
00:11:47,405 --> 00:11:49,040
of sugar intake then.

400
00:11:49,041 --> 00:11:52,211
So this is equivalent to 245

401
00:11:52,211 --> 00:11:54,779
teaspoons of sugar.

402
00:11:54,779 --> 00:11:57,850
>> That's a lot of sugar.

403
00:11:57,850 --> 00:11:58,551
>> Gillian: When we come

404
00:11:58,551 --> 00:11:59,518
back, what all that excess

405
00:11:59,518 --> 00:12:03,923
sugar might be leading to.

406
00:12:05,124 --> 00:12:14,567
(♪♪♪)

407
00:12:18,770 --> 00:12:20,805
(♪♪♪)

408
00:12:20,806 --> 00:12:25,578
>> That's two grams of sugar.

409
00:12:25,577 --> 00:12:26,478
>> Gillian: Having discovered

410
00:12:26,479 --> 00:12:27,379
just how much sugar is in

411
00:12:27,379 --> 00:12:29,181
their food, the Breedon family

412
00:12:29,181 --> 00:12:30,549
is on a purge.

413
00:12:30,548 --> 00:12:31,716
>> Okay, the Kraft Zesty

414
00:12:31,716 --> 00:12:33,619
Italian has one gram of sugar

415
00:12:33,619 --> 00:12:35,553
in this one...

416
00:12:35,553 --> 00:12:36,521
>> Gillian: They're still

417
00:12:36,522 --> 00:12:37,757
surprised at the kinds of

418
00:12:37,756 --> 00:12:40,692
Products that contain sugar.

419
00:12:40,692 --> 00:12:42,461
But they're also determined,

420
00:12:42,461 --> 00:12:45,498
all of it, out it goes.

421
00:12:45,498 --> 00:12:46,465
Of course, they still have

422
00:12:46,465 --> 00:12:47,700
to eat.

423
00:12:47,700 --> 00:12:48,533
So to help them learn about

424
00:12:48,533 --> 00:12:50,668
life beyond processed foods,

425
00:12:50,668 --> 00:12:52,203
we've made them a deal.

426
00:12:52,203 --> 00:12:53,505
For three weeks we'll provide

427
00:12:53,505 --> 00:12:54,839
all of their meals

428
00:12:54,840 --> 00:12:56,375
professionally made without

429
00:12:56,375 --> 00:12:58,177
any added sugar.

430
00:12:58,177 --> 00:12:59,945
They'll stick to the diet and

431
00:12:59,945 --> 00:13:03,081
submit to medical tests.

432
00:13:03,081 --> 00:13:03,816
>> Lucky Charms ain't so lucky

433
00:13:03,816 --> 00:13:06,819
any more.

434
00:13:12,124 --> 00:13:12,925
>> Gillian: They're only in

435
00:13:12,924 --> 00:13:13,892
their mid-twenties but

436
00:13:13,893 --> 00:13:15,261
according to medical standards

437
00:13:15,260 --> 00:13:16,961
both Jonathon and Anna are

438
00:13:16,961 --> 00:13:19,431
technically obese.

439
00:13:19,431 --> 00:13:20,633
Five-year-old Ruby is hovering

440
00:13:20,633 --> 00:13:25,004
on the edge.

441
00:13:25,004 --> 00:13:26,538
We started our experiment by

442
00:13:26,538 --> 00:13:27,505
having their blood

443
00:13:27,505 --> 00:13:29,073
tested and analyzed by

444
00:13:29,073 --> 00:13:30,475
obesity specialist, Dr. Dan

445
00:13:30,475 --> 00:13:32,812
Flanders.

446
00:13:32,812 --> 00:13:33,611
The family, he says, is

447
00:13:33,611 --> 00:13:35,514
heading for trouble.

448
00:13:35,514 --> 00:13:36,615
>> Looking at these results,

449
00:13:36,615 --> 00:13:38,116
I would say that I'm very

450
00:13:38,116 --> 00:13:39,350
concerned.

451
00:13:39,350 --> 00:13:40,552
Quite frankly, if they don't

452
00:13:40,552 --> 00:13:42,520
make meaningful change to

453
00:13:42,520 --> 00:13:44,455
their lifestyle relatively

454
00:13:44,456 --> 00:13:48,027
soon, there's a higher chance

455
00:13:48,027 --> 00:13:50,496
that they're heading for a

456
00:13:50,495 --> 00:13:53,399
life of lousy quality of life

457
00:13:53,399 --> 00:13:56,836
and early death.

458
00:13:56,836 --> 00:13:57,802
>> Gillian: Like most of us,

459
00:13:57,802 --> 00:13:59,638
getting fatter and sicker,

460
00:13:59,638 --> 00:14:00,739
the Breedon's might be

461
00:14:00,739 --> 00:14:01,907
forgiven their nutritional

462
00:14:01,907 --> 00:14:03,242
ignorance.

463
00:14:03,241 --> 00:14:04,509
But the food industry has

464
00:14:04,509 --> 00:14:06,110
known, and discussed, links

465
00:14:06,110 --> 00:14:07,846
between processed food and

466
00:14:07,846 --> 00:14:11,115
disease for decades.

467
00:14:15,019 --> 00:14:16,020
It was Minneapolis.

468
00:14:16,020 --> 00:14:17,722
1999.

469
00:14:17,722 --> 00:14:18,990
Obesity was only an emerging

470
00:14:18,990 --> 00:14:20,759
problem back then, when the

471
00:14:20,759 --> 00:14:22,161
heads of America's biggest

472
00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:23,628
food companies arrived for a

473
00:14:23,629 --> 00:14:26,098
rare meeting.

474
00:14:26,097 --> 00:14:27,131
Among them, the heads of

475
00:14:27,131 --> 00:14:28,733
Kraft, Nabisco, Nestle,

476
00:14:28,734 --> 00:14:33,272
Coca-Cola and General Mills.

477
00:14:34,273 --> 00:14:35,307
>> These are executives, who

478
00:14:35,307 --> 00:14:36,975
normally are fighting each

479
00:14:36,975 --> 00:14:39,077
other for space on the grocery

480
00:14:39,077 --> 00:14:43,448
store.

481
00:14:43,448 --> 00:14:44,182
They don't get together

482
00:14:44,182 --> 00:14:45,149
very often.

483
00:14:45,149 --> 00:14:46,885
But, in '99, they got together

484
00:14:46,885 --> 00:14:50,622
to talk about obesity.

485
00:14:50,623 --> 00:14:51,523
>> Gillian: Reporter and

486
00:14:51,523 --> 00:14:53,259
author Michael Moss.

487
00:14:53,259 --> 00:14:54,560
He described the Minneapolis

488
00:14:54,559 --> 00:14:55,760
meeting in his best-selling

489
00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:58,463
book.

490
00:14:58,464 --> 00:14:59,632
>> And they had been pulled

491
00:14:59,631 --> 00:15:02,667
together by a cabal of

492
00:15:02,668 --> 00:15:04,870
insiders within the industry,

493
00:15:04,870 --> 00:15:06,238
who had increasingly become

494
00:15:06,238 --> 00:15:08,407
concerned about, um, both the

495
00:15:08,407 --> 00:15:11,043
industry's responsibility for,

496
00:15:11,043 --> 00:15:13,445
and culpability for, being

497
00:15:13,445 --> 00:15:16,248
blamed for obesity.

498
00:15:16,248 --> 00:15:17,116
>> Gillian: They gathered at

499
00:15:17,115 --> 00:15:18,216
the Pillsbury Company

500
00:15:18,216 --> 00:15:20,184
headquarters, 31st floor.

501
00:15:20,184 --> 00:15:21,786
The message they got was

502
00:15:21,787 --> 00:15:24,322
uncompromising.

503
00:15:24,322 --> 00:15:25,624
And it was delivered by two of

504
00:15:25,624 --> 00:15:27,793
their own: Michael Mudd, a top

505
00:15:27,793 --> 00:15:29,928
executive at Kraft, and Jim

506
00:15:29,928 --> 00:15:31,529
Hill a leading nutrition

507
00:15:31,529 --> 00:15:33,399
researcher.

508
00:15:33,399 --> 00:15:34,600
In a slide presentation

509
00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:36,067
obtained by the Fifth estate

510
00:15:36,067 --> 00:15:37,369
the two men gave it to the

511
00:15:37,369 --> 00:15:39,939
bosses straight.

512
00:15:39,938 --> 00:15:42,206
>> A national epidemic.

513
00:15:42,206 --> 00:15:42,942
>> Gillian: There were too

514
00:15:42,942 --> 00:15:43,975
many warnings Mudd told

515
00:15:43,975 --> 00:15:45,210
them, before drawing a

516
00:15:45,210 --> 00:15:46,745
parallel designed to make them

517
00:15:46,745 --> 00:15:48,212
uncomfortable.

518
00:15:48,212 --> 00:15:50,081
Tobacco companies had recently

519
00:15:50,081 --> 00:15:51,817
settled a massive lawsuit in

520
00:15:51,817 --> 00:15:53,485
face of evidence their product

521
00:15:53,485 --> 00:15:55,120
caused disease.

522
00:15:55,120 --> 00:15:56,087
Did the food industry, he

523
00:15:56,087 --> 00:15:59,991
asked, want to be next?

