0:00:00.000,0:00:02.669
(♪♪♪)

0:00:02.669,0:00:04.304
>> Gillian: It's sweet.

0:00:04.304,0:00:05.472
It's seductive.

0:00:05.472,0:00:06.973
Is it deadly?

0:00:06.972,0:00:09.641
Tonight the dangers of sugar.

0:00:09.641,0:00:10.609
>> I think that sugar is a

0:00:10.609,0:00:13.145
main contributing factor.

0:00:13.146,0:00:14.180
>> Gillian: Serious new

0:00:14.179,0:00:16.515
warnings from serious people.

0:00:16.515,0:00:17.483
>> The more I learn about it,

0:00:17.484,0:00:19.586
the more it scares me.

0:00:19.585,0:00:20.519
>> Gillian: Also tonight, what

0:00:20.519,0:00:21.887
the sugar industry has tried

0:00:21.888,0:00:24.157
to hide.

0:00:24.157,0:00:25.391
>> Strategies that I thought

0:00:25.391,0:00:27.493
the tobacco companies made up

0:00:27.493,0:00:29.161
back in the 50's, actually

0:00:29.161,0:00:30.429
some of those, the sugar

0:00:30.429,0:00:31.698
people had done even before

0:00:31.698,0:00:33.899
that.

0:00:34.834,0:00:41.274
(♪♪♪)

0:00:44.143,0:00:45.110
>> Gillian: When the Breedon

0:00:45.110,0:00:46.045
family goes shopping, like

0:00:46.045,0:00:47.380
most Canadians, they try to

0:00:47.380,0:00:49.382
buy healthy.

0:00:49.381,0:00:50.250
>> Let's go...

0:00:50.250,0:00:51.151
Up, up, up.

0:00:51.151,0:00:52.618
>> Gillian: But, like most

0:00:52.618,0:00:54.219
Canadians, they don't always

0:00:54.219,0:00:55.655
succeed.

0:00:55.655,0:00:56.389
They're busy.

0:00:56.389,0:00:58.024
Meals have to be quick.

0:00:58.024,0:00:59.192
And then there's keeping the

0:00:59.192,0:01:01.895
kids happy.

0:01:01.895,0:01:02.595
>> It's either Lucky Charms or

0:01:02.594,0:01:03.796
the Mini Wheat Chocolate?

0:01:03.796,0:01:05.697
>> No I want the Lucky Ones.

0:01:05.697,0:01:06.965
>> Okay, Lucky Charms?

0:01:06.965,0:01:08.367
Okay.

0:01:08.367,0:01:10.003
>> You want one that looks

0:01:10.003,0:01:11.004
like half a moon or you want

0:01:11.004,0:01:12.204
one that looks like a full...

0:01:12.204,0:01:13.006
>> Gillian: A lot of what they

0:01:13.006,0:01:13.706
eat is processed.

0:01:13.706,0:01:15.207
They assume it's nutritious

0:01:15.207,0:01:16.176
but they've never paid much

0:01:16.176,0:01:17.343
attention to what's in the

0:01:17.343,0:01:19.478
food they buy, have no idea

0:01:19.478,0:01:21.013
how much sugar is hidden in

0:01:21.013,0:01:24.616
it.

0:01:26.052,0:01:26.653
>> All right, guys, I want you

0:01:26.653,0:01:28.021
To kind of start by telling me

0:01:28.021,0:01:29.355
a little bit about some of the

0:01:29.355,0:01:30.856
groceries that you got today.

0:01:30.856,0:01:32.257
>> Gillian: Registered

0:01:32.257,0:01:33.926
dietician Jacelyn Pritchard is

0:01:33.927,0:01:35.628
about to help them figure it

0:01:35.628,0:01:37.230
out.

0:01:37.230,0:01:38.231
>> Have you guys ever taken a

0:01:38.230,0:01:39.331
look at any of the nutrition

0:01:39.331,0:01:40.599
labels or really paid

0:01:40.599,0:01:41.266
attention...

0:01:41.266,0:01:42.167
>> The label on this Nesquick

0:01:42.168,0:01:43.903
cereal says there are 10 grams

0:01:43.903,0:01:46.573
of sugar in 3/4 of a cup.

0:01:46.572,0:01:48.340
But who ever just eats 3/4 of

0:01:48.340,0:01:50.476
a cup?

0:01:50.477,0:01:52.779
>> How many of those would go

0:01:52.778,0:01:53.912
into your bowl to make up your

0:01:53.912,0:01:55.314
bowl of cereal?

0:01:55.314,0:01:57.917
>> For me?

0:01:57.917,0:01:59.585
Um...I'd say probably like 8

0:01:59.585,0:02:01.087
or 9.

0:02:01.087,0:02:01.954
>> 8?

0:02:01.954,0:02:02.621
Okay.

0:02:02.621,0:02:03.388
>> Gillian: That's a lot of

0:02:03.388,0:02:04.923
cereal....and as Jonathon

0:02:04.924,0:02:06.459
Breedon is about to find out,

0:02:06.459,0:02:08.728
an awful lot of added sugar.

0:02:08.728,0:02:10.296
>> So in your serving of

0:02:10.295,0:02:12.031
cereal of about 8 of these

0:02:12.031,0:02:13.700
servings, you're looking at

0:02:13.699,0:02:15.300
about 20 teaspoons of sugar

0:02:15.300,0:02:16.435
added.

0:02:16.436,0:02:18.872
Of non-nutritional value.

0:02:18.872,0:02:19.906
>> That's a lot.

0:02:19.906,0:02:22.108
>> Yeah.

0:02:23.308,0:02:24.009
>> Gillian: So let's start at

0:02:24.009,0:02:24.710
the beginning.

0:02:24.711,0:02:25.879
What do we mean when we say

0:02:25.878,0:02:26.778
sugar?

0:02:26.778,0:02:28.014
Well, whether it's the white

0:02:28.014,0:02:29.182
stuff you bake with, or the

0:02:29.181,0:02:30.449
brown stuff you sprinkle on

0:02:30.449,0:02:32.084
your oatmeal, whether it's

0:02:32.085,0:02:34.020
honey, molasses, syrup, maybe

0:02:34.020,0:02:35.622
the high fructose corn syrup

0:02:35.622,0:02:37.056
you've heard of.

0:02:37.056,0:02:37.991
There's a lot of that in

0:02:37.991,0:02:40.360
things like pop, chemically

0:02:40.360,0:02:41.895
it's all pretty much the same

0:02:41.895,0:02:42.862
thing.

0:02:42.861,0:02:46.498
And we do consume a lot.

0:02:46.498,0:02:48.033
On average in this country, 26

0:02:48.033,0:02:50.802
teaspoons of sugar per person,

0:02:50.802,0:02:52.472
per day.

0:02:52.472,0:02:54.841
That's 40 kilos a year, the

0:02:54.841,0:02:58.243
equivalent of 20 bags.

0:03:00.413,0:03:01.881
It's what sweetens the products

0:03:01.881,0:03:04.050
and spikes the profits of some

0:03:04.050,0:03:05.118
of the most powerful,

0:03:05.117,0:03:06.686
and familiar companies in

0:03:06.686,0:03:08.721
the world.

0:03:08.721,0:03:09.889
The food industry is one of

0:03:09.889,0:03:10.890
the biggest manufacturers in

0:03:10.889,0:03:12.424
North America, nearly a

0:03:12.425,0:03:14.194
trillion dollars in sales

0:03:14.193,0:03:16.495
every year, and it couldn't do

0:03:16.496,0:03:18.731
it without sugar.

0:03:18.730,0:03:21.099
(♪♪♪)

0:03:21.099,0:03:22.968
>> Sugar is one of the essential

0:03:22.968,0:03:26.138
basic ingredients used in 99%

0:03:26.139,0:03:27.207
of the processed foods out

0:03:27.206,0:03:29.275
there.

0:03:29.275,0:03:30.043
>> Gillian: Former industry

0:03:30.043,0:03:31.510
executive Bruce Bradley has

0:03:31.510,0:03:32.544
worked for some of North

0:03:32.544,0:03:33.812
America's biggest food

0:03:33.812,0:03:36.448
companies.

0:03:36.449,0:03:37.717
>> It's something that can

0:03:37.717,0:03:39.586
drive a lot of taste in the

0:03:39.586,0:03:41.321
products and a lot of appeal

0:03:41.320,0:03:43.789
for consumers, so it's one of

0:03:43.789,0:03:45.924
the basic building blocks.

0:03:45.925,0:03:46.960
>> Gillian: And make no

0:03:46.960,0:03:48.795
mistake, the amount of sugar

0:03:48.794,0:03:51.163
in our food is no accident.

0:03:51.163,0:03:52.331
The food industry goes to

0:03:52.331,0:03:53.699
great lengths to figure out

0:03:53.699,0:03:54.933
what makes us crave a

0:03:54.933,0:03:56.468
product -- the exact

0:03:56.468,0:03:58.003
combination of ingredients it

0:03:58.003,0:04:01.274
calls the "bliss point."

0:04:01.274,0:04:02.307
>> You know everybody asks

0:04:02.307,0:04:05.644
what is the bliss point?

0:04:05.645,0:04:07.313
Dr. Howard Moskowitz, he's a

0:04:07.312,0:04:09.248
long time food industry

0:04:09.248,0:04:13.986
consultant, known as Dr. Bliss.

0:04:13.986,0:04:15.221
>> The best way I can do it is

0:04:15.221,0:04:16.689
to give you an example.

0:04:16.689,0:04:17.857
Do you drink coffee with sugar

0:04:17.857,0:04:19.359
or with milk?

0:04:19.358,0:04:20.158
>> Gillian: With milk.

0:04:20.158,0:04:21.260
>> So if you add more and more

0:04:21.261,0:04:23.730
milk you like it more and more

0:04:23.730,0:04:25.131
up to a certain point where

0:04:25.130,0:04:26.765
you like it the most and then

0:04:26.766,0:04:28.468
add a little bit more milk,

0:04:28.468,0:04:29.869
and you say oh, it's too milky

0:04:29.869,0:04:32.105
and my gosh, and add a lot

0:04:32.105,0:04:34.374
more milk and it's horrid.

0:04:34.374,0:04:36.442
So it's Goldilocks, it's the

0:04:36.442,0:04:38.444
middle, it's the best one.

0:04:38.444,0:04:40.413
It's the level where you like

0:04:40.413,0:04:43.516
the product the most.

0:04:43.516,0:04:44.384
>> Gillian: A Harvard trained

0:04:44.384,0:04:45.918
mathematician Moskowitz uses

0:04:45.918,0:04:47.586
models to test people's

0:04:47.586,0:04:48.820
reactions to different

0:04:48.821,0:04:50.490
versions of a product.