524
00:15:59,991 --> 00:16:00,725
>> If anyone in the food

525
00:16:00,725 --> 00:16:02,094
industry ever doubted there

526
00:16:02,094 --> 00:16:03,996
was a slippery slope out

527
00:16:03,995 --> 00:16:05,864
there, I imagine that they're

528
00:16:05,864 --> 00:16:07,932
beginning distinct sliding

529
00:16:07,932 --> 00:16:11,602
sensation right about now.

530
00:16:11,602 --> 00:16:12,570
>> Gillian: Graphics drove

531
00:16:12,571 --> 00:16:13,839
home the point.

532
00:16:13,839 --> 00:16:16,141
Maps showing obesity rates

533
00:16:16,140 --> 00:16:17,909
rising and spreading across

534
00:16:17,909 --> 00:16:21,245
the country like a rash.

535
00:16:21,245 --> 00:16:22,180
>> What are the health

536
00:16:22,181 --> 00:16:24,350
implications of all this?

537
00:16:24,350 --> 00:16:25,683
Studies show that obese

538
00:16:25,683 --> 00:16:27,019
individuals are at a higher

539
00:16:27,019 --> 00:16:28,519
risk of developing chronic

540
00:16:28,519 --> 00:16:30,555
diseases such as diabetes,

541
00:16:30,556 --> 00:16:33,658
heart disease, hypertension

542
00:16:33,658 --> 00:16:36,095
and cancer.

543
00:16:36,095 --> 00:16:36,995
>> Gillian: Topping the list

544
00:16:36,995 --> 00:16:38,896
of contributing factors: The

545
00:16:38,897 --> 00:16:40,632
ubiquity of inexpensive,

546
00:16:40,631 --> 00:16:42,667
good-tasting, super-sized,

547
00:16:42,668 --> 00:16:44,903
energy-dense foods.

548
00:16:44,903 --> 00:16:46,437
In other words, the very foods

549
00:16:46,437 --> 00:16:48,307
the C.E.O.s were in charge of

550
00:16:48,307 --> 00:16:50,341
selling.

551
00:16:50,341 --> 00:16:51,210
The two men were hoping for

552
00:16:51,210 --> 00:16:52,644
money to study the link

553
00:16:52,644 --> 00:16:54,645
between food and obesity.

554
00:16:54,645 --> 00:16:55,747
Instead they got a

555
00:16:55,748 --> 00:16:57,483
tongue-lashing, starting with

556
00:16:57,482 --> 00:16:59,317
Stephen Sanger, the head of

557
00:16:59,317 --> 00:17:01,120
General Mills.

558
00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:02,421
>> He was rather furious at

559
00:17:02,421 --> 00:17:05,657
Mudd for bringing this to them

560
00:17:05,656 --> 00:17:06,891
and blaming them for this, and

561
00:17:06,892 --> 00:17:09,928
his defence was, "Look, we

562
00:17:09,928 --> 00:17:12,498
already offer consumers a

563
00:17:12,498 --> 00:17:13,664
choice.

564
00:17:13,664 --> 00:17:15,867
If they want low fat this or

565
00:17:15,867 --> 00:17:18,770
low sugar that, we have those

566
00:17:18,770 --> 00:17:21,240
products in the grocery store.

567
00:17:21,240 --> 00:17:22,941
We feel we're already being

568
00:17:22,941 --> 00:17:25,877
responsible, both to consumers

569
00:17:25,877 --> 00:17:28,012
from a health perspective, um,

570
00:17:28,012 --> 00:17:30,915
but also to Wall Street.

571
00:17:30,915 --> 00:17:31,916
>> Gillian: In other words,

572
00:17:31,916 --> 00:17:34,019
they didn't want to know.

573
00:17:34,019 --> 00:17:35,421
Now, it's one thing to silence

574
00:17:35,421 --> 00:17:36,755
troublesome voices in their

575
00:17:36,755 --> 00:17:37,956
own companies.

576
00:17:37,955 --> 00:17:39,023
Michael Mudd eventually left

577
00:17:39,023 --> 00:17:40,291
the food industry out of

578
00:17:40,291 --> 00:17:41,626
frustration.

579
00:17:41,626 --> 00:17:42,994
But the people who profit from

580
00:17:42,994 --> 00:17:44,662
sugar have proven themselves

581
00:17:44,663 --> 00:17:46,464
very adept at crushing

582
00:17:46,464 --> 00:17:48,766
dissenting voices everywhere,

583
00:17:48,767 --> 00:17:50,235
including in the halls of

584
00:17:50,234 --> 00:17:53,538
science.

585
00:17:56,942 --> 00:17:57,910
>> In front of us day by day

586
00:17:57,910 --> 00:18:01,180
are increasingly more and more

587
00:18:01,180 --> 00:18:02,847
very tempting foods.

588
00:18:02,847 --> 00:18:04,148
>> Gillian: His name was John

589
00:18:04,148 --> 00:18:06,551
Yudkin, a British nutritionist

590
00:18:06,551 --> 00:18:08,920
who in 1972 wrote a book the

591
00:18:08,921 --> 00:18:12,124
sugar industry did not like.

592
00:18:12,124 --> 00:18:14,259
"Pure White and Deadly" was a

593
00:18:14,259 --> 00:18:15,861
culmination of decades of

594
00:18:15,861 --> 00:18:16,929
research, according to his son

595
00:18:16,929 --> 00:18:18,797
Michael, that led Yudkin to

596
00:18:18,797 --> 00:18:20,132
what were then controversial

597
00:18:20,132 --> 00:18:22,701
conclusions.

598
00:18:22,701 --> 00:18:24,635
>> He started to wonder and

599
00:18:24,635 --> 00:18:26,672
late in the 1950s whether

600
00:18:26,672 --> 00:18:28,273
sugar might be a culprit in

601
00:18:28,272 --> 00:18:31,375
the increase in heart disease.

602
00:18:31,375 --> 00:18:32,376
>> Gillian: More significant

603
00:18:32,376 --> 00:18:33,311
than fat, which was the

604
00:18:33,311 --> 00:18:34,545
prevailing opinion at the time?

605
00:18:34,546 --> 00:18:35,413
>> Certainly more significant

606
00:18:35,413 --> 00:18:36,381
than fat, certainly more

607
00:18:36,381 --> 00:18:38,684
significant than fat, but that

608
00:18:38,683 --> 00:18:41,487
sugar was also involved in a

609
00:18:41,487 --> 00:18:43,122
number of other undesirable

610
00:18:43,122 --> 00:18:44,456
conditions, particularly

611
00:18:44,455 --> 00:18:48,292
diabetes and obesity.

612
00:18:48,292 --> 00:18:49,227
>> Gillian: That thesis soon

613
00:18:49,228 --> 00:18:50,629
put Yudkin in direct conflict

614
00:18:50,628 --> 00:18:52,630
with big sugar's biggest

615
00:18:52,631 --> 00:18:53,899
apologist.

616
00:18:53,898 --> 00:18:54,899
This man, American

617
00:18:54,900 --> 00:18:57,669
nutritionist, Ancel Keyes.

618
00:18:57,669 --> 00:18:59,071
Keyes would later be exposed

619
00:18:59,070 --> 00:19:00,505
as having been funded by the

620
00:19:00,506 --> 00:19:02,541
industry, but not before he

621
00:19:02,540 --> 00:19:04,009
helped destroy John Yudkin's

622
00:19:04,009 --> 00:19:07,445
reputation.

623
00:19:07,445 --> 00:19:09,113
>> And as early as the 1950s

624
00:19:09,114 --> 00:19:10,949
he had started producing

625
00:19:10,949 --> 00:19:13,818
publications suggesting that

626
00:19:13,818 --> 00:19:15,787
dietary fat was a problem.

627
00:19:15,787 --> 00:19:16,755
>> Gillian: Award winning

628
00:19:16,755 --> 00:19:18,657
science writer and author Gary

629
00:19:18,656 --> 00:19:20,625
Taubes.

630
00:19:20,625 --> 00:19:22,059
>> Keyes successfully managed

631
00:19:22,059 --> 00:19:23,895
to taint Yudkin with this smell

632
00:19:23,895 --> 00:19:26,130
of quackery.

633
00:19:26,131 --> 00:19:27,099
And then on in, anyone else for

634
00:19:27,098 --> 00:19:29,134
the next 20, 30 years who did

635
00:19:29,134 --> 00:19:31,803
research on sugar was accused

636
00:19:31,803 --> 00:19:33,539
of being just like Yudkin.

637
00:19:33,538 --> 00:19:34,573
>> There was a systematic

638
00:19:34,573 --> 00:19:37,643
campaign to discredit or

639
00:19:37,643 --> 00:19:39,944
ignore his work.

640
00:19:39,944 --> 00:19:40,678
>> Because of the actions of

641
00:19:40,679 --> 00:19:42,514
the sugar industry in the 70s

642
00:19:42,513 --> 00:19:43,414
virtually no research was

643
00:19:43,414 --> 00:19:44,582
funded.

644
00:19:44,583 --> 00:19:45,684
You have this idea that if you

645
00:19:45,683 --> 00:19:46,751
study sugar, you're just like

646
00:19:46,751 --> 00:19:48,653
Yudkin and he was a quack.

647
00:19:48,653 --> 00:19:49,421
>> Gillian: But that's

648
00:19:49,421 --> 00:19:50,221
remarkable.

649
00:19:50,221 --> 00:19:51,155
I mean, what you're saying is

650
00:19:51,155 --> 00:19:52,191
scientific investigation into

651
00:19:52,191 --> 00:19:53,592
the link between sugar and

652
00:19:53,592 --> 00:19:56,195
disease ground to a halt?

653
00:19:56,194 --> 00:19:59,030
>> It ground to a halt.

654
00:20:00,265 --> 00:20:01,099
>> Gillian: When we return,

655
00:20:01,098 --> 00:20:05,136
the science is back.

656
00:20:05,136 --> 00:20:06,003
What happens when you take

657
00:20:06,003 --> 00:20:07,738
healthy students and feed them

658
00:20:07,739 --> 00:20:09,740
too much sugar?

659
00:20:10,741 --> 00:20:16,480
(♪♪♪)

660
00:20:27,558 --> 00:20:29,327
(♪♪♪)

661
00:20:29,327 --> 00:20:30,295
>> Gillian: It's week one of

662
00:20:30,295 --> 00:20:31,596
"The Fifth Estate" Sugar

663
00:20:31,596 --> 00:20:33,131
Challenge.

664
00:20:33,131 --> 00:20:33,932
>> Just look at recipes that

665
00:20:33,932 --> 00:20:35,834
actually help reduce the sugar

666
00:20:35,834 --> 00:20:36,935
in your diets.

667
00:20:36,934 --> 00:20:37,836
>> Gillian: And the Breedons

668
00:20:37,836 --> 00:20:40,271
are getting a cooking lesson.

669
00:20:40,271 --> 00:20:41,606
Chef James Smith is teaching

670
00:20:41,606 --> 00:20:43,608
that real food, all the fruits

671
00:20:43,608 --> 00:20:45,276
and vegetables and grains of a

672
00:20:45,277 --> 00:20:47,846
healthy diet, can also be fast

673
00:20:47,846 --> 00:20:49,881
and delicious, without any

674
00:20:49,881 --> 00:20:52,050
added sugar at all.

675
00:20:52,049 --> 00:20:52,951
>> They use specific

676
00:20:52,951 --> 00:20:54,286
ingredients that will change

677
00:20:54,286 --> 00:20:55,754
up and that will lower the

678
00:20:55,753 --> 00:20:56,821
sugar and lower the processed

679
00:20:56,821 --> 00:20:58,689
foods in your diet.

680
00:20:58,690 --> 00:20:59,557
>> Gillian: And that may prove

681
00:20:59,557 --> 00:21:00,692
a good thing, because after

682
00:21:00,692 --> 00:21:02,260
decades of silence there is

683
00:21:02,260 --> 00:21:03,628
new scientific research

684
00:21:03,628 --> 00:21:05,930
linking sugar to all kinds of

685
00:21:05,931 --> 00:21:08,799
chronic disease.

686
00:21:09,934 --> 00:21:12,937
(wind blowing)

687
00:21:13,904 --> 00:21:14,839
>> Gillian: Jonathan's blood

688
00:21:14,839 --> 00:21:16,107
work suggests he may be on the

689
00:21:16,107 --> 00:21:17,275
verge of getting one.

690
00:21:17,276 --> 00:21:20,479
Dr. Dan Flanders.

691
00:21:20,479 --> 00:21:21,980
>> His results suggest that

692
00:21:21,980 --> 00:21:24,016
he's pre-diabetic.

693
00:21:24,016 --> 00:21:25,984
That his levels have been high

694
00:21:25,983 --> 00:21:27,618
and that if we don't make some

695
00:21:27,618 --> 00:21:29,353
changes to his lifestyle soon,

696
00:21:29,354 --> 00:21:32,223
diabetes is coming.

697
00:21:32,223 --> 00:21:32,990
>> Gillian: Today in North

698
00:21:32,990 --> 00:21:34,660
America it's estimated more

699
00:21:34,660 --> 00:21:36,728
than 100 million people are

700
00:21:36,728 --> 00:21:39,664
diabetic or pre-diabetic.

701
00:21:39,664 --> 00:21:41,365
Dr Robert Lustig is quite sure

702
00:21:41,365 --> 00:21:43,335
he knows why.

703
00:21:43,335 --> 00:21:44,236
>> So I can actually

704
00:21:44,236 --> 00:21:45,937
categorically say to you that

705
00:21:45,936 --> 00:21:48,472
sugar is the proximate cause

706
00:21:48,472 --> 00:21:51,542
of diabetes worldwide and we

707
00:21:51,542 --> 00:21:53,611
have hard and fast data to

708
00:21:53,612 --> 00:21:55,314
show that.

709
00:21:55,314 --> 00:21:56,281
>> Gillian: His data come from

710
00:21:56,280 --> 00:21:57,715
his own study, done over a

711
00:21:57,715 --> 00:21:59,950
decade, comparing diabetes

712
00:21:59,951 --> 00:22:02,854
rates in 175 countries with

713
00:22:02,854 --> 00:22:04,956
peoples' diets.

714
00:22:04,955 --> 00:22:05,790
>> And we asked the question:

715
00:22:05,790 --> 00:22:08,025
When you adjust for all of

716
00:22:08,026 --> 00:22:09,494
the factors that we know are

717
00:22:09,493 --> 00:22:11,896
relevant, what about the food

718
00:22:11,896 --> 00:22:13,631
supply predicts diabetes

719
00:22:13,632 --> 00:22:15,933
rates, worldwide?

720
00:22:15,933 --> 00:22:19,837
Answer: Sugar.

721
00:22:19,837 --> 00:22:22,973
And only sugar.

722
00:22:22,973 --> 00:22:23,674
>> These studies are generally

723
00:22:23,674 --> 00:22:24,576
considered a weak level of

724
00:22:24,576 --> 00:22:25,477
evidence.

725
00:22:25,477 --> 00:22:26,244
A lot of other things have

726
00:22:26,243 --> 00:22:28,012
happened at the same time.

727
00:22:28,012 --> 00:22:28,879
>> Gillian: Toronto researcher

728
00:22:28,880 --> 00:22:31,316
Dr. John Sievenpiper.

729
00:22:31,316 --> 00:22:32,718
He argues Lustig's methodology

730
00:22:32,718 --> 00:22:36,021
is seriously flawed.

731
00:22:36,020 --> 00:22:37,556
>> Methodologists would tell

732
00:22:37,556 --> 00:22:39,157
you there's a lot of potential

733
00:22:39,156 --> 00:22:39,957
bias, I could give you one

734
00:22:39,958 --> 00:22:40,759
example.

735
00:22:40,759 --> 00:22:42,193
Over the same time as sugar

736
00:22:42,193 --> 00:22:42,993
has gone up, so has bottled

737
00:22:42,993 --> 00:22:44,295
water, but there's no real

738
00:22:44,296 --> 00:22:45,864
biological plausibility in the

739
00:22:45,864 --> 00:22:47,365
link between bottled water and

740
00:22:47,365 --> 00:22:48,532
overweight and obesity.

741
00:22:48,532 --> 00:22:49,567
So it's not a, I don't think,

742
00:22:49,567 --> 00:22:51,470
a sound finding.

743
00:22:51,470 --> 00:22:52,837
But we have to be careful in

744
00:22:52,837 --> 00:22:53,704
putting too much of the

745
00:22:53,704 --> 00:22:54,740
biological plausibility in

746
00:22:54,740 --> 00:22:55,941
wanting to believe patterns

747
00:22:55,941 --> 00:22:57,509
that we see.

748
00:22:57,509 --> 00:22:58,309
>> Gillian: His point is it's

749
00:22:58,309 --> 00:22:59,477
hard to know what causes

750
00:22:59,478 --> 00:23:00,512
diseases.

751
00:23:00,511 --> 00:23:01,812
And ethically can't induce it

752
00:23:01,813 --> 00:23:03,415
to find out.

753
00:23:03,414 --> 00:23:05,416
But you can test for markers,

754
00:23:05,416 --> 00:23:06,951
warning signs that disease may

755
00:23:06,951 --> 00:23:08,353
be coming.

756
00:23:08,353 --> 00:23:09,254
And that's what they're doing

757
00:23:09,253 --> 00:23:10,355
here, at the University of

758
00:23:10,355 --> 00:23:13,357
California at Davis.

759
00:23:13,424 --> 00:23:15,659
(♪♪♪)

760
00:23:15,660 --> 00:23:22,067
(wind blowing)

761
00:23:22,067 --> 00:23:22,968
>> Gillian: In this lab,

762
00:23:22,968 --> 00:23:25,202
students are the guinea pigs.

763
00:23:25,202 --> 00:23:26,137
The scientists are feeding

764
00:23:26,137 --> 00:23:27,772
them sugar to figure out if it

765
00:23:27,772 --> 00:23:29,240
raises the markers for heart

766
00:23:29,240 --> 00:23:32,676
disease.

767
00:23:32,676 --> 00:23:34,478
That drink contains 25 percent

768
00:23:34,479 --> 00:23:36,213
of her daily calories, as high

769
00:23:36,213 --> 00:23:41,086
fructose corn syrup.