0:04:50.490,0:04:51.658
Once he's found the bliss

0:04:51.658,0:04:52.824
point, the product hits the

0:04:52.824,0:04:54.192
shelves.

0:04:54.192,0:04:55.260
From soda pop to spaghetti

0:04:55.261,0:05:01.100
sauce, his magic makes money.

0:05:01.100,0:05:02.335
>> Everybody wants to sell

0:05:02.334,0:05:04.336
just a bit more.

0:05:04.336,0:05:05.570
How do you get that immediate

0:05:05.571,0:05:08.775
increase in acceptance?

0:05:08.774,0:05:10.342
Those in the know realize you

0:05:10.343,0:05:13.045
can add a little sugar.

0:05:13.045,0:05:13.913
>> Gillian: A little?

0:05:13.913,0:05:15.348
The first thing to know is

0:05:15.348,0:05:16.783
that 4 grams of sugar is one

0:05:16.783,0:05:18.484
teaspoon.

0:05:18.483,0:05:19.618
So with that in mind, let's

0:05:19.619,0:05:22.355
look at some products.

0:05:22.355,0:05:23.523
It's no surprise Coca Cola has

0:05:23.523,0:05:25.024
a lot of sugar.

0:05:25.024,0:05:26.425
40 grams a can.

0:05:26.425,0:05:28.760
That's 10 teaspoons.

0:05:28.761,0:05:30.163
But much of the sugar we eat

0:05:30.163,0:05:31.430
is hidden in foods we don't

0:05:31.430,0:05:34.800
necessarily think of as sweet.

0:05:34.800,0:05:36.468
This oatmeal, 3 and 3/4

0:05:36.468,0:05:39.171
teaspoons of sugar a bowl.

0:05:39.172,0:05:40.873
This vanilla flavoured yogourt,

0:05:40.872,0:05:43.709
nearly 5 teaspoons in just

0:05:43.709,0:05:46.012
half a cup.

0:05:46.012,0:05:47.379
You can find sugar added to

0:05:47.379,0:05:49.048
bread, soup, all kinds of

0:05:49.048,0:05:50.483
condiments.

0:05:50.483,0:05:52.084
Hot dogs.

0:05:52.084,0:05:53.185
This chicken dinner, labelled

0:05:53.185,0:05:55.221
Healthy Choice, has

0:05:55.221,0:05:56.588
5-and-a-half teaspoons of

0:05:56.588,0:06:00.526
sugar in every serving.

0:06:00.526,0:06:02.694
Is this the result?

0:06:02.694,0:06:03.528
There's no question as our

0:06:03.528,0:06:04.831
consumption of sugars has

0:06:04.831,0:06:07.333
grown so have our bodies.

0:06:07.333,0:06:08.668
Canada doesn't keep good

0:06:08.668,0:06:10.069
statistics so we've used

0:06:10.069,0:06:11.604
American ones.

0:06:11.603,0:06:12.771
And those stats raise the

0:06:12.771,0:06:14.473
troubling question: Are we

0:06:14.473,0:06:16.341
changing our evolutionary

0:06:16.341,0:06:19.444
shape.

0:06:19.444,0:06:20.579
Here's the line showing our

0:06:20.579,0:06:22.014
sugar consumption for the last

0:06:22.014,0:06:25.117
50 years.

0:06:25.117,0:06:26.185
Here's the number of people

0:06:26.185,0:06:27.687
who've become overweight and

0:06:27.687,0:06:30.256
obese.

0:06:30.255,0:06:31.690
Now look at this line, it's

0:06:31.690,0:06:36.528
for cases of type 2 diabetes.

0:06:36.528,0:06:37.829
And this one, diseases of the

0:06:37.829,0:06:40.733
heart.

0:06:40.733,0:06:42.134
Back in the '80s and '90s we

0:06:42.134,0:06:43.502
used to blame a lot of those

0:06:43.502,0:06:46.238
problems on dietary fat.

0:06:46.238,0:06:47.472
But then we started taking fat

0:06:47.473,0:06:48.608
out of our foods.

0:06:48.608,0:06:49.776
Did the incidence of disease

0:06:49.776,0:06:51.244
go down?

0:06:51.244,0:06:51.978
No.

0:06:51.978,0:06:53.045
So that got a lot of doctors

0:06:53.045,0:06:55.747
and nutritionists asking why.

0:06:55.747,0:06:56.949
The answer, according to an

0:06:56.949,0:06:58.884
increasingly vocal group,

0:06:58.884,0:07:02.120
is sugar.

0:07:03.790,0:07:05.024
>> Which was worse, the sugar

0:07:05.024,0:07:06.526
or the fat?

0:07:06.526,0:07:10.463
The sugar a 1000 times over.

0:07:10.463,0:07:11.798
>> Gillian: Robert Lustig,

0:07:11.798,0:07:12.999
doctor, author, medical

0:07:12.999,0:07:14.567
professor, and one of the

0:07:14.567,0:07:16.102
leaders of the anti-sugar

0:07:16.101,0:07:18.471
campaign.

0:07:18.471,0:07:19.939
>> The fact is, our food

0:07:19.939,0:07:21.407
supply has been altered and

0:07:21.406,0:07:22.974
adulterated under our very

0:07:22.975,0:07:24.510
noses and in plain sight over

0:07:24.509,0:07:28.848
the past 30 years.

0:07:28.848,0:07:29.649
>> Gillian: In addition to

0:07:29.649,0:07:31.317
treating obese kids Lustig is

0:07:31.317,0:07:33.786
a YouTube sensation.

0:07:33.786,0:07:35.021
His lecture on sugar has been

0:07:35.021,0:07:36.489
seen by nearly 4 million

0:07:36.488,0:07:38.757
people around the world.

0:07:38.757,0:07:39.791
And he doesn't pull his

0:07:39.791,0:07:40.892
punches.

0:07:40.892,0:07:42.294
>> The fat's going down, the

0:07:42.295,0:07:43.830
sugar's going up and we're all

0:07:43.829,0:07:45.730
getting sick.

0:07:45.730,0:07:46.632
>> Gillian: You use words, you

0:07:46.632,0:07:50.168
use poison, you use toxic.

0:07:50.168,0:07:51.137
>> Certainly I use those words

0:07:51.137,0:07:53.639
and I mean them, this is not a

0:07:53.639,0:07:55.675
hyperbole, this is the real

0:07:55.675,0:07:56.542
deal.

0:07:56.541,0:07:57.943
Everyone thinks that the bad

0:07:57.944,0:07:59.412
effects of sugar are because

0:07:59.411,0:08:02.180
sugar has empty calories.

0:08:02.180,0:08:03.815
What I'm saying is no,

0:08:03.815,0:08:05.417
actually there are lots of

0:08:05.418,0:08:06.586
things that do have empty

0:08:06.586,0:08:07.887
calories that are not

0:08:07.887,0:08:10.889
necessarily poisons.

0:08:10.889,0:08:12.190
>> Gillian: Poisonous, he says,

0:08:12.190,0:08:13.225
because of what too much

0:08:13.225,0:08:15.661
sugar does in our body.

0:08:15.661,0:08:17.396
So let's take a look at that.

0:08:17.396,0:08:18.663
Sugar is made up of two

0:08:18.663,0:08:21.000
molecules: One called glucose,

0:08:21.000,0:08:22.735
here in blue, the other

0:08:22.735,0:08:25.538
fructose, in red.

0:08:25.538,0:08:27.073
When they separate in our gut,

0:08:27.072,0:08:28.406
the glucose circulates

0:08:28.406,0:08:29.908
throughout our body feeding

0:08:29.908,0:08:32.378
our muscles and our brain...

0:08:32.378,0:08:33.746
but the fructose goes right to

0:08:33.745,0:08:34.779
our liver.

0:08:34.779,0:08:36.048
And its in the liver where all

0:08:36.048,0:08:40.019
kinds of problems begin.

0:08:41.120,0:08:42.355
>> When you metabolize

0:08:42.355,0:08:44.657
fructose in excess, your liver

0:08:44.657,0:08:46.559
has no choice but to turn that

0:08:46.558,0:08:49.394
energy into liver fat, and

0:08:49.394,0:08:50.996
that liver fat then causes all

0:08:50.996,0:08:52.931
of the downstream metabolic

0:08:52.932,0:08:55.033
diseases.

0:08:55.033,0:08:55.835
>> Gillian: We'll tell you

0:08:55.835,0:08:56.802
more about those diseases in a

0:08:56.802,0:08:57.769
moment.

0:08:57.769,0:08:59.004
But first let's talk about

0:08:59.004,0:09:00.605
your brain.

0:09:00.605,0:09:01.706
Too much fructose, says

0:09:01.706,0:09:03.174
Lustig, shuts down the part of

0:09:03.174,0:09:05.076
your brain that tells you when

0:09:05.076,0:09:07.647
you're full.

0:09:07.647,0:09:08.781
>> It doesn't get registered

0:09:08.780,0:09:10.348
by the brain as you're having

0:09:10.349,0:09:11.984
eaten.

0:09:11.984,0:09:13.386
So, if you take a kid and prep

0:09:13.385,0:09:16.488
him with a soft drink and then

0:09:16.489,0:09:17.723
let him loose at the fast food

0:09:17.722,0:09:19.057
restaurant, does he eat less

0:09:19.057,0:09:21.226
or does he eat more?

0:09:21.226,0:09:25.063
Turns out he eats more.

0:09:25.898,0:09:26.798
>> I think there's a long way

0:09:26.798,0:09:29.034
to go before, um, the

0:09:29.034,0:09:32.070
literature is sorted out.

0:09:32.071,0:09:33.205
>> Gillian: Phyllis Tanaka

0:09:33.205,0:09:34.373
speaks for the biggest food

0:09:34.373,0:09:36.742
companies in Canada.

0:09:36.741,0:09:37.943
She doesn't buy Dr. Lustig's

0:09:37.943,0:09:39.578
theories and doesn't think

0:09:39.578,0:09:42.247
consumers should either.

0:09:42.248,0:09:43.649
I think it's more important

0:09:43.649,0:09:46.018
that we step back and look at

0:09:46.018,0:09:49.055
how do we look for ways to

0:09:49.054,0:09:51.856
educate and help consumers fit

0:09:51.856,0:09:53.525
sugar into a healthy dietary

0:09:53.525,0:09:55.794
pattern.

0:09:55.794,0:09:56.596
>> Gillian: But the industry

0:09:56.596,0:09:58.764
sure doesn't make it easy.

0:09:58.764,0:10:01.433
Look at this breakfast bar.

0:10:01.433,0:10:02.802
There's sugar near the top of

0:10:02.802,0:10:04.503
the ingredient list.

0:10:04.503,0:10:05.338
But there's four more

0:10:05.337,0:10:06.738
sweeteners.

0:10:06.739,0:10:07.740
Did you know that chemically

0:10:07.740,0:10:11.443
they're all the same?

0:10:11.443,0:10:13.945
Then there's this tomato soup.

0:10:13.946,0:10:14.980
who knew it would have added

0:10:14.980,0:10:18.783
sugars too?

0:10:18.783,0:10:19.985
How is a consumer supposed to

0:10:19.985,0:10:21.687
know that healthy, old, tomato

0:10:21.687,0:10:23.188
soup has three-and-a-half

0:10:23.188,0:10:25.323
teaspoons of sugar in a cup?

0:10:25.323,0:10:26.024
>> Well, how did you figure it

0:10:26.024,0:10:26.925
out?

0:10:26.926,0:10:28.894
By the nutrition facts table.

0:10:28.894,0:10:29.794
>> Gillian: I figured that out

0:10:29.794,0:10:30.596
because I've spent a lot of

0:10:30.596,0:10:32.130
time recently learning about

0:10:32.130,0:10:33.399
what a gram of sugar is and

0:10:33.399,0:10:34.634
how to read these labels.

0:10:34.634,0:10:35.401
Do you think most people know

0:10:35.400,0:10:36.468
how to do that?

0:10:36.469,0:10:37.203
>> In the last couple of

0:10:37.202,0:10:39.105
years, we engaged with Health

0:10:39.105,0:10:42.508
Canada on a campaign called

0:10:42.508,0:10:43.942
the nutrition facts education

0:10:43.942,0:10:48.146
campaign in large part as a

0:10:48.147,0:10:50.383
commitment to help Canadians

0:10:50.383,0:10:51.850
understand how to go into the

0:10:51.850,0:10:53.085
grocery store and make

0:10:53.085,0:10:54.487
informed choices.

0:10:54.486,0:10:55.453
>> Gillian: But surely there

0:10:55.453,0:10:56.888
is a way to warn people who

0:10:56.889,0:10:58.456
might be interested in this

0:10:58.456,0:11:01.226
that a cup of this, of this

0:11:01.226,0:11:02.495
soup, brings you

0:11:02.495,0:11:04.129
three-and-a-half teaspoons of

0:11:04.129,0:11:08.033
sugar.

0:11:08.033,0:11:10.568
>> To what end though?

0:11:10.568,0:11:11.403
>> Gillian: Well, if they have

0:11:11.403,0:11:12.504
decided that as part of their

0:11:12.504,0:11:13.605
healthy diet they want to eat

0:11:13.605,0:11:15.740
less sugar.

0:11:15.740,0:11:19.444
>> Well, let me see.

0:11:19.445,0:11:20.780
Then they would use this same

0:11:20.779,0:11:25.350
label.

0:11:25.350,0:11:26.118
>> Gillian: The only

0:11:26.118,0:11:27.186
information on the label is 14

0:11:27.186,0:11:30.690
grams of sugar in half a cup.

0:11:30.690,0:11:34.393
Do you know what that means?

0:11:35.027,0:11:35.795
You shouldn't have to be a

0:11:35.794,0:11:36.928
dietitian to figure out how

0:11:36.928,0:11:38.129
much added sugar you're

0:11:38.129,0:11:40.599
eating, but it helps.

0:11:40.599,0:11:41.634
Jaclyn Pritchard has added up

0:11:41.634,0:11:43.235
all the sugar Jonathon eats in

0:11:43.235,0:11:44.736
a week.

0:11:44.736,0:11:46.404
It's pretty scary.

0:11:46.404,0:11:47.405
>> This is your week's worth

0:11:47.405,0:11:49.040
of sugar intake then.

0:11:49.041,0:11:52.211
So this is equivalent to 245

0:11:52.211,0:11:54.779
teaspoons of sugar.

0:11:54.779,0:11:57.850
>> That's a lot of sugar.

0:11:57.850,0:11:58.551
>> Gillian: When we come

0:11:58.551,0:11:59.518
back, what all that excess

0:11:59.518,0:12:03.923
sugar might be leading to.

0:12:05.124,0:12:14.567
(♪♪♪)

0:12:18.770,0:12:20.805
(♪♪♪)

0:12:20.806,0:12:25.578
>> That's two grams of sugar.

0:12:25.577,0:12:26.478
>> Gillian: Having discovered

0:12:26.479,0:12:27.379
just how much sugar is in

0:12:27.379,0:12:29.181
their food, the Breedon family

0:12:29.181,0:12:30.549
is on a purge.

0:12:30.548,0:12:31.716
>> Okay, the Kraft Zesty

0:12:31.716,0:12:33.619
Italian has one gram of sugar

0:12:33.619,0:12:35.553
in this one...

0:12:35.553,0:12:36.521
>> Gillian: They're still

0:12:36.522,0:12:37.757
surprised at the kinds of

0:12:37.756,0:12:40.692
Products that contain sugar.

0:12:40.692,0:12:42.461
But they're also determined,

0:12:42.461,0:12:45.498
all of it, out it goes.

0:12:45.498,0:12:46.465
Of course, they still have

0:12:46.465,0:12:47.700
to eat.

0:12:47.700,0:12:48.533
So to help them learn about

0:12:48.533,0:12:50.668
life beyond processed foods,

0:12:50.668,0:12:52.203
we've made them a deal.

0:12:52.203,0:12:53.505
For three weeks we'll provide

0:12:53.505,0:12:54.839
all of their meals

0:12:54.840,0:12:56.375
professionally made without

0:12:56.375,0:12:58.177
any added sugar.

0:12:58.177,0:12:59.945
They'll stick to the diet and

0:12:59.945,0:13:03.081
submit to medical tests.

0:13:03.081,0:13:03.816
>> Lucky Charms ain't so lucky

0:13:03.816,0:13:06.819
any more.

0:13:12.124,0:13:12.925
>> Gillian: They're only in

0:13:12.924,0:13:13.892
their mid-twenties but

0:13:13.893,0:13:15.261
according to medical standards

0:13:15.260,0:13:16.961
both Jonathon and Anna are

0:13:16.961,0:13:19.431
technically obese.

0:13:19.431,0:13:20.633
Five-year-old Ruby is hovering

0:13:20.633,0:13:25.004
on the edge.

0:13:25.004,0:13:26.538
We started our experiment by

0:13:26.538,0:13:27.505
having their blood

0:13:27.505,0:13:29.073
tested and analyzed by

0:13:29.073,0:13:30.475
obesity specialist, Dr. Dan

0:13:30.475,0:13:32.812
Flanders.

0:13:32.812,0:13:33.611
The family, he says, is

0:13:33.611,0:13:35.514
heading for trouble.

0:13:35.514,0:13:36.615
>> Looking at these results,

0:13:36.615,0:13:38.116
I would say that I'm very

0:13:38.116,0:13:39.350
concerned.

0:13:39.350,0:13:40.552
Quite frankly, if they don't

0:13:40.552,0:13:42.520
make meaningful change to

0:13:42.520,0:13:44.455
their lifestyle relatively

0:13:44.456,0:13:48.027
soon, there's a higher chance

0:13:48.027,0:13:50.496
that they're heading for a

0:13:50.495,0:13:53.399
life of lousy quality of life

0:13:53.399,0:13:56.836
and early death.

0:13:56.836,0:13:57.802
>> Gillian: Like most of us,

0:13:57.802,0:13:59.638
getting fatter and sicker,

0:13:59.638,0:14:00.739
the Breedon's might be

0:14:00.739,0:14:01.907
forgiven their nutritional

0:14:01.907,0:14:03.242
ignorance.

0:14:03.241,0:14:04.509
But the food industry has

0:14:04.509,0:14:06.110
known, and discussed, links

0:14:06.110,0:14:07.846
between processed food and

0:14:07.846,0:14:11.115
disease for decades.

0:14:15.019,0:14:16.020
It was Minneapolis.

0:14:16.020,0:14:17.722
1999.

0:14:17.722,0:14:18.990
Obesity was only an emerging

0:14:18.990,0:14:20.759
problem back then, when the

0:14:20.759,0:14:22.161
heads of America's biggest

0:14:22.160,0:14:23.628
food companies arrived for a

0:14:23.629,0:14:26.098
rare meeting.

0:14:26.097,0:14:27.131
Among them, the heads of

0:14:27.131,0:14:28.733
Kraft, Nabisco, Nestle,

0:14:28.734,0:14:33.272
Coca-Cola and General Mills.

0:14:34.273,0:14:35.307
>> These are executives, who

0:14:35.307,0:14:36.975
normally are fighting each

0:14:36.975,0:14:39.077
other for space on the grocery

0:14:39.077,0:14:43.448
store.

0:14:43.448,0:14:44.182
They don't get together

0:14:44.182,0:14:45.149
very often.

0:14:45.149,0:14:46.885
But, in '99, they got together

0:14:46.885,0:14:50.622
to talk about obesity.

0:14:50.623,0:14:51.523
>> Gillian: Reporter and

0:14:51.523,0:14:53.259
author Michael Moss.

0:14:53.259,0:14:54.560
He described the Minneapolis

0:14:54.559,0:14:55.760
meeting in his best-selling

0:14:55.760,0:14:58.463
book.

0:14:58.464,0:14:59.632
>> And they had been pulled

0:14:59.631,0:15:02.667
together by a cabal of

0:15:02.668,0:15:04.870
insiders within the industry,

0:15:04.870,0:15:06.238
who had increasingly become

0:15:06.238,0:15:08.407
concerned about, um, both the

0:15:08.407,0:15:11.043
industry's responsibility for,

0:15:11.043,0:15:13.445
and culpability for, being

0:15:13.445,0:15:16.248
blamed for obesity.

0:15:16.248,0:15:17.116
>> Gillian: They gathered at

0:15:17.115,0:15:18.216
the Pillsbury Company

0:15:18.216,0:15:20.184
headquarters, 31st floor.

0:15:20.184,0:15:21.786
The message they got was

0:15:21.787,0:15:24.322
uncompromising.

0:15:24.322,0:15:25.624
And it was delivered by two of

0:15:25.624,0:15:27.793
their own: Michael Mudd, a top

0:15:27.793,0:15:29.928
executive at Kraft, and Jim

0:15:29.928,0:15:31.529
Hill a leading nutrition

0:15:31.529,0:15:33.399
researcher.

0:15:33.399,0:15:34.600
In a slide presentation

0:15:34.600,0:15:36.067
obtained by the Fifth estate

0:15:36.067,0:15:37.369
the two men gave it to the

0:15:37.369,0:15:39.939
bosses straight.

0:15:39.938,0:15:42.206
>> A national epidemic.