770
00:23:41,086 --> 00:23:42,586
>> Look at this...

771
00:23:42,586 --> 00:23:43,521
>> Gillian: Every time they've

772
00:23:43,521 --> 00:23:44,588
run the test, says Dr. Kimber

773
00:23:44,588 --> 00:23:46,691
Stanhope, the results have

774
00:23:46,691 --> 00:23:48,160
been the same.

775
00:23:48,160 --> 00:23:50,394
>> We saw increases in

776
00:23:50,394 --> 00:23:53,464
visceral adiposity, that means--

777
00:23:53,464 --> 00:23:54,398
>> Gillian: What's that?

778
00:23:54,398 --> 00:23:55,500
>> That's the fat within the

779
00:23:55,500 --> 00:23:59,336
abdominal region.

780
00:23:59,336 --> 00:24:00,439
This is the fat surrounding

781
00:24:00,439 --> 00:24:02,941
the liver and the intestines,

782
00:24:02,941 --> 00:24:04,308
and the kidney.

783
00:24:04,308 --> 00:24:06,010
This is the fat that is

784
00:24:06,010 --> 00:24:07,578
associated with increased risk

785
00:24:07,578 --> 00:24:09,280
for diabetes and

786
00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:12,416
cardiovascular disease.

787
00:24:12,416 --> 00:24:13,518
>> Gillian: The Breedons know

788
00:24:13,518 --> 00:24:14,586
that fact.

789
00:24:14,586 --> 00:24:16,221
Anna and Jonathon have already

790
00:24:16,221 --> 00:24:18,088
been diagnosed as having fatty

791
00:24:18,088 --> 00:24:19,857
livers, which puts them at

792
00:24:19,857 --> 00:24:21,525
risk for raised insulin and

793
00:24:21,526 --> 00:24:23,327
triglyceride levels.

794
00:24:23,327 --> 00:24:27,432
That's the fat in our blood.

795
00:24:27,432 --> 00:24:28,467
When Dr. Stanhope tested the

796
00:24:28,467 --> 00:24:30,001
blood of her college guinea

797
00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:31,635
pigs, healthy kids with

798
00:24:31,635 --> 00:24:33,270
healthy livers, she was

799
00:24:33,270 --> 00:24:34,940
shocked by how quickly they

800
00:24:34,940 --> 00:24:37,375
saw problems.

801
00:24:37,375 --> 00:24:40,612
>> We definitely in two weeks

802
00:24:40,612 --> 00:24:43,014
see increases in the risk

803
00:24:43,013 --> 00:24:44,548
factors for cardiovascular

804
00:24:44,548 --> 00:24:46,684
disease in the blood.

805
00:24:46,684 --> 00:24:47,551
>> Gillian: Just in two weeks?

806
00:24:47,551 --> 00:24:48,752
>> In two weeks.

807
00:24:48,752 --> 00:24:49,587
>> Gillian: But those kinds of

808
00:24:49,587 --> 00:24:50,788
studies don't impress

809
00:24:50,788 --> 00:24:51,823
everyone.

810
00:24:51,823 --> 00:24:52,724
After surveying a number

811
00:24:52,723 --> 00:24:54,192
of studies, including

812
00:24:54,192 --> 00:24:55,660
Dr. Stanhope's, that look at

813
00:24:55,660 --> 00:24:57,528
sugar and heart disease,

814
00:24:57,528 --> 00:25:00,164
John Seivenpiper sees no reason

815
00:25:00,164 --> 00:25:01,365
for alarm.

816
00:25:01,365 --> 00:25:02,701
>> What we find when we look

817
00:25:02,701 --> 00:25:04,336
at those trials very carefully

818
00:25:04,336 --> 00:25:05,804
is that as long as you match

819
00:25:05,804 --> 00:25:07,639
for calories, fructose does

820
00:25:07,638 --> 00:25:09,573
not behave differently than

821
00:25:09,574 --> 00:25:11,009
does any other form of

822
00:25:11,009 --> 00:25:12,911
carbohydrate, namely starches

823
00:25:12,911 --> 00:25:13,945
or refined starches and

824
00:25:13,944 --> 00:25:14,512
glucose.

825
00:25:14,512 --> 00:25:15,212
Now, that's not to say that

826
00:25:15,212 --> 00:25:16,347
they're benign, because I

827
00:25:16,347 --> 00:25:17,081
don't think we should be

828
00:25:17,082 --> 00:25:17,816
having a lot of refined

829
00:25:17,816 --> 00:25:18,616
starches or glucose.

830
00:25:18,616 --> 00:25:19,584
But it's not behaving any

831
00:25:19,584 --> 00:25:22,053
differently.

832
00:25:22,053 --> 00:25:22,787
>> Gillian: Stanhope can't

833
00:25:22,787 --> 00:25:24,890
speak to the other studies but

834
00:25:24,890 --> 00:25:26,391
says she tested for all kinds

835
00:25:26,391 --> 00:25:27,993
of things, and it was only the

836
00:25:27,992 --> 00:25:29,461
fructose that caused the

837
00:25:29,461 --> 00:25:31,663
problems.

838
00:25:31,663 --> 00:25:35,032
>> If I had results as strong

839
00:25:35,032 --> 00:25:38,102
with regard to a food

840
00:25:38,103 --> 00:25:40,272
additive, a brand new food

841
00:25:40,271 --> 00:25:42,206
additive and then I started

842
00:25:42,207 --> 00:25:43,842
producing these results, they

843
00:25:43,842 --> 00:25:45,043
would -- that additive would

844
00:25:45,042 --> 00:25:47,778
get pulled pretty quickly.

845
00:25:47,778 --> 00:25:48,413
>> Gillian: That's how strong

846
00:25:48,413 --> 00:25:49,146
these results are?

847
00:25:49,146 --> 00:25:50,615
>> I think they are.

848
00:25:50,615 --> 00:25:53,218
(wind blowing)

849
00:25:53,218 --> 00:25:54,019
>> Gillian: In the world of

850
00:25:54,019 --> 00:25:56,186
cancer research, Lewis Cantley

851
00:25:56,186 --> 00:25:57,821
is a rockstar.

852
00:25:57,821 --> 00:25:58,989
Five years ago the Cornell

853
00:25:58,990 --> 00:26:00,659
University professor was

854
00:26:00,659 --> 00:26:02,727
chosen to head a scientific

855
00:26:02,727 --> 00:26:03,995
dream team.

856
00:26:03,994 --> 00:26:05,096
A group of America's top

857
00:26:05,096 --> 00:26:06,798
cancer specialists brought

858
00:26:06,798 --> 00:26:08,465
together to supercharge the

859
00:26:08,465 --> 00:26:10,868
search for a cure.

860
00:26:10,868 --> 00:26:11,936
His findings may not be

861
00:26:11,936 --> 00:26:13,671
embraced by everyone but in

862
00:26:13,672 --> 00:26:15,539
the cancer world, when Cantley

863
00:26:15,539 --> 00:26:18,276
talks, people listen.

864
00:26:18,276 --> 00:26:19,244
>> Gillian: Let me ask then,

865
00:26:19,243 --> 00:26:22,413
do you believe that sugar

866
00:26:22,413 --> 00:26:25,750
consumption causes cancer?

867
00:26:25,750 --> 00:26:26,785
>> I think yes.

868
00:26:26,785 --> 00:26:28,320
I think that eating too much

869
00:26:28,319 --> 00:26:30,989
sugar can definitely increase

870
00:26:30,989 --> 00:26:32,723
the probability of cancer, and

871
00:26:32,723 --> 00:26:34,925
also make the outcome of

872
00:26:34,925 --> 00:26:35,961
people who already have

873
00:26:35,961 --> 00:26:38,930
cancer, uh, worse.

874
00:26:38,930 --> 00:26:39,998
>> Gillian: So how?

875
00:26:39,998 --> 00:26:41,432
Well, let's review what sugar

876
00:26:41,432 --> 00:26:42,800
is made of: One molecule

877
00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:45,336
glucose and one fructose.

878
00:26:45,336 --> 00:26:46,371
We know that when there's too

879
00:26:46,371 --> 00:26:48,306
much fructose in the liver, it

880
00:26:48,306 --> 00:26:50,642
sets off a chain reaction.

881
00:26:50,642 --> 00:26:52,009
The pancreas produces more

882
00:26:52,009 --> 00:26:53,411
insulin.

883
00:26:53,411 --> 00:26:54,746
What Cantley now believes is

884
00:26:54,746 --> 00:26:56,615
that excess insulin changes

885
00:26:56,615 --> 00:26:58,682
cancer tumours, telling them to

886
00:26:58,682 --> 00:27:02,319
gobble up the glucose.

887
00:27:02,319 --> 00:27:03,922
>> What we're now learning is

888
00:27:03,922 --> 00:27:06,357
that some of the cancers,

889
00:27:06,357 --> 00:27:07,358
particularly those cancers

890
00:27:07,358 --> 00:27:09,259
that correlate with obesity

891
00:27:09,259 --> 00:27:11,363
and diabetes, often have

892
00:27:11,363 --> 00:27:13,198
insulin receptor on the cancer

893
00:27:13,198 --> 00:27:14,466
cell.