0:15:42.206,0:15:42.942
>> Gillian: There were too

0:15:42.942,0:15:43.975
many warnings Mudd told

0:15:43.975,0:15:45.210
them, before drawing a

0:15:45.210,0:15:46.745
parallel designed to make them

0:15:46.745,0:15:48.212
uncomfortable.

0:15:48.212,0:15:50.081
Tobacco companies had recently

0:15:50.081,0:15:51.817
settled a massive lawsuit in

0:15:51.817,0:15:53.485
face of evidence their product

0:15:53.485,0:15:55.120
caused disease.

0:15:55.120,0:15:56.087
Did the food industry, he

0:15:56.087,0:15:59.991
asked, want to be next?

0:15:59.991,0:16:00.725
>> If anyone in the food

0:16:00.725,0:16:02.094
industry ever doubted there

0:16:02.094,0:16:03.996
was a slippery slope out

0:16:03.995,0:16:05.864
there, I imagine that they're

0:16:05.864,0:16:07.932
beginning distinct sliding

0:16:07.932,0:16:11.602
sensation right about now.

0:16:11.602,0:16:12.570
>> Gillian: Graphics drove

0:16:12.571,0:16:13.839
home the point.

0:16:13.839,0:16:16.141
Maps showing obesity rates

0:16:16.140,0:16:17.909
rising and spreading across

0:16:17.909,0:16:21.245
the country like a rash.

0:16:21.245,0:16:22.180
>> What are the health

0:16:22.181,0:16:24.350
implications of all this?

0:16:24.350,0:16:25.683
Studies show that obese

0:16:25.683,0:16:27.019
individuals are at a higher

0:16:27.019,0:16:28.519
risk of developing chronic

0:16:28.519,0:16:30.555
diseases such as diabetes,

0:16:30.556,0:16:33.658
heart disease, hypertension

0:16:33.658,0:16:36.095
and cancer.

0:16:36.095,0:16:36.995
>> Gillian: Topping the list

0:16:36.995,0:16:38.896
of contributing factors: The

0:16:38.897,0:16:40.632
ubiquity of inexpensive,

0:16:40.631,0:16:42.667
good-tasting, super-sized,

0:16:42.668,0:16:44.903
energy-dense foods.

0:16:44.903,0:16:46.437
In other words, the very foods

0:16:46.437,0:16:48.307
the C.E.O.s were in charge of

0:16:48.307,0:16:50.341
selling.

0:16:50.341,0:16:51.210
The two men were hoping for

0:16:51.210,0:16:52.644
money to study the link

0:16:52.644,0:16:54.645
between food and obesity.

0:16:54.645,0:16:55.747
Instead they got a

0:16:55.748,0:16:57.483
tongue-lashing, starting with

0:16:57.482,0:16:59.317
Stephen Sanger, the head of

0:16:59.317,0:17:01.120
General Mills.

0:17:01.120,0:17:02.421
>> He was rather furious at

0:17:02.421,0:17:05.657
Mudd for bringing this to them

0:17:05.656,0:17:06.891
and blaming them for this, and

0:17:06.892,0:17:09.928
his defence was, "Look, we

0:17:09.928,0:17:12.498
already offer consumers a

0:17:12.498,0:17:13.664
choice.

0:17:13.664,0:17:15.867
If they want low fat this or

0:17:15.867,0:17:18.770
low sugar that, we have those

0:17:18.770,0:17:21.240
products in the grocery store.

0:17:21.240,0:17:22.941
We feel we're already being

0:17:22.941,0:17:25.877
responsible, both to consumers

0:17:25.877,0:17:28.012
from a health perspective, um,

0:17:28.012,0:17:30.915
but also to Wall Street.

0:17:30.915,0:17:31.916
>> Gillian: In other words,

0:17:31.916,0:17:34.019
they didn't want to know.

0:17:34.019,0:17:35.421
Now, it's one thing to silence

0:17:35.421,0:17:36.755
troublesome voices in their

0:17:36.755,0:17:37.956
own companies.

0:17:37.955,0:17:39.023
Michael Mudd eventually left

0:17:39.023,0:17:40.291
the food industry out of

0:17:40.291,0:17:41.626
frustration.

0:17:41.626,0:17:42.994
But the people who profit from

0:17:42.994,0:17:44.662
sugar have proven themselves

0:17:44.663,0:17:46.464
very adept at crushing

0:17:46.464,0:17:48.766
dissenting voices everywhere,

0:17:48.767,0:17:50.235
including in the halls of

0:17:50.234,0:17:53.538
science.

0:17:56.942,0:17:57.910
>> In front of us day by day

0:17:57.910,0:18:01.180
are increasingly more and more

0:18:01.180,0:18:02.847
very tempting foods.

0:18:02.847,0:18:04.148
>> Gillian: His name was John

0:18:04.148,0:18:06.551
Yudkin, a British nutritionist

0:18:06.551,0:18:08.920
who in 1972 wrote a book the

0:18:08.921,0:18:12.124
sugar industry did not like.

0:18:12.124,0:18:14.259
"Pure White and Deadly" was a

0:18:14.259,0:18:15.861
culmination of decades of

0:18:15.861,0:18:16.929
research, according to his son

0:18:16.929,0:18:18.797
Michael, that led Yudkin to

0:18:18.797,0:18:20.132
what were then controversial

0:18:20.132,0:18:22.701
conclusions.

0:18:22.701,0:18:24.635
>> He started to wonder and

0:18:24.635,0:18:26.672
late in the 1950s whether

0:18:26.672,0:18:28.273
sugar might be a culprit in

0:18:28.272,0:18:31.375
the increase in heart disease.

0:18:31.375,0:18:32.376
>> Gillian: More significant

0:18:32.376,0:18:33.311
than fat, which was the

0:18:33.311,0:18:34.545
prevailing opinion at the time?

0:18:34.546,0:18:35.413
>> Certainly more significant

0:18:35.413,0:18:36.381
than fat, certainly more

0:18:36.381,0:18:38.684
significant than fat, but that

0:18:38.683,0:18:41.487
sugar was also involved in a

0:18:41.487,0:18:43.122
number of other undesirable

0:18:43.122,0:18:44.456
conditions, particularly

0:18:44.455,0:18:48.292
diabetes and obesity.

0:18:48.292,0:18:49.227
>> Gillian: That thesis soon

0:18:49.228,0:18:50.629
put Yudkin in direct conflict

0:18:50.628,0:18:52.630
with big sugar's biggest

0:18:52.631,0:18:53.899
apologist.

0:18:53.898,0:18:54.899
This man, American

0:18:54.900,0:18:57.669
nutritionist, Ancel Keyes.

0:18:57.669,0:18:59.071
Keyes would later be exposed

0:18:59.070,0:19:00.505
as having been funded by the

0:19:00.506,0:19:02.541
industry, but not before he

0:19:02.540,0:19:04.009
helped destroy John Yudkin's

0:19:04.009,0:19:07.445
reputation.

0:19:07.445,0:19:09.113
>> And as early as the 1950s

0:19:09.114,0:19:10.949
he had started producing

0:19:10.949,0:19:13.818
publications suggesting that

0:19:13.818,0:19:15.787
dietary fat was a problem.

0:19:15.787,0:19:16.755
>> Gillian: Award winning

0:19:16.755,0:19:18.657
science writer and author Gary

0:19:18.656,0:19:20.625
Taubes.

0:19:20.625,0:19:22.059
>> Keyes successfully managed

0:19:22.059,0:19:23.895
to taint Yudkin with this smell

0:19:23.895,0:19:26.130
of quackery.

0:19:26.131,0:19:27.099
And then on in, anyone else for

0:19:27.098,0:19:29.134
the next 20, 30 years who did

0:19:29.134,0:19:31.803
research on sugar was accused

0:19:31.803,0:19:33.539
of being just like Yudkin.

0:19:33.538,0:19:34.573
>> There was a systematic

0:19:34.573,0:19:37.643
campaign to discredit or

0:19:37.643,0:19:39.944
ignore his work.

0:19:39.944,0:19:40.678
>> Because of the actions of

0:19:40.679,0:19:42.514
the sugar industry in the 70s

0:19:42.513,0:19:43.414
virtually no research was

0:19:43.414,0:19:44.582
funded.

0:19:44.583,0:19:45.684
You have this idea that if you

0:19:45.683,0:19:46.751
study sugar, you're just like

0:19:46.751,0:19:48.653
Yudkin and he was a quack.

0:19:48.653,0:19:49.421
>> Gillian: But that's

0:19:49.421,0:19:50.221
remarkable.

0:19:50.221,0:19:51.155
I mean, what you're saying is

0:19:51.155,0:19:52.191
scientific investigation into

0:19:52.191,0:19:53.592
the link between sugar and

0:19:53.592,0:19:56.195
disease ground to a halt?

0:19:56.194,0:19:59.030
>> It ground to a halt.

0:20:00.265,0:20:01.099
>> Gillian: When we return,

0:20:01.098,0:20:05.136
the science is back.

0:20:05.136,0:20:06.003
What happens when you take

0:20:06.003,0:20:07.738
healthy students and feed them

0:20:07.739,0:20:09.740
too much sugar?

0:20:10.741,0:20:16.480
(♪♪♪)

0:20:27.558,0:20:29.327
(♪♪♪)

0:20:29.327,0:20:30.295
>> Gillian: It's week one of

0:20:30.295,0:20:31.596
"The Fifth Estate" Sugar

0:20:31.596,0:20:33.131
Challenge.

0:20:33.131,0:20:33.932
>> Just look at recipes that

0:20:33.932,0:20:35.834
actually help reduce the sugar

0:20:35.834,0:20:36.935
in your diets.

0:20:36.934,0:20:37.836
>> Gillian: And the Breedons

0:20:37.836,0:20:40.271
are getting a cooking lesson.

0:20:40.271,0:20:41.606
Chef James Smith is teaching

0:20:41.606,0:20:43.608
that real food, all the fruits

0:20:43.608,0:20:45.276
and vegetables and grains of a

0:20:45.277,0:20:47.846
healthy diet, can also be fast

0:20:47.846,0:20:49.881
and delicious, without any

0:20:49.881,0:20:52.050
added sugar at all.

0:20:52.049,0:20:52.951
>> They use specific

0:20:52.951,0:20:54.286
ingredients that will change

0:20:54.286,0:20:55.754
up and that will lower the

0:20:55.753,0:20:56.821
sugar and lower the processed

0:20:56.821,0:20:58.689
foods in your diet.

0:20:58.690,0:20:59.557
>> Gillian: And that may prove

0:20:59.557,0:21:00.692
a good thing, because after

0:21:00.692,0:21:02.260
decades of silence there is

0:21:02.260,0:21:03.628
new scientific research

0:21:03.628,0:21:05.930
linking sugar to all kinds of

0:21:05.931,0:21:08.799
chronic disease.