894
00:27:14,465 --> 00:27:15,866
The tumour, by expressing the

895
00:27:15,866 --> 00:27:17,568
insulin receptor, tricks the

896
00:27:17,568 --> 00:27:18,802
glucose into going into the

897
00:27:18,803 --> 00:27:20,639
tumour, rather than the muscle

898
00:27:20,638 --> 00:27:21,639
and fat.

899
00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:22,907
And as a consequence, the

900
00:27:22,906 --> 00:27:24,608
tumour can use that glucose as

901
00:27:24,608 --> 00:27:28,045
a fuel to grow.

902
00:27:28,546 --> 00:27:29,447
>> Gillian: So if sugar can

903
00:27:29,446 --> 00:27:30,948
fuel existing tumours and make

904
00:27:30,949 --> 00:27:33,018
them grow, can it also cause

905
00:27:33,018 --> 00:27:34,451
tumours to form in the first

906
00:27:34,451 --> 00:27:36,186
place?

907
00:27:36,186 --> 00:27:37,154
The science on that isn't as

908
00:27:37,154 --> 00:27:38,490
clear.

909
00:27:38,490 --> 00:27:39,423
Yet.

910
00:27:39,423 --> 00:27:40,392
But Cantley is taking no

911
00:27:40,392 --> 00:27:42,059
chances.

912
00:27:42,059 --> 00:27:42,993
>> It scares me, yes, I think

913
00:27:42,993 --> 00:27:45,829
if definitely -- I don't, you

914
00:27:45,829 --> 00:27:48,232
know, I will eat fruit, fruit

915
00:27:48,232 --> 00:27:50,434
has sugar in it obviously.

916
00:27:50,434 --> 00:27:52,002
Uh, but if I can avoid any

917
00:27:52,002 --> 00:27:54,071
sugar at all, and any drinks

918
00:27:54,071 --> 00:27:55,806
that I drink, or foods, I try

919
00:27:55,807 --> 00:27:57,041
to avoid processed foods,

920
00:27:57,041 --> 00:27:58,042
'cause it's hard to find one

921
00:27:58,042 --> 00:28:00,678
that doesn't have sugar in it.

922
00:28:00,679 --> 00:28:02,313
I certainly avoid sugar when I

923
00:28:02,313 --> 00:28:03,948
can.

924
00:28:05,083 --> 00:28:08,119
(wind blowing)

925
00:28:08,118 --> 00:28:08,852
>> Gillian: One of the

926
00:28:08,853 --> 00:28:09,888
criticisms of the anti-sugar

927
00:28:09,887 --> 00:28:11,088
scientist is that too much of

928
00:28:11,088 --> 00:28:12,923
their "evidence" comes from

929
00:28:12,923 --> 00:28:15,859
animals, not humans.

930
00:28:15,859 --> 00:28:16,927
That said, here at Brown

931
00:28:16,928 --> 00:28:18,663
University in Rhode Island

932
00:28:18,663 --> 00:28:19,798
they're doing studies they

933
00:28:19,798 --> 00:28:21,066
think should make a lot of

934
00:28:21,066 --> 00:28:25,036
humans nervous.

935
00:28:25,036 --> 00:28:27,172
This rat is perfectly healthy.

936
00:28:27,172 --> 00:28:28,273
put him in a vat of water and

937
00:28:28,272 --> 00:28:30,107
he finds his way to safety,

938
00:28:30,107 --> 00:28:33,144
every time.

939
00:28:33,144 --> 00:28:36,914
>> 5.2.

940
00:28:36,914 --> 00:28:37,781
>> Gillian: Now, look at this

941
00:28:37,781 --> 00:28:39,483
guy.

942
00:28:39,483 --> 00:28:40,518
What he's been eating is the

943
00:28:40,518 --> 00:28:42,019
equivalent of a North American

944
00:28:42,019 --> 00:28:43,555
diet, complete with all the

945
00:28:43,555 --> 00:28:45,623
fats and sugars we regularly

946
00:28:45,623 --> 00:28:48,259
consume.

947
00:28:48,259 --> 00:28:50,428
he doesn't know where to go.

948
00:28:50,428 --> 00:28:54,099
his brain has been damaged.

949
00:28:54,098 --> 00:28:54,999
>> These rats were totally

950
00:28:54,999 --> 00:28:57,302
normal, and then they turned

951
00:28:57,301 --> 00:29:00,838
into demented animals.

952
00:29:00,838 --> 00:29:02,272
They don't remember they're

953
00:29:02,272 --> 00:29:05,142
learning after even a day.

954
00:29:05,143 --> 00:29:07,211
And as the challenge gets

955
00:29:07,211 --> 00:29:08,712
harder and harder, they fail

956
00:29:08,712 --> 00:29:10,280
more and more, just like a

957
00:29:10,280 --> 00:29:11,482
human with Alzheimer's

958
00:29:11,482 --> 00:29:13,717
disease.

959
00:29:13,718 --> 00:29:16,587
>> 36.2.

960
00:29:16,587 --> 00:29:17,355
>> Gillian: In this lab the

961
00:29:17,355 --> 00:29:18,623
belief now is that Alzheimer's

962
00:29:18,623 --> 00:29:20,458
is really diabetes of the

963
00:29:20,458 --> 00:29:22,293
brain, linked to insulin

964
00:29:22,292 --> 00:29:24,094
levels which can be affected

965
00:29:24,095 --> 00:29:26,264
by too much sugar.

966
00:29:26,263 --> 00:29:28,065
Professor Suzanne Delamonte.

967
00:29:28,066 --> 00:29:29,733
>> Insulin resistance, we now

968
00:29:29,733 --> 00:29:32,169
know, can occur in any organ.

969
00:29:32,170 --> 00:29:35,140
It can occur in the muscles.

970
00:29:35,140 --> 00:29:36,608
that's what diabetes is.

971
00:29:36,607 --> 00:29:37,975
It can occur in the liver,

972
00:29:37,976 --> 00:29:38,810
that causes fatty liver

973
00:29:38,809 --> 00:29:39,943
disease.

974
00:29:39,943 --> 00:29:41,613
It can occur in the ovaries,

975
00:29:41,613 --> 00:29:42,514
that's polycystic ovary

976
00:29:42,513 --> 00:29:43,914
disease.

977
00:29:43,914 --> 00:29:45,783
And it can occur in the brain,

978
00:29:45,784 --> 00:29:46,484
and we think that's

979
00:29:46,483 --> 00:29:47,818
Alzheimer's.

980
00:29:47,818 --> 00:29:48,619
>> Gillian: Now it's important

981
00:29:48,619 --> 00:29:49,753
to remember that none of this

982
00:29:49,753 --> 00:29:51,121
research represents the

983
00:29:51,122 --> 00:29:53,091
scientific main stream.

984
00:29:53,090 --> 00:29:54,692
The case against sugar has not

985
00:29:54,692 --> 00:29:56,493
been proven.

986
00:29:56,493 --> 00:29:57,728
Associations on both sides of

987
00:29:57,729 --> 00:29:59,831
the border for Alzheimer's,

988
00:29:59,830 --> 00:30:02,000
cancer, diabetes, including

989
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:04,402
Health Canada and the FDA

990
00:30:04,402 --> 00:30:05,670
they all know about this

991
00:30:05,670 --> 00:30:07,337
research and yet but none of

992
00:30:07,337 --> 00:30:08,572
them are warning about links

993
00:30:08,573 --> 00:30:11,209
between sugar and disease.

994
00:30:11,209 --> 00:30:12,777
But there is one important

995
00:30:12,777 --> 00:30:14,211
group that is raising the

996
00:30:14,211 --> 00:30:15,980
alarm.

997
00:30:15,980 --> 00:30:18,048
The American heart association

998
00:30:18,048 --> 00:30:19,683
now recommends that people cut

999
00:30:19,683 --> 00:30:21,752
back on added sugar,

1000
00:30:21,752 --> 00:30:23,387
dramatically.

1001
00:30:23,387 --> 00:30:24,489
Women should have no more than

1002
00:30:24,489 --> 00:30:26,457
6 teaspoons a day.

1003
00:30:26,457 --> 00:30:28,826
Men 9.

1004
00:30:28,826 --> 00:30:30,161
Don't forget the total sugar

1005
00:30:30,161 --> 00:30:31,629
intake in this country per

1006
00:30:31,628 --> 00:30:37,434
person is 26 teaspoons a day.

1007
00:30:37,434 --> 00:30:38,569
And yet, the Canadian food

1008
00:30:38,569 --> 00:30:42,339
industry remains unimpressed.

1009
00:30:42,339 --> 00:30:43,374
>> We've talked to people who

1010
00:30:43,374 --> 00:30:45,009
are quite convinced that there

1011
00:30:45,009 --> 00:30:46,310
is a relationship, a

1012
00:30:46,310 --> 00:30:48,879
correlation, between sugar and

1013
00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:51,382
diabetes and heart disease,

1014
00:30:51,382 --> 00:30:55,286
cancer, dementia.

1015
00:30:55,286 --> 00:30:56,387
What happens if those people

1016
00:30:56,386 --> 00:30:58,722
are right?