0:21:09.934,0:21:12.937
(wind blowing)

0:21:13.904,0:21:14.839
>> Gillian: Jonathan's blood

0:21:14.839,0:21:16.107
work suggests he may be on the

0:21:16.107,0:21:17.275
verge of getting one.

0:21:17.276,0:21:20.479
Dr. Dan Flanders.

0:21:20.479,0:21:21.980
>> His results suggest that

0:21:21.980,0:21:24.016
he's pre-diabetic.

0:21:24.016,0:21:25.984
That his levels have been high

0:21:25.983,0:21:27.618
and that if we don't make some

0:21:27.618,0:21:29.353
changes to his lifestyle soon,

0:21:29.354,0:21:32.223
diabetes is coming.

0:21:32.223,0:21:32.990
>> Gillian: Today in North

0:21:32.990,0:21:34.660
America it's estimated more

0:21:34.660,0:21:36.728
than 100 million people are

0:21:36.728,0:21:39.664
diabetic or pre-diabetic.

0:21:39.664,0:21:41.365
Dr Robert Lustig is quite sure

0:21:41.365,0:21:43.335
he knows why.

0:21:43.335,0:21:44.236
>> So I can actually

0:21:44.236,0:21:45.937
categorically say to you that

0:21:45.936,0:21:48.472
sugar is the proximate cause

0:21:48.472,0:21:51.542
of diabetes worldwide and we

0:21:51.542,0:21:53.611
have hard and fast data to

0:21:53.612,0:21:55.314
show that.

0:21:55.314,0:21:56.281
>> Gillian: His data come from

0:21:56.280,0:21:57.715
his own study, done over a

0:21:57.715,0:21:59.950
decade, comparing diabetes

0:21:59.951,0:22:02.854
rates in 175 countries with

0:22:02.854,0:22:04.956
peoples' diets.

0:22:04.955,0:22:05.790
>> And we asked the question:

0:22:05.790,0:22:08.025
When you adjust for all of

0:22:08.026,0:22:09.494
the factors that we know are

0:22:09.493,0:22:11.896
relevant, what about the food

0:22:11.896,0:22:13.631
supply predicts diabetes

0:22:13.632,0:22:15.933
rates, worldwide?

0:22:15.933,0:22:19.837
Answer: Sugar.

0:22:19.837,0:22:22.973
And only sugar.

0:22:22.973,0:22:23.674
>> These studies are generally

0:22:23.674,0:22:24.576
considered a weak level of

0:22:24.576,0:22:25.477
evidence.

0:22:25.477,0:22:26.244
A lot of other things have

0:22:26.243,0:22:28.012
happened at the same time.

0:22:28.012,0:22:28.879
>> Gillian: Toronto researcher

0:22:28.880,0:22:31.316
Dr. John Sievenpiper.

0:22:31.316,0:22:32.718
He argues Lustig's methodology

0:22:32.718,0:22:36.021
is seriously flawed.

0:22:36.020,0:22:37.556
>> Methodologists would tell

0:22:37.556,0:22:39.157
you there's a lot of potential

0:22:39.156,0:22:39.957
bias, I could give you one

0:22:39.958,0:22:40.759
example.

0:22:40.759,0:22:42.193
Over the same time as sugar

0:22:42.193,0:22:42.993
has gone up, so has bottled

0:22:42.993,0:22:44.295
water, but there's no real

0:22:44.296,0:22:45.864
biological plausibility in the

0:22:45.864,0:22:47.365
link between bottled water and

0:22:47.365,0:22:48.532
overweight and obesity.

0:22:48.532,0:22:49.567
So it's not a, I don't think,

0:22:49.567,0:22:51.470
a sound finding.

0:22:51.470,0:22:52.837
But we have to be careful in

0:22:52.837,0:22:53.704
putting too much of the

0:22:53.704,0:22:54.740
biological plausibility in

0:22:54.740,0:22:55.941
wanting to believe patterns

0:22:55.941,0:22:57.509
that we see.

0:22:57.509,0:22:58.309
>> Gillian: His point is it's

0:22:58.309,0:22:59.477
hard to know what causes

0:22:59.478,0:23:00.512
diseases.

0:23:00.511,0:23:01.812
And ethically can't induce it

0:23:01.813,0:23:03.415
to find out.

0:23:03.414,0:23:05.416
But you can test for markers,

0:23:05.416,0:23:06.951
warning signs that disease may

0:23:06.951,0:23:08.353
be coming.

0:23:08.353,0:23:09.254
And that's what they're doing

0:23:09.253,0:23:10.355
here, at the University of

0:23:10.355,0:23:13.357
California at Davis.

0:23:13.424,0:23:15.659
(♪♪♪)

0:23:15.660,0:23:22.067
(wind blowing)

0:23:22.067,0:23:22.968
>> Gillian: In this lab,

0:23:22.968,0:23:25.202
students are the guinea pigs.

0:23:25.202,0:23:26.137
The scientists are feeding

0:23:26.137,0:23:27.772
them sugar to figure out if it

0:23:27.772,0:23:29.240
raises the markers for heart

0:23:29.240,0:23:32.676
disease.

0:23:32.676,0:23:34.478
That drink contains 25 percent

0:23:34.479,0:23:36.213
of her daily calories, as high

0:23:36.213,0:23:41.086
fructose corn syrup.

0:23:41.086,0:23:42.586
>> Look at this...

0:23:42.586,0:23:43.521
>> Gillian: Every time they've

0:23:43.521,0:23:44.588
run the test, says Dr. Kimber

0:23:44.588,0:23:46.691
Stanhope, the results have

0:23:46.691,0:23:48.160
been the same.

0:23:48.160,0:23:50.394
>> We saw increases in

0:23:50.394,0:23:53.464
visceral adiposity, that means--

0:23:53.464,0:23:54.398
>> Gillian: What's that?

0:23:54.398,0:23:55.500
>> That's the fat within the

0:23:55.500,0:23:59.336
abdominal region.

0:23:59.336,0:24:00.439
This is the fat surrounding

0:24:00.439,0:24:02.941
the liver and the intestines,

0:24:02.941,0:24:04.308
and the kidney.

0:24:04.308,0:24:06.010
This is the fat that is

0:24:06.010,0:24:07.578
associated with increased risk

0:24:07.578,0:24:09.280
for diabetes and

0:24:09.280,0:24:12.416
cardiovascular disease.

0:24:12.416,0:24:13.518
>> Gillian: The Breedons know

0:24:13.518,0:24:14.586
that fact.

0:24:14.586,0:24:16.221
Anna and Jonathon have already

0:24:16.221,0:24:18.088
been diagnosed as having fatty

0:24:18.088,0:24:19.857
livers, which puts them at

0:24:19.857,0:24:21.525
risk for raised insulin and

0:24:21.526,0:24:23.327
triglyceride levels.

0:24:23.327,0:24:27.432
That's the fat in our blood.

0:24:27.432,0:24:28.467
When Dr. Stanhope tested the

0:24:28.467,0:24:30.001
blood of her college guinea

0:24:30.000,0:24:31.635
pigs, healthy kids with

0:24:31.635,0:24:33.270
healthy livers, she was

0:24:33.270,0:24:34.940
shocked by how quickly they

0:24:34.940,0:24:37.375
saw problems.

0:24:37.375,0:24:40.612
>> We definitely in two weeks

0:24:40.612,0:24:43.014
see increases in the risk

0:24:43.013,0:24:44.548
factors for cardiovascular

0:24:44.548,0:24:46.684
disease in the blood.

0:24:46.684,0:24:47.551
>> Gillian: Just in two weeks?

0:24:47.551,0:24:48.752
>> In two weeks.

0:24:48.752,0:24:49.587
>> Gillian: But those kinds of

0:24:49.587,0:24:50.788
studies don't impress

0:24:50.788,0:24:51.823
everyone.

0:24:51.823,0:24:52.724
After surveying a number

0:24:52.723,0:24:54.192
of studies, including

0:24:54.192,0:24:55.660
Dr. Stanhope's, that look at

0:24:55.660,0:24:57.528
sugar and heart disease,

0:24:57.528,0:25:00.164
John Seivenpiper sees no reason

0:25:00.164,0:25:01.365
for alarm.

0:25:01.365,0:25:02.701
>> What we find when we look

0:25:02.701,0:25:04.336
at those trials very carefully

0:25:04.336,0:25:05.804
is that as long as you match

0:25:05.804,0:25:07.639
for calories, fructose does

0:25:07.638,0:25:09.573
not behave differently than

0:25:09.574,0:25:11.009
does any other form of

0:25:11.009,0:25:12.911
carbohydrate, namely starches

0:25:12.911,0:25:13.945
or refined starches and

0:25:13.944,0:25:14.512
glucose.

0:25:14.512,0:25:15.212
Now, that's not to say that

0:25:15.212,0:25:16.347
they're benign, because I

0:25:16.347,0:25:17.081
don't think we should be

0:25:17.082,0:25:17.816
having a lot of refined

0:25:17.816,0:25:18.616
starches or glucose.

0:25:18.616,0:25:19.584
But it's not behaving any

0:25:19.584,0:25:22.053
differently.

0:25:22.053,0:25:22.787
>> Gillian: Stanhope can't

0:25:22.787,0:25:24.890
speak to the other studies but

0:25:24.890,0:25:26.391
says she tested for all kinds

0:25:26.391,0:25:27.993
of things, and it was only the

0:25:27.992,0:25:29.461
fructose that caused the

0:25:29.461,0:25:31.663
problems.

0:25:31.663,0:25:35.032
>> If I had results as strong

0:25:35.032,0:25:38.102
with regard to a food

0:25:38.103,0:25:40.272
additive, a brand new food

0:25:40.271,0:25:42.206
additive and then I started

0:25:42.207,0:25:43.842
producing these results, they

0:25:43.842,0:25:45.043
would -- that additive would

0:25:45.042,0:25:47.778
get pulled pretty quickly.

0:25:47.778,0:25:48.413
>> Gillian: That's how strong

0:25:48.413,0:25:49.146
these results are?

0:25:49.146,0:25:50.615
>> I think they are.

0:25:50.615,0:25:53.218
(wind blowing)

0:25:53.218,0:25:54.019
>> Gillian: In the world of

0:25:54.019,0:25:56.186
cancer research, Lewis Cantley

0:25:56.186,0:25:57.821
is a rockstar.

0:25:57.821,0:25:58.989
Five years ago the Cornell

0:25:58.990,0:26:00.659
University professor was

0:26:00.659,0:26:02.727
chosen to head a scientific

0:26:02.727,0:26:03.995
dream team.

0:26:03.994,0:26:05.096
A group of America's top

0:26:05.096,0:26:06.798
cancer specialists brought

0:26:06.798,0:26:08.465
together to supercharge the

0:26:08.465,0:26:10.868
search for a cure.