1017
00:30:58,722 --> 00:31:00,959
>> Uh, at this point in time,

1018
00:31:00,959 --> 00:31:02,326
I'm comfortable saying that

1019
00:31:02,326 --> 00:31:04,394
the science just isn't there

1020
00:31:04,394 --> 00:31:05,930
to support a role in chronic

1021
00:31:05,930 --> 00:31:07,332
disease.

1022
00:31:07,332 --> 00:31:08,333
>> Gillian: When we come

1023
00:31:08,333 --> 00:31:09,567
back, government goes on the

1024
00:31:09,567 --> 00:31:10,868
attack.

1025
00:31:10,868 --> 00:31:11,802
>> If your kids drink one

1026
00:31:11,803 --> 00:31:13,137
bottle of soda a day they're

1027
00:31:13,136 --> 00:31:14,438
eating the equivalent of 50

1028
00:31:14,439 --> 00:31:16,040
pounds of sugar a year, the

1029
00:31:16,039 --> 00:31:17,307
equivalent of 50 pounds of

1030
00:31:17,307 --> 00:31:19,943
sugar from just one soda a day.

1031
00:31:19,943 --> 00:31:20,912
>> Gillian: And big sugar

1032
00:31:20,912 --> 00:31:23,514
strikes back.

1033
00:31:23,513 --> 00:31:26,850
(♪♪♪)

1034
00:31:26,851 --> 00:31:27,685
>> Everywhere you turn

1035
00:31:27,684 --> 00:31:28,619
somebody is telling us what we

1036
00:31:28,619 --> 00:31:29,987
can't eat.

1037
00:31:29,988 --> 00:31:31,990
(♪♪♪)

1038
00:31:38,997 --> 00:31:41,733
(♪♪♪)

1039
00:31:41,732 --> 00:31:42,567
>> Gillian: World wide,

1040
00:31:42,567 --> 00:31:43,701
there are few industries more

1041
00:31:43,701 --> 00:31:45,103
powerful than the processed

1042
00:31:45,103 --> 00:31:46,938
food industry, or the sugar

1043
00:31:46,938 --> 00:31:49,307
industry that feeds it.

1044
00:31:49,307 --> 00:31:50,942
And yet for all their power,

1045
00:31:50,942 --> 00:31:52,343
we know remarkably little

1046
00:31:52,343 --> 00:31:55,346
about how they work.

1047
00:31:57,981 --> 00:31:59,216
Cristen Couzens is determined

1048
00:31:59,217 --> 00:32:01,119
to change that.

1049
00:32:01,118 --> 00:32:02,252
As a community care dentist in

1050
00:32:02,252 --> 00:32:04,221
Colorado she'd always been

1051
00:32:04,221 --> 00:32:06,456
interested in sugar, but it

1052
00:32:06,457 --> 00:32:07,692
wasn't until she unearthed a

1053
00:32:07,692 --> 00:32:09,294
stash of documents from a

1054
00:32:09,294 --> 00:32:10,495
sugar company that had gone

1055
00:32:10,494 --> 00:32:12,462
out of business, that she got

1056
00:32:12,462 --> 00:32:14,432
a peek into a very secretive

1057
00:32:14,432 --> 00:32:16,000
world.

1058
00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:17,801
>> The first folder that I

1059
00:32:17,801 --> 00:32:22,973
pulled out opened up to a memo.

1060
00:32:22,973 --> 00:32:24,041
The blue letterhead of the

1061
00:32:24,041 --> 00:32:25,909
Sugar Association.

1062
00:32:25,910 --> 00:32:26,576
And it had the word

1063
00:32:26,576 --> 00:32:27,912
"confidential" underneath

1064
00:32:27,912 --> 00:32:29,279
the letterhead.

1065
00:32:29,279 --> 00:32:30,815
And I just looked at that and I,

1066
00:32:30,815 --> 00:32:32,182
oh my G-- you know, what have

1067
00:32:32,182 --> 00:32:34,384
I found?

1068
00:32:34,384 --> 00:32:35,486
>> Gillian: What she'd found

1069
00:32:35,486 --> 00:32:37,155
was a directive from the '70s,

1070
00:32:37,154 --> 00:32:38,789
a memo to industry executives

1071
00:32:38,789 --> 00:32:40,157
about a newly published

1072
00:32:40,157 --> 00:32:42,025
scientific white paper; a

1073
00:32:42,026 --> 00:32:43,894
paper that concluded sugar was

1074
00:32:43,894 --> 00:32:48,432
not only safe, but important.

1075
00:32:48,432 --> 00:32:49,467
>> It was clear after reading

1076
00:32:49,467 --> 00:32:51,002
further that the Sugar

1077
00:32:51,001 --> 00:32:53,370
Association had funded this

1078
00:32:53,371 --> 00:32:55,239
white paper called, "Sugar in

1079
00:32:55,239 --> 00:32:56,774
the Diet of Man," and they

1080
00:32:56,773 --> 00:32:58,041
were trying to make it appear

1081
00:32:58,041 --> 00:32:59,076
that it was an independent

1082
00:32:59,076 --> 00:33:02,814
study.

1083
00:33:02,814 --> 00:33:03,548
>> Gillian: Among the more

1084
00:33:03,548 --> 00:33:05,115
than fifteen hundred pages

1085
00:33:05,115 --> 00:33:06,584
she uncovered, there were

1086
00:33:06,584 --> 00:33:08,419
some Canadian ones too.

1087
00:33:08,419 --> 00:33:09,821
An account of a sugar industry

1088
00:33:09,820 --> 00:33:10,988
meeting in the '70s in

1089
00:33:10,989 --> 00:33:13,257
Montreal, that included frank

1090
00:33:13,257 --> 00:33:17,362
talk about heart disease.

1091
00:33:17,362 --> 00:33:18,096
>> The greatest threat to

1092
00:33:18,096 --> 00:33:19,063
sugar consumption is in the

1093
00:33:19,063 --> 00:33:20,898
field of nutrition, it says.

1094
00:33:20,897 --> 00:33:22,299
More particularly in view of

1095
00:33:22,299 --> 00:33:23,667
comments that have been

1096
00:33:23,667 --> 00:33:25,135
recently made on the influence

1097
00:33:25,135 --> 00:33:28,405
of sugar on atherosclerosis.

1098
00:33:28,405 --> 00:33:29,240
>> Gillian: So they were

1099
00:33:29,240 --> 00:33:30,375
worried?

1100
00:33:30,375 --> 00:33:31,642
>> They were worried, as far

1101
00:33:31,642 --> 00:33:34,045
back as 1971.

1102
00:33:34,045 --> 00:33:34,579
>> Gillian: What does that say

1103
00:33:34,578 --> 00:33:38,316
to you?

1104
00:33:38,316 --> 00:33:38,883
>> They've known for a long

1105
00:33:38,883 --> 00:33:40,018
time.

1106
00:33:40,018 --> 00:33:42,019
>> So I took this paper and

1107
00:33:42,019 --> 00:33:43,020
crossed out where it said

1108
00:33:43,020 --> 00:33:45,322
"tobacco" and put in "sugar"

1109
00:33:45,323 --> 00:33:46,990
and looked to see if I could

1110
00:33:46,990 --> 00:33:48,225
find similar tactics that the

1111
00:33:48,226 --> 00:33:52,163
sugar industry was using.

1112
00:33:52,163 --> 00:33:53,030
>> Gillian: Today Couzens is

1113
00:33:53,030 --> 00:33:54,698
pursuing her research at the

1114
00:33:54,699 --> 00:33:56,567
University of California in

1115
00:33:56,567 --> 00:33:58,368
San Francisco.

1116
00:33:58,368 --> 00:33:59,336
And she's doing it under the

1117
00:33:59,336 --> 00:34:00,938
tutelage of someone to whom it

1118
00:34:00,938 --> 00:34:04,342
all sounds familiar.

1119
00:34:04,342 --> 00:34:06,009
>> The amazing thing I learned

1120
00:34:06,009 --> 00:34:08,713
from her was that strategies

1121
00:34:08,713 --> 00:34:10,048
that I thought the tobacco

1122
00:34:10,047 --> 00:34:11,782
companies made up back in the

1123
00:34:11,782 --> 00:34:13,784
50's, actually some of those,

1124
00:34:13,784 --> 00:34:15,185
the sugar people had done even

1125
00:34:15,186 --> 00:34:17,155
before that.

1126
00:34:17,155 --> 00:34:18,089
>> Well, you know now, we have

1127
00:34:18,088 --> 00:34:19,657
83 million pages of history

1128
00:34:19,657 --> 00:34:21,392
documents that's on the

1129
00:34:21,391 --> 00:34:22,527
internet.

1130
00:34:22,527 --> 00:34:23,760
>> Gillian: Stan Glantz is

1131
00:34:23,760 --> 00:34:25,262
famous in litigation circles

1132
00:34:25,262 --> 00:34:26,730
as the man who first

1133
00:34:26,731 --> 00:34:28,399
publicized secret tobacco

1134
00:34:28,398 --> 00:34:30,835
industry documents that proved

1135
00:34:30,835 --> 00:34:32,103
cigarette companies knew their

1136
00:34:32,103 --> 00:34:34,238
product was dangerous.

1137
00:34:34,237 --> 00:34:35,572
In the new sugar documents, he

1138
00:34:35,572 --> 00:34:38,643
sees lots of parallels.

1139
00:34:38,643 --> 00:34:39,911
>> Well, one parallel is just

1140
00:34:39,911 --> 00:34:41,979
trying to undermine science.

1141
00:34:41,978 --> 00:34:43,480
Another one is working to try

1142
00:34:43,481 --> 00:34:45,016
to attack and intimidate

1143
00:34:45,016 --> 00:34:47,718
scientists and others who are

1144
00:34:47,717 --> 00:34:49,953
coming up with results that

1145
00:34:49,954 --> 00:34:51,823
these big corporate interests

1146
00:34:51,822 --> 00:34:53,257
don't like.

1147
00:34:53,257 --> 00:34:54,858
Another one is trying to

1148
00:34:54,858 --> 00:34:58,362
subvert sensible regulation.

1149
00:34:58,362 --> 00:34:59,297
>> Gillian: The sugar industry

1150
00:34:59,297 --> 00:35:00,630
Has decades of practice in

1151
00:35:00,630 --> 00:35:02,266
that.

1152
00:35:02,266 --> 00:35:03,867
In 2003 the world health

1153
00:35:03,867 --> 00:35:05,635
organization in Geneva was

1154
00:35:05,635 --> 00:35:07,704
looking at a resolution

1155
00:35:07,704 --> 00:35:09,106
recommending people reduce

1156
00:35:09,106 --> 00:35:10,875
their sugar intake to just 10

1157
00:35:10,875 --> 00:35:13,143
percent of what they eat.

1158
00:35:13,143 --> 00:35:14,211
It had broad appeal among

1159
00:35:14,211 --> 00:35:16,280
health experts, but then the

1160
00:35:16,280 --> 00:35:19,217
industry weighed in.

1161
00:35:19,217 --> 00:35:20,651
>> The sugar industry went to

1162
00:35:20,650 --> 00:35:23,320
their friends in the US

1163
00:35:23,320 --> 00:35:25,322
congress and they got these

1164
00:35:25,322 --> 00:35:27,757
very influential congressmen

1165
00:35:27,757 --> 00:35:29,159
to write letters and say that

1166
00:35:29,159 --> 00:35:30,560
this is simply unacceptable.

1167
00:35:30,561 --> 00:35:32,096
And in fact, that the US

1168
00:35:32,096 --> 00:35:34,164
would, you know, pull it's

1169
00:35:34,164 --> 00:35:35,532
funding from the World Health

1170
00:35:35,532 --> 00:35:36,967
Organization if this report

1171
00:35:36,967 --> 00:35:38,768
continued.

1172
00:35:38,768 --> 00:35:39,769
>> Gillian: Five months later

1173
00:35:39,769 --> 00:35:41,172
the recommendation quietly

1174
00:35:41,172 --> 00:35:45,275
disappeared.

1175
00:35:45,275 --> 00:35:46,978
Having seen the movie before,

1176
00:35:46,978 --> 00:35:48,713
Stan Glantz says we can't

1177
00:35:48,713 --> 00:35:51,615
afford to let it happen again.

1178
00:35:51,615 --> 00:35:52,983
>> We wouldn't have a tobacco

1179
00:35:52,983 --> 00:35:54,384
epidemic if there wasn't a

1180
00:35:54,385 --> 00:35:55,786
tobacco industry.

1181
00:35:55,786 --> 00:35:57,121
We wouldn't have an obesity

1182
00:35:57,121 --> 00:35:58,889
epidemic if there wasn't an

1183
00:35:58,889 --> 00:36:00,257
industry that was making a lot

1184
00:36:00,257 --> 00:36:01,992
of money selling sugar and fat

1185
00:36:01,992 --> 00:36:04,728
and salt and things like that.

1186
00:36:04,728 --> 00:36:06,663
And to me the bottom line is

1187
00:36:06,664 --> 00:36:08,032
that one of the key disease

1188
00:36:08,032 --> 00:36:09,767
vectors for non-communicable

1189
00:36:09,766 --> 00:36:12,736
diseases is big corporations.

1190
00:36:12,737 --> 00:36:14,438
And I think we're going to

1191
00:36:14,438 --> 00:36:15,806
have to have to get these big

1192
00:36:15,806 --> 00:36:19,543
Corporations under control.

1193
00:36:20,244 --> 00:36:21,045
>> It has become a bit of a

1194
00:36:21,045 --> 00:36:26,983
moral issue, when you see the --

1195
00:36:26,983 --> 00:36:29,219
how far we've come.

1196
00:36:29,219 --> 00:36:30,187
>> Gillian: Bruce Bradley, who

1197
00:36:30,188 --> 00:36:31,689
used to help run a number of

1198
00:36:31,688 --> 00:36:34,558
those corporations, agrees.

1199
00:36:34,559 --> 00:36:35,560
>> This isn't a blip, this

1200
00:36:35,559 --> 00:36:37,061
isn't a minor, oh, we just had

1201
00:36:37,061 --> 00:36:38,796
a minor course correction.

1202
00:36:38,795 --> 00:36:40,764
We're on a completely wrong

1203
00:36:40,764 --> 00:36:42,799
trajectory with our health.

1204
00:36:42,800 --> 00:36:43,367
>> Gillian: What's the answer

1205
00:36:43,367 --> 00:36:44,569
then?

1206
00:36:44,568 --> 00:36:45,570
>> I think the honest answer

1207
00:36:45,570 --> 00:36:48,673
is that we need government to

1208
00:36:48,672 --> 00:36:49,839
step in and to become an

1209
00:36:49,840 --> 00:36:53,010
advocate for consumers.

1210
00:36:53,010 --> 00:36:53,744
>> But sugary drinks are a big

1211
00:36:53,744 --> 00:36:54,512
reason ...

1212
00:36:54,512 --> 00:36:55,446
>> Gillian: But look what's

1213
00:36:55,445 --> 00:36:56,413
happened when governments have

1214
00:36:56,414 --> 00:36:57,648
tried.

1215
00:36:57,648 --> 00:36:58,749
Earlier this year New York

1216
00:36:58,748 --> 00:37:00,451
City passed a law banning

1217
00:37:00,451 --> 00:37:03,286
super-sized sugary drinks.

1218
00:37:03,286 --> 00:37:04,120
>> If your kids drink one

1219
00:37:04,121 --> 00:37:05,523
bottle of soda a day,

1220
00:37:05,523 --> 00:37:06,557
they're eating the equivalent

1221
00:37:06,556 --> 00:37:08,491
of 50 pounds of sugar a year,

1222
00:37:08,492 --> 00:37:09,627
the equivalent of 50 pounds of

1223
00:37:09,626 --> 00:37:11,228
sugar from just one soda a

1224
00:37:11,228 --> 00:37:12,663
day.

1225
00:37:12,663 --> 00:37:13,431
>> Gillian: Industry's

1226
00:37:13,431 --> 00:37:15,333
response, to ridicule Mayor

1227
00:37:15,333 --> 00:37:16,601
Michael Bloomberg as an

1228
00:37:16,601 --> 00:37:18,970
overbearing nanny.

1229
00:37:18,969 --> 00:37:20,503
The law was later overturned

1230
00:37:20,503 --> 00:37:22,306
by the courts.

1231
00:37:22,306 --> 00:37:28,112
(♪♪♪)

1232
00:37:28,112 --> 00:37:29,113
>> Everywhere you turn somebody

1233
00:37:29,112 --> 00:37:30,280
is telling us what we can't

1234
00:37:30,280 --> 00:37:32,349
eat.

1235
00:37:32,349 --> 00:37:33,851
>> Gillian: But advocates keep

1236
00:37:33,851 --> 00:37:35,186
on trying.

1237
00:37:35,186 --> 00:37:36,554
Two weeks ago in Washington,

1238
00:37:36,554 --> 00:37:37,989
congressmen calling on the

1239
00:37:37,989 --> 00:37:39,923
government to help consumers

1240
00:37:39,923 --> 00:37:41,157
by demanding better labels.

1241
00:37:41,157 --> 00:37:42,460
And at the very least,

1242
00:37:42,460 --> 00:37:45,096
recommending a daily limit for

1243
00:37:45,096 --> 00:37:49,132
how much sugar is safe.

1244
00:37:49,132 --> 00:37:51,401
In Canada and the U.S., those

1245
00:37:51,402 --> 00:37:52,737
limits exist for other

1246
00:37:52,737 --> 00:37:54,605
ingredients like fat and

1247
00:37:54,605 --> 00:37:55,740
sodium.

1248
00:37:55,739 --> 00:37:57,375
Manufacturers must say what

1249
00:37:57,375 --> 00:37:58,541
percentage of the recommended

1250
00:37:58,541 --> 00:37:59,876
daily limit their product

1251
00:37:59,876 --> 00:38:01,579
contains.

1252
00:38:01,579 --> 00:38:05,216
But next to sugar, nothing.

1253
00:38:05,215 --> 00:38:06,516
>> Would your association

1254
00:38:06,516 --> 00:38:08,785
representing the big food

1255
00:38:08,786 --> 00:38:11,322
manufacturers in this country

1256
00:38:11,322 --> 00:38:13,157
would they accept, uh, upper

1257
00:38:13,157 --> 00:38:16,727
limit of how much sugar

1258
00:38:16,726 --> 00:38:18,663
Canadians would, should eat?