0:26:10.868,0:26:11.936
His findings may not be

0:26:11.936,0:26:13.671
embraced by everyone but in

0:26:13.672,0:26:15.539
the cancer world, when Cantley

0:26:15.539,0:26:18.276
talks, people listen.

0:26:18.276,0:26:19.244
>> Gillian: Let me ask then,

0:26:19.243,0:26:22.413
do you believe that sugar

0:26:22.413,0:26:25.750
consumption causes cancer?

0:26:25.750,0:26:26.785
>> I think yes.

0:26:26.785,0:26:28.320
I think that eating too much

0:26:28.319,0:26:30.989
sugar can definitely increase

0:26:30.989,0:26:32.723
the probability of cancer, and

0:26:32.723,0:26:34.925
also make the outcome of

0:26:34.925,0:26:35.961
people who already have

0:26:35.961,0:26:38.930
cancer, uh, worse.

0:26:38.930,0:26:39.998
>> Gillian: So how?

0:26:39.998,0:26:41.432
Well, let's review what sugar

0:26:41.432,0:26:42.800
is made of: One molecule

0:26:42.800,0:26:45.336
glucose and one fructose.

0:26:45.336,0:26:46.371
We know that when there's too

0:26:46.371,0:26:48.306
much fructose in the liver, it

0:26:48.306,0:26:50.642
sets off a chain reaction.

0:26:50.642,0:26:52.009
The pancreas produces more

0:26:52.009,0:26:53.411
insulin.

0:26:53.411,0:26:54.746
What Cantley now believes is

0:26:54.746,0:26:56.615
that excess insulin changes

0:26:56.615,0:26:58.682
cancer tumours, telling them to

0:26:58.682,0:27:02.319
gobble up the glucose.

0:27:02.319,0:27:03.922
>> What we're now learning is

0:27:03.922,0:27:06.357
that some of the cancers,

0:27:06.357,0:27:07.358
particularly those cancers

0:27:07.358,0:27:09.259
that correlate with obesity

0:27:09.259,0:27:11.363
and diabetes, often have

0:27:11.363,0:27:13.198
insulin receptor on the cancer

0:27:13.198,0:27:14.466
cell.

0:27:14.465,0:27:15.866
The tumour, by expressing the

0:27:15.866,0:27:17.568
insulin receptor, tricks the

0:27:17.568,0:27:18.802
glucose into going into the

0:27:18.803,0:27:20.639
tumour, rather than the muscle

0:27:20.638,0:27:21.639
and fat.

0:27:21.640,0:27:22.907
And as a consequence, the

0:27:22.906,0:27:24.608
tumour can use that glucose as

0:27:24.608,0:27:28.045
a fuel to grow.

0:27:28.546,0:27:29.447
>> Gillian: So if sugar can

0:27:29.446,0:27:30.948
fuel existing tumours and make

0:27:30.949,0:27:33.018
them grow, can it also cause

0:27:33.018,0:27:34.451
tumours to form in the first

0:27:34.451,0:27:36.186
place?

0:27:36.186,0:27:37.154
The science on that isn't as

0:27:37.154,0:27:38.490
clear.

0:27:38.490,0:27:39.423
Yet.

0:27:39.423,0:27:40.392
But Cantley is taking no

0:27:40.392,0:27:42.059
chances.

0:27:42.059,0:27:42.993
>> It scares me, yes, I think

0:27:42.993,0:27:45.829
if definitely -- I don't, you

0:27:45.829,0:27:48.232
know, I will eat fruit, fruit

0:27:48.232,0:27:50.434
has sugar in it obviously.

0:27:50.434,0:27:52.002
Uh, but if I can avoid any

0:27:52.002,0:27:54.071
sugar at all, and any drinks

0:27:54.071,0:27:55.806
that I drink, or foods, I try

0:27:55.807,0:27:57.041
to avoid processed foods,

0:27:57.041,0:27:58.042
'cause it's hard to find one

0:27:58.042,0:28:00.678
that doesn't have sugar in it.

0:28:00.679,0:28:02.313
I certainly avoid sugar when I

0:28:02.313,0:28:03.948
can.

0:28:05.083,0:28:08.119
(wind blowing)

0:28:08.118,0:28:08.852
>> Gillian: One of the

0:28:08.853,0:28:09.888
criticisms of the anti-sugar

0:28:09.887,0:28:11.088
scientist is that too much of

0:28:11.088,0:28:12.923
their "evidence" comes from

0:28:12.923,0:28:15.859
animals, not humans.

0:28:15.859,0:28:16.927
That said, here at Brown

0:28:16.928,0:28:18.663
University in Rhode Island

0:28:18.663,0:28:19.798
they're doing studies they

0:28:19.798,0:28:21.066
think should make a lot of

0:28:21.066,0:28:25.036
humans nervous.

0:28:25.036,0:28:27.172
This rat is perfectly healthy.

0:28:27.172,0:28:28.273
put him in a vat of water and

0:28:28.272,0:28:30.107
he finds his way to safety,

0:28:30.107,0:28:33.144
every time.

0:28:33.144,0:28:36.914
>> 5.2.

0:28:36.914,0:28:37.781
>> Gillian: Now, look at this

0:28:37.781,0:28:39.483
guy.

0:28:39.483,0:28:40.518
What he's been eating is the

0:28:40.518,0:28:42.019
equivalent of a North American

0:28:42.019,0:28:43.555
diet, complete with all the

0:28:43.555,0:28:45.623
fats and sugars we regularly

0:28:45.623,0:28:48.259
consume.

0:28:48.259,0:28:50.428
he doesn't know where to go.

0:28:50.428,0:28:54.099
his brain has been damaged.

0:28:54.098,0:28:54.999
>> These rats were totally

0:28:54.999,0:28:57.302
normal, and then they turned

0:28:57.301,0:29:00.838
into demented animals.

0:29:00.838,0:29:02.272
They don't remember they're

0:29:02.272,0:29:05.142
learning after even a day.

0:29:05.143,0:29:07.211
And as the challenge gets

0:29:07.211,0:29:08.712
harder and harder, they fail

0:29:08.712,0:29:10.280
more and more, just like a

0:29:10.280,0:29:11.482
human with Alzheimer's

0:29:11.482,0:29:13.717
disease.

0:29:13.718,0:29:16.587
>> 36.2.

0:29:16.587,0:29:17.355
>> Gillian: In this lab the

0:29:17.355,0:29:18.623
belief now is that Alzheimer's

0:29:18.623,0:29:20.458
is really diabetes of the

0:29:20.458,0:29:22.293
brain, linked to insulin

0:29:22.292,0:29:24.094
levels which can be affected

0:29:24.095,0:29:26.264
by too much sugar.

0:29:26.263,0:29:28.065
Professor Suzanne Delamonte.

0:29:28.066,0:29:29.733
>> Insulin resistance, we now

0:29:29.733,0:29:32.169
know, can occur in any organ.

0:29:32.170,0:29:35.140
It can occur in the muscles.

0:29:35.140,0:29:36.608
that's what diabetes is.

0:29:36.607,0:29:37.975
It can occur in the liver,

0:29:37.976,0:29:38.810
that causes fatty liver

0:29:38.809,0:29:39.943
disease.

0:29:39.943,0:29:41.613
It can occur in the ovaries,

0:29:41.613,0:29:42.514
that's polycystic ovary

0:29:42.513,0:29:43.914
disease.

0:29:43.914,0:29:45.783
And it can occur in the brain,

0:29:45.784,0:29:46.484
and we think that's

0:29:46.483,0:29:47.818
Alzheimer's.

0:29:47.818,0:29:48.619
>> Gillian: Now it's important

0:29:48.619,0:29:49.753
to remember that none of this

0:29:49.753,0:29:51.121
research represents the

0:29:51.122,0:29:53.091
scientific main stream.

0:29:53.090,0:29:54.692
The case against sugar has not

0:29:54.692,0:29:56.493
been proven.

0:29:56.493,0:29:57.728
Associations on both sides of

0:29:57.729,0:29:59.831
the border for Alzheimer's,

0:29:59.830,0:30:02.000
cancer, diabetes, including

0:30:02.000,0:30:04.402
Health Canada and the FDA

0:30:04.402,0:30:05.670
they all know about this

0:30:05.670,0:30:07.337
research and yet but none of

0:30:07.337,0:30:08.572
them are warning about links

0:30:08.573,0:30:11.209
between sugar and disease.

0:30:11.209,0:30:12.777
But there is one important

0:30:12.777,0:30:14.211
group that is raising the

0:30:14.211,0:30:15.980
alarm.

0:30:15.980,0:30:18.048
The American heart association

0:30:18.048,0:30:19.683
now recommends that people cut

0:30:19.683,0:30:21.752
back on added sugar,

0:30:21.752,0:30:23.387
dramatically.

0:30:23.387,0:30:24.489
Women should have no more than

0:30:24.489,0:30:26.457
6 teaspoons a day.

0:30:26.457,0:30:28.826
Men 9.

0:30:28.826,0:30:30.161
Don't forget the total sugar

0:30:30.161,0:30:31.629
intake in this country per

0:30:31.628,0:30:37.434
person is 26 teaspoons a day.

0:30:37.434,0:30:38.569
And yet, the Canadian food

0:30:38.569,0:30:42.339
industry remains unimpressed.

0:30:42.339,0:30:43.374
>> We've talked to people who

0:30:43.374,0:30:45.009
are quite convinced that there

0:30:45.009,0:30:46.310
is a relationship, a

0:30:46.310,0:30:48.879
correlation, between sugar and

0:30:48.880,0:30:51.382
diabetes and heart disease,

0:30:51.382,0:30:55.286
cancer, dementia.

0:30:55.286,0:30:56.387
What happens if those people

0:30:56.386,0:30:58.722
are right?

0:30:58.722,0:31:00.959
>> Uh, at this point in time,

0:31:00.959,0:31:02.326
I'm comfortable saying that

0:31:02.326,0:31:04.394
the science just isn't there

0:31:04.394,0:31:05.930
to support a role in chronic

0:31:05.930,0:31:07.332
disease.

0:31:07.332,0:31:08.333
>> Gillian: When we come

0:31:08.333,0:31:09.567
back, government goes on the

0:31:09.567,0:31:10.868
attack.

0:31:10.868,0:31:11.802
>> If your kids drink one

0:31:11.803,0:31:13.137
bottle of soda a day they're

0:31:13.136,0:31:14.438
eating the equivalent of 50

0:31:14.439,0:31:16.040
pounds of sugar a year, the

0:31:16.039,0:31:17.307
equivalent of 50 pounds of

0:31:17.307,0:31:19.943
sugar from just one soda a day.

0:31:19.943,0:31:20.912
>> Gillian: And big sugar

0:31:20.912,0:31:23.514
strikes back.