1259
00:38:18,663 --> 00:38:19,396
>> I think that's kind of

1260
00:38:19,396 --> 00:38:21,231
hypothetical because ...

1261
00:38:21,231 --> 00:38:22,032
>> Gillian: Well, people are

1262
00:38:22,032 --> 00:38:22,900
putting on the table saying,

1263
00:38:22,900 --> 00:38:24,302
this is one way to, if you

1264
00:38:24,302 --> 00:38:25,169
want to curb the amount of

1265
00:38:25,168 --> 00:38:26,369
sugar people are eating, this

1266
00:38:26,369 --> 00:38:27,471
is one way to start doing

1267
00:38:27,471 --> 00:38:28,472
that.

1268
00:38:28,472 --> 00:38:29,707
>> I think the industry

1269
00:38:29,706 --> 00:38:32,742
actually has responded to the

1270
00:38:32,742 --> 00:38:36,947
need for, uh, a diverse supply

1271
00:38:36,947 --> 00:38:38,382
of foods out in the retail

1272
00:38:38,382 --> 00:38:39,916
marketplace.

1273
00:38:39,916 --> 00:38:40,918
>> Across our portfolio of

1274
00:38:40,918 --> 00:38:43,120
more than 650 beverages we now

1275
00:38:43,119 --> 00:38:45,322
offer 180 low and no calorie

1276
00:38:45,322 --> 00:38:47,257
choices.

1277
00:38:47,257 --> 00:38:48,425
>> Gillian: Today, even

1278
00:38:48,425 --> 00:38:50,628
Coca-Cola, the world's largest

1279
00:38:50,628 --> 00:38:52,730
sugar user, knows it can't

1280
00:38:52,730 --> 00:38:54,264
ignore the health debate

1281
00:38:54,264 --> 00:38:55,465
anymore.

1282
00:38:55,465 --> 00:38:56,333
>> We like people to come

1283
00:38:56,333 --> 00:38:57,467
together with something that

1284
00:38:57,467 --> 00:39:00,003
concerns all of us, obesity.

1285
00:39:00,003 --> 00:39:01,172
Coca-cola and every ...

1286
00:39:01,172 --> 00:39:02,005
>> Gillian: But the bottom

1287
00:39:02,005 --> 00:39:03,306
line hasn't changed: If you're

1288
00:39:03,306 --> 00:39:04,641
getting sick from what you

1289
00:39:04,641 --> 00:39:08,478
eat, it's your fault.

1290
00:39:08,478 --> 00:39:10,380
>> For people to blame the

1291
00:39:10,380 --> 00:39:12,315
consumer, to blame the victim

1292
00:39:12,315 --> 00:39:13,616
in all of this just as the

1293
00:39:13,617 --> 00:39:15,920
tobacco companies blame the 12

1294
00:39:15,920 --> 00:39:17,288
year olds they go out and

1295
00:39:17,288 --> 00:39:20,257
addict, it's just not fair

1296
00:39:20,257 --> 00:39:21,559
because people aren't given

1297
00:39:21,559 --> 00:39:23,361
the information that they need

1298
00:39:23,360 --> 00:39:24,561
if they're trying to make a

1299
00:39:24,561 --> 00:39:26,996
good choice.

1300
00:39:26,996 --> 00:39:28,031
>> Gillian: As with tobacco,

1301
00:39:28,032 --> 00:39:29,432
at some point it will all come

1302
00:39:29,432 --> 00:39:32,536
down to lives and to dollars.

1303
00:39:32,536 --> 00:39:33,570
The reckoning, warns Dr.

1304
00:39:33,570 --> 00:39:36,473
Lustig is coming.

1305
00:39:36,474 --> 00:39:37,341
>> Bottom line?

1306
00:39:37,340 --> 00:39:39,509
There will be no money left by

1307
00:39:39,510 --> 00:39:41,979
the year 2026 for anything

1308
00:39:41,978 --> 00:39:44,381
else because diabetes will

1309
00:39:44,382 --> 00:39:45,449
have chewed through all the

1310
00:39:45,449 --> 00:39:47,485
healthcare dollars.

1311
00:39:47,485 --> 00:39:49,753
There will be no health care

1312
00:39:49,753 --> 00:39:51,855
in 13 years here in America if

1313
00:39:51,856 --> 00:39:53,324
we do nothing and I'm sure

1314
00:39:53,324 --> 00:39:59,063
Canada is right behind.

1315
00:39:59,063 --> 00:40:00,431
>> Gillian: For three weeks

1316
00:40:00,431 --> 00:40:01,965
the Breedons have been eating

1317
00:40:01,965 --> 00:40:04,768
the food we've supplied.

1318
00:40:04,768 --> 00:40:05,568
>> How much steak you want,

1319
00:40:05,568 --> 00:40:07,070
Anna?

1320
00:40:07,070 --> 00:40:07,804
>> Gillian: They're still

1321
00:40:07,804 --> 00:40:08,806
eating the kinds of food they

1322
00:40:08,806 --> 00:40:11,041
like, as much as they like.

1323
00:40:11,041 --> 00:40:12,276
The only difference none of

1324
00:40:12,275 --> 00:40:13,777
it's processed and none has

1325
00:40:13,777 --> 00:40:15,478
added sugar.

1326
00:40:15,478 --> 00:40:16,246
>> Then eat some of mine because

1327
00:40:16,246 --> 00:40:17,714
it's not too hot, hot.

1328
00:40:17,715 --> 00:40:18,983
>> Gillian: So has it made a

1329
00:40:18,983 --> 00:40:20,451
difference?

1330
00:40:20,451 --> 00:40:22,719
The moment of truth.

1331
00:40:22,719 --> 00:40:24,187
In three weeks Jonathon lost

1332
00:40:24,188 --> 00:40:25,588
one-and-a-half inches around

1333
00:40:25,588 --> 00:40:27,090
his waist.

1334
00:40:27,090 --> 00:40:29,659
8-and-a-half pounds.

1335
00:40:29,659 --> 00:40:32,028
Anna's weight is down too and

1336
00:40:32,028 --> 00:40:33,396
her waist, where all that

1337
00:40:33,396 --> 00:40:35,965
dangerous fat can accumulate,

1338
00:40:35,965 --> 00:40:41,038
is down by 5 inches.

1339
00:40:41,038 --> 00:40:41,806
And what effect did all that

1340
00:40:41,806 --> 00:40:43,541
have on their bloodwork?

1341
00:40:43,541 --> 00:40:44,041
>> I'm Dr. Flanders, nice to

1342
00:40:44,041 --> 00:40:45,009
meet you.

1343
00:40:45,009 --> 00:40:46,644
Okay, Jonathan, I am glad to

1344
00:40:46,643 --> 00:40:49,112
say there's some real signs of

1345
00:40:49,112 --> 00:40:51,114
things improving.

1346
00:40:51,114 --> 00:40:52,315
If we have a look at your

1347
00:40:52,315 --> 00:40:53,683
cholesterol level, it has

1348
00:40:53,684 --> 00:40:55,286
actually gone down by 10 per

1349
00:40:55,286 --> 00:40:57,153
cent which is fabulous.

1350
00:40:57,153 --> 00:40:59,255
Your triglycerides have gone

1351
00:40:59,255 --> 00:41:01,891
down by 20 per cent.

1352
00:41:01,891 --> 00:41:04,194
Okay so Anna...

1353
00:41:04,195 --> 00:41:04,929
>> Gillian: Her results are

1354
00:41:04,929 --> 00:41:06,063
equally good.

1355
00:41:06,063 --> 00:41:07,164
And while our three week

1356
00:41:07,164 --> 00:41:08,499
experiment is far from

1357
00:41:08,498 --> 00:41:10,967
scientific proof of anything,

1358
00:41:10,967 --> 00:41:13,403
Dr. Flanders is pleased.

1359
00:41:13,403 --> 00:41:16,106
>> So this is some evidence

1360
00:41:16,106 --> 00:41:17,374
that the changes that you've

1361
00:41:17,373 --> 00:41:19,976
made to your eating

1362
00:41:19,976 --> 00:41:22,346
are helping to make your body

1363
00:41:22,346 --> 00:41:24,114
happier, healthier.

1364
00:41:24,114 --> 00:41:25,182
This is fantastic news.

1365
00:41:25,181 --> 00:41:26,683
This is really great.

1366
00:41:26,684 --> 00:41:27,451
>> Well, when we first started

1367
00:41:27,451 --> 00:41:29,086
the project, I thought the

1368
00:41:29,085 --> 00:41:30,320
change would be, like, really

1369
00:41:30,320 --> 00:41:31,221
little.

1370
00:41:31,222 --> 00:41:32,056
like, I wouldn't see anything.

1371
00:41:32,056 --> 00:41:33,224
But to see how dramatically

1372
00:41:33,224 --> 00:41:34,557
its changed, means to me, like,

1373
00:41:34,557 --> 00:41:36,594
that it's really good.

1374
00:41:36,594 --> 00:41:39,128
>> It was a big change, at first

1375
00:41:39,128 --> 00:41:41,798
it was hell, but good results.

1376
00:41:41,798 --> 00:41:44,534
I'm happy.

1377
00:41:45,402 --> 00:41:50,773
(♪♪♪)