0:31:23.513,0:31:26.850
(♪♪♪)

0:31:26.851,0:31:27.685
>> Everywhere you turn

0:31:27.684,0:31:28.619
somebody is telling us what we

0:31:28.619,0:31:29.987
can't eat.

0:31:29.988,0:31:31.990
(♪♪♪)

0:31:38.997,0:31:41.733
(♪♪♪)

0:31:41.732,0:31:42.567
>> Gillian: World wide,

0:31:42.567,0:31:43.701
there are few industries more

0:31:43.701,0:31:45.103
powerful than the processed

0:31:45.103,0:31:46.938
food industry, or the sugar

0:31:46.938,0:31:49.307
industry that feeds it.

0:31:49.307,0:31:50.942
And yet for all their power,

0:31:50.942,0:31:52.343
we know remarkably little

0:31:52.343,0:31:55.346
about how they work.

0:31:57.981,0:31:59.216
Cristen Couzens is determined

0:31:59.217,0:32:01.119
to change that.

0:32:01.118,0:32:02.252
As a community care dentist in

0:32:02.252,0:32:04.221
Colorado she'd always been

0:32:04.221,0:32:06.456
interested in sugar, but it

0:32:06.457,0:32:07.692
wasn't until she unearthed a

0:32:07.692,0:32:09.294
stash of documents from a

0:32:09.294,0:32:10.495
sugar company that had gone

0:32:10.494,0:32:12.462
out of business, that she got

0:32:12.462,0:32:14.432
a peek into a very secretive

0:32:14.432,0:32:16.000
world.

0:32:16.000,0:32:17.801
>> The first folder that I

0:32:17.801,0:32:22.973
pulled out opened up to a memo.

0:32:22.973,0:32:24.041
The blue letterhead of the

0:32:24.041,0:32:25.909
Sugar Association.

0:32:25.910,0:32:26.576
And it had the word

0:32:26.576,0:32:27.912
"confidential" underneath

0:32:27.912,0:32:29.279
the letterhead.

0:32:29.279,0:32:30.815
And I just looked at that and I,

0:32:30.815,0:32:32.182
oh my G-- you know, what have

0:32:32.182,0:32:34.384
I found?

0:32:34.384,0:32:35.486
>> Gillian: What she'd found

0:32:35.486,0:32:37.155
was a directive from the '70s,

0:32:37.154,0:32:38.789
a memo to industry executives

0:32:38.789,0:32:40.157
about a newly published

0:32:40.157,0:32:42.025
scientific white paper; a

0:32:42.026,0:32:43.894
paper that concluded sugar was

0:32:43.894,0:32:48.432
not only safe, but important.

0:32:48.432,0:32:49.467
>> It was clear after reading

0:32:49.467,0:32:51.002
further that the Sugar

0:32:51.001,0:32:53.370
Association had funded this

0:32:53.371,0:32:55.239
white paper called, "Sugar in

0:32:55.239,0:32:56.774
the Diet of Man," and they

0:32:56.773,0:32:58.041
were trying to make it appear

0:32:58.041,0:32:59.076
that it was an independent

0:32:59.076,0:33:02.814
study.

0:33:02.814,0:33:03.548
>> Gillian: Among the more

0:33:03.548,0:33:05.115
than fifteen hundred pages

0:33:05.115,0:33:06.584
she uncovered, there were

0:33:06.584,0:33:08.419
some Canadian ones too.

0:33:08.419,0:33:09.821
An account of a sugar industry

0:33:09.820,0:33:10.988
meeting in the '70s in

0:33:10.989,0:33:13.257
Montreal, that included frank

0:33:13.257,0:33:17.362
talk about heart disease.

0:33:17.362,0:33:18.096
>> The greatest threat to

0:33:18.096,0:33:19.063
sugar consumption is in the

0:33:19.063,0:33:20.898
field of nutrition, it says.

0:33:20.897,0:33:22.299
More particularly in view of

0:33:22.299,0:33:23.667
comments that have been

0:33:23.667,0:33:25.135
recently made on the influence

0:33:25.135,0:33:28.405
of sugar on atherosclerosis.

0:33:28.405,0:33:29.240
>> Gillian: So they were

0:33:29.240,0:33:30.375
worried?

0:33:30.375,0:33:31.642
>> They were worried, as far

0:33:31.642,0:33:34.045
back as 1971.

0:33:34.045,0:33:34.579
>> Gillian: What does that say

0:33:34.578,0:33:38.316
to you?

0:33:38.316,0:33:38.883
>> They've known for a long

0:33:38.883,0:33:40.018
time.

0:33:40.018,0:33:42.019
>> So I took this paper and

0:33:42.019,0:33:43.020
crossed out where it said

0:33:43.020,0:33:45.322
"tobacco" and put in "sugar"

0:33:45.323,0:33:46.990
and looked to see if I could

0:33:46.990,0:33:48.225
find similar tactics that the

0:33:48.226,0:33:52.163
sugar industry was using.

0:33:52.163,0:33:53.030
>> Gillian: Today Couzens is

0:33:53.030,0:33:54.698
pursuing her research at the

0:33:54.699,0:33:56.567
University of California in

0:33:56.567,0:33:58.368
San Francisco.

0:33:58.368,0:33:59.336
And she's doing it under the

0:33:59.336,0:34:00.938
tutelage of someone to whom it

0:34:00.938,0:34:04.342
all sounds familiar.

0:34:04.342,0:34:06.009
>> The amazing thing I learned

0:34:06.009,0:34:08.713
from her was that strategies

0:34:08.713,0:34:10.048
that I thought the tobacco

0:34:10.047,0:34:11.782
companies made up back in the

0:34:11.782,0:34:13.784
50's, actually some of those,

0:34:13.784,0:34:15.185
the sugar people had done even

0:34:15.186,0:34:17.155
before that.

0:34:17.155,0:34:18.089
>> Well, you know now, we have

0:34:18.088,0:34:19.657
83 million pages of history

0:34:19.657,0:34:21.392
documents that's on the

0:34:21.391,0:34:22.527
internet.

0:34:22.527,0:34:23.760
>> Gillian: Stan Glantz is

0:34:23.760,0:34:25.262
famous in litigation circles

0:34:25.262,0:34:26.730
as the man who first

0:34:26.731,0:34:28.399
publicized secret tobacco

0:34:28.398,0:34:30.835
industry documents that proved

0:34:30.835,0:34:32.103
cigarette companies knew their

0:34:32.103,0:34:34.238
product was dangerous.

0:34:34.237,0:34:35.572
In the new sugar documents, he

0:34:35.572,0:34:38.643
sees lots of parallels.

0:34:38.643,0:34:39.911
>> Well, one parallel is just

0:34:39.911,0:34:41.979
trying to undermine science.

0:34:41.978,0:34:43.480
Another one is working to try

0:34:43.481,0:34:45.016
to attack and intimidate

0:34:45.016,0:34:47.718
scientists and others who are

0:34:47.717,0:34:49.953
coming up with results that

0:34:49.954,0:34:51.823
these big corporate interests

0:34:51.822,0:34:53.257
don't like.

0:34:53.257,0:34:54.858
Another one is trying to

0:34:54.858,0:34:58.362
subvert sensible regulation.

0:34:58.362,0:34:59.297
>> Gillian: The sugar industry

0:34:59.297,0:35:00.630
Has decades of practice in

0:35:00.630,0:35:02.266
that.

0:35:02.266,0:35:03.867
In 2003 the world health

0:35:03.867,0:35:05.635
organization in Geneva was

0:35:05.635,0:35:07.704
looking at a resolution

0:35:07.704,0:35:09.106
recommending people reduce

0:35:09.106,0:35:10.875
their sugar intake to just 10

0:35:10.875,0:35:13.143
percent of what they eat.

0:35:13.143,0:35:14.211
It had broad appeal among

0:35:14.211,0:35:16.280
health experts, but then the

0:35:16.280,0:35:19.217
industry weighed in.

0:35:19.217,0:35:20.651
>> The sugar industry went to

0:35:20.650,0:35:23.320
their friends in the US

0:35:23.320,0:35:25.322
congress and they got these

0:35:25.322,0:35:27.757
very influential congressmen

0:35:27.757,0:35:29.159
to write letters and say that

0:35:29.159,0:35:30.560
this is simply unacceptable.

0:35:30.561,0:35:32.096
And in fact, that the US

0:35:32.096,0:35:34.164
would, you know, pull it's

0:35:34.164,0:35:35.532
funding from the World Health

0:35:35.532,0:35:36.967
Organization if this report

0:35:36.967,0:35:38.768
continued.

0:35:38.768,0:35:39.769
>> Gillian: Five months later

0:35:39.769,0:35:41.172
the recommendation quietly

0:35:41.172,0:35:45.275
disappeared.

0:35:45.275,0:35:46.978
Having seen the movie before,

0:35:46.978,0:35:48.713
Stan Glantz says we can't

0:35:48.713,0:35:51.615
afford to let it happen again.

0:35:51.615,0:35:52.983
>> We wouldn't have a tobacco

0:35:52.983,0:35:54.384
epidemic if there wasn't a

0:35:54.385,0:35:55.786
tobacco industry.

0:35:55.786,0:35:57.121
We wouldn't have an obesity

0:35:57.121,0:35:58.889
epidemic if there wasn't an

0:35:58.889,0:36:00.257
industry that was making a lot

0:36:00.257,0:36:01.992
of money selling sugar and fat

0:36:01.992,0:36:04.728
and salt and things like that.

0:36:04.728,0:36:06.663
And to me the bottom line is

0:36:06.664,0:36:08.032
that one of the key disease

0:36:08.032,0:36:09.767
vectors for non-communicable

0:36:09.766,0:36:12.736
diseases is big corporations.

0:36:12.737,0:36:14.438
And I think we're going to

0:36:14.438,0:36:15.806
have to have to get these big

0:36:15.806,0:36:19.543
Corporations under control.

0:36:20.244,0:36:21.045
>> It has become a bit of a

0:36:21.045,0:36:26.983
moral issue, when you see the --

0:36:26.983,0:36:29.219
how far we've come.

0:36:29.219,0:36:30.187
>> Gillian: Bruce Bradley, who

0:36:30.188,0:36:31.689
used to help run a number of

0:36:31.688,0:36:34.558
those corporations, agrees.

0:36:34.559,0:36:35.560
>> This isn't a blip, this

0:36:35.559,0:36:37.061
isn't a minor, oh, we just had

0:36:37.061,0:36:38.796
a minor course correction.

0:36:38.795,0:36:40.764
We're on a completely wrong

0:36:40.764,0:36:42.799
trajectory with our health.

0:36:42.800,0:36:43.367
>> Gillian: What's the answer

0:36:43.367,0:36:44.569
then?

0:36:44.568,0:36:45.570
>> I think the honest answer

0:36:45.570,0:36:48.673
is that we need government to

0:36:48.672,0:36:49.839
step in and to become an

0:36:49.840,0:36:53.010
advocate for consumers.

0:36:53.010,0:36:53.744
>> But sugary drinks are a big

0:36:53.744,0:36:54.512
reason ...

0:36:54.512,0:36:55.446
>> Gillian: But look what's

0:36:55.445,0:36:56.413
happened when governments have

0:36:56.414,0:36:57.648
tried.

0:36:57.648,0:36:58.749
Earlier this year New York

0:36:58.748,0:37:00.451
City passed a law banning

0:37:00.451,0:37:03.286
super-sized sugary drinks.

0:37:03.286,0:37:04.120
>> If your kids drink one

0:37:04.121,0:37:05.523
bottle of soda a day,

0:37:05.523,0:37:06.557
they're eating the equivalent

0:37:06.556,0:37:08.491
of 50 pounds of sugar a year,

0:37:08.492,0:37:09.627
the equivalent of 50 pounds of

0:37:09.626,0:37:11.228
sugar from just one soda a

0:37:11.228,0:37:12.663
day.

0:37:12.663,0:37:13.431
>> Gillian: Industry's

0:37:13.431,0:37:15.333
response, to ridicule Mayor

0:37:15.333,0:37:16.601
Michael Bloomberg as an

0:37:16.601,0:37:18.970
overbearing nanny.

0:37:18.969,0:37:20.503
The law was later overturned

0:37:20.503,0:37:22.306
by the courts.

0:37:22.306,0:37:28.112
(♪♪♪)

0:37:28.112,0:37:29.113
>> Everywhere you turn somebody

0:37:29.112,0:37:30.280
is telling us what we can't

0:37:30.280,0:37:32.349
eat.

0:37:32.349,0:37:33.851
>> Gillian: But advocates keep

0:37:33.851,0:37:35.186
on trying.

0:37:35.186,0:37:36.554
Two weeks ago in Washington,

0:37:36.554,0:37:37.989
congressmen calling on the

0:37:37.989,0:37:39.923
government to help consumers

0:37:39.923,0:37:41.157
by demanding better labels.

0:37:41.157,0:37:42.460
And at the very least,

0:37:42.460,0:37:45.096
recommending a daily limit for

0:37:45.096,0:37:49.132
how much sugar is safe.

0:37:49.132,0:37:51.401
In Canada and the U.S., those

0:37:51.402,0:37:52.737
limits exist for other

0:37:52.737,0:37:54.605
ingredients like fat and

0:37:54.605,0:37:55.740
sodium.

0:37:55.739,0:37:57.375
Manufacturers must say what

0:37:57.375,0:37:58.541
percentage of the recommended

0:37:58.541,0:37:59.876
daily limit their product

0:37:59.876,0:38:01.579
contains.

0:38:01.579,0:38:05.216
But next to sugar, nothing.

0:38:05.215,0:38:06.516
>> Would your association

0:38:06.516,0:38:08.785
representing the big food

0:38:08.786,0:38:11.322
manufacturers in this country

0:38:11.322,0:38:13.157
would they accept, uh, upper

0:38:13.157,0:38:16.727
limit of how much sugar

0:38:16.726,0:38:18.663
Canadians would, should eat?

0:38:18.663,0:38:19.396
>> I think that's kind of

0:38:19.396,0:38:21.231
hypothetical because ...

0:38:21.231,0:38:22.032
>> Gillian: Well, people are

0:38:22.032,0:38:22.900
putting on the table saying,

0:38:22.900,0:38:24.302
this is one way to, if you

0:38:24.302,0:38:25.169
want to curb the amount of

0:38:25.168,0:38:26.369
sugar people are eating, this

0:38:26.369,0:38:27.471
is one way to start doing

0:38:27.471,0:38:28.472
that.

0:38:28.472,0:38:29.707
>> I think the industry

0:38:29.706,0:38:32.742
actually has responded to the

0:38:32.742,0:38:36.947
need for, uh, a diverse supply

0:38:36.947,0:38:38.382
of foods out in the retail

0:38:38.382,0:38:39.916
marketplace.

0:38:39.916,0:38:40.918
>> Across our portfolio of

0:38:40.918,0:38:43.120
more than 650 beverages we now

0:38:43.119,0:38:45.322
offer 180 low and no calorie

0:38:45.322,0:38:47.257
choices.

0:38:47.257,0:38:48.425
>> Gillian: Today, even

0:38:48.425,0:38:50.628
Coca-Cola, the world's largest

0:38:50.628,0:38:52.730
sugar user, knows it can't

0:38:52.730,0:38:54.264
ignore the health debate

0:38:54.264,0:38:55.465
anymore.

0:38:55.465,0:38:56.333
>> We like people to come

0:38:56.333,0:38:57.467
together with something that

0:38:57.467,0:39:00.003
concerns all of us, obesity.

0:39:00.003,0:39:01.172
Coca-cola and every ...

0:39:01.172,0:39:02.005
>> Gillian: But the bottom

0:39:02.005,0:39:03.306
line hasn't changed: If you're

0:39:03.306,0:39:04.641
getting sick from what you

0:39:04.641,0:39:08.478
eat, it's your fault.

0:39:08.478,0:39:10.380
>> For people to blame the

0:39:10.380,0:39:12.315
consumer, to blame the victim

0:39:12.315,0:39:13.616
in all of this just as the

0:39:13.617,0:39:15.920
tobacco companies blame the 12

0:39:15.920,0:39:17.288
year olds they go out and

0:39:17.288,0:39:20.257
addict, it's just not fair

0:39:20.257,0:39:21.559
because people aren't given

0:39:21.559,0:39:23.361
the information that they need

0:39:23.360,0:39:24.561
if they're trying to make a

0:39:24.561,0:39:26.996
good choice.

0:39:26.996,0:39:28.031
>> Gillian: As with tobacco,

0:39:28.032,0:39:29.432
at some point it will all come

0:39:29.432,0:39:32.536
down to lives and to dollars.

0:39:32.536,0:39:33.570
The reckoning, warns Dr.

0:39:33.570,0:39:36.473
Lustig is coming.

0:39:36.474,0:39:37.341
>> Bottom line?

0:39:37.340,0:39:39.509
There will be no money left by

0:39:39.510,0:39:41.979
the year 2026 for anything

0:39:41.978,0:39:44.381
else because diabetes will

0:39:44.382,0:39:45.449
have chewed through all the

0:39:45.449,0:39:47.485
healthcare dollars.

0:39:47.485,0:39:49.753
There will be no health care

0:39:49.753,0:39:51.855
in 13 years here in America if

0:39:51.856,0:39:53.324
we do nothing and I'm sure

0:39:53.324,0:39:59.063
Canada is right behind.

0:39:59.063,0:40:00.431
>> Gillian: For three weeks

0:40:00.431,0:40:01.965
the Breedons have been eating

0:40:01.965,0:40:04.768
the food we've supplied.

0:40:04.768,0:40:05.568
>> How much steak you want,

0:40:05.568,0:40:07.070
Anna?

0:40:07.070,0:40:07.804
>> Gillian: They're still

0:40:07.804,0:40:08.806
eating the kinds of food they

0:40:08.806,0:40:11.041
like, as much as they like.

0:40:11.041,0:40:12.276
The only difference none of

0:40:12.275,0:40:13.777
it's processed and none has

0:40:13.777,0:40:15.478
added sugar.

0:40:15.478,0:40:16.246
>> Then eat some of mine because

0:40:16.246,0:40:17.714
it's not too hot, hot.

0:40:17.715,0:40:18.983
>> Gillian: So has it made a

0:40:18.983,0:40:20.451
difference?

0:40:20.451,0:40:22.719
The moment of truth.

0:40:22.719,0:40:24.187
In three weeks Jonathon lost

0:40:24.188,0:40:25.588
one-and-a-half inches around

0:40:25.588,0:40:27.090
his waist.

0:40:27.090,0:40:29.659
8-and-a-half pounds.

0:40:29.659,0:40:32.028
Anna's weight is down too and

0:40:32.028,0:40:33.396
her waist, where all that

0:40:33.396,0:40:35.965
dangerous fat can accumulate,

0:40:35.965,0:40:41.038
is down by 5 inches.

0:40:41.038,0:40:41.806
And what effect did all that

0:40:41.806,0:40:43.541
have on their bloodwork?

0:40:43.541,0:40:44.041
>> I'm Dr. Flanders, nice to

0:40:44.041,0:40:45.009
meet you.

0:40:45.009,0:40:46.644
Okay, Jonathan, I am glad to

0:40:46.643,0:40:49.112
say there's some real signs of

0:40:49.112,0:40:51.114
things improving.

0:40:51.114,0:40:52.315
If we have a look at your

0:40:52.315,0:40:53.683
cholesterol level, it has

0:40:53.684,0:40:55.286
actually gone down by 10 per

0:40:55.286,0:40:57.153
cent which is fabulous.

0:40:57.153,0:40:59.255
Your triglycerides have gone

0:40:59.255,0:41:01.891
down by 20 per cent.

0:41:01.891,0:41:04.194
Okay so Anna...

0:41:04.195,0:41:04.929
>> Gillian: Her results are

0:41:04.929,0:41:06.063
equally good.

0:41:06.063,0:41:07.164
And while our three week

0:41:07.164,0:41:08.499
experiment is far from

0:41:08.498,0:41:10.967
scientific proof of anything,

0:41:10.967,0:41:13.403
Dr. Flanders is pleased.

0:41:13.403,0:41:16.106
>> So this is some evidence

0:41:16.106,0:41:17.374
that the changes that you've

0:41:17.373,0:41:19.976
made to your eating

0:41:19.976,0:41:22.346
are helping to make your body

0:41:22.346,0:41:24.114
happier, healthier.

0:41:24.114,0:41:25.182
This is fantastic news.

0:41:25.181,0:41:26.683
This is really great.

0:41:26.684,0:41:27.451
>> Well, when we first started

0:41:27.451,0:41:29.086
the project, I thought the

0:41:29.085,0:41:30.320
change would be, like, really

0:41:30.320,0:41:31.221
little.

0:41:31.222,0:41:32.056
like, I wouldn't see anything.

0:41:32.056,0:41:33.224
But to see how dramatically

0:41:33.224,0:41:34.557
its changed, means to me, like,

0:41:34.557,0:41:36.594
that it's really good.

0:41:36.594,0:41:39.128
>> It was a big change, at first

0:41:39.128,0:41:41.798
it was hell, but good results.

0:41:41.798,0:41:44.534
I'm happy.

0:41:45.402,0:41:50.773
(♪♪♪)