[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.89,0:00:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: Hello.\NWelcome to this TED Dialogue.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.67,0:00:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the first of a series\Nthat's going to be done
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.28,0:00:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in response to the current\Npolitical upheaval.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.26,0:00:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know about you;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.46,0:00:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've become quite concerned about\Nthe growing divisiveness in this country
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.09,0:00:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.61,0:00:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one's listening to each other. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.56,0:00:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They aren't.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.75,0:00:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, it feels like we need\Na different kind of conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.51,0:00:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that's based on -- I don't know,\Non reason, listening, on understanding,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.46,0:00:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a broader context.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.84,0:00:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's at least what we're going to try\Nin these TED Dialogues,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.89,0:00:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.11,0:00:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we couldn't have anyone with us
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.76,0:00:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who I'd be more excited to kick this off.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.59,0:00:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a mind right here that thinks\Npretty much like no one else
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.46,0:00:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the planet, I would hasten to say.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.26,0:00:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm serious.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.44,0:00:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Yuval Noah Harari laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.73,0:00:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm serious.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.92,0:00:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He synthesizes history\Nwith underlying ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.88,0:01:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way that kind of takes\Nyour breath away.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.07,0:01:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, some of you will know\Nthis book, "Sapiens."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.50,0:01:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Has anyone here read "Sapiens"?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.27,0:01:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.51,0:01:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, I could not put it down.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.68,0:01:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way that he tells the story of mankind
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.58,0:01:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through big ideas that really make you\Nthink differently --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.40,0:01:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's kind of amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.16,0:01:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's the follow-up,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.41,0:01:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I think is being published\Nin the US next week.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.51,0:01:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Yeah, next week.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.68,0:01:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: "Homo Deus."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.88,0:01:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is the history\Nof the next hundred years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.52,0:01:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've had a chance to read it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.40,0:01:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's extremely dramatic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.81,0:01:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I daresay, for some people,\Nquite alarming.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.60,0:01:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a must-read.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.87,0:01:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And honestly, we couldn't have\Nsomeone better to help
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.47,0:01:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make sense of what on Earth\Nis happening in the world right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.47,0:01:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a warm welcome, please,\Nto Yuval Noah Harari.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.66,0:01:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.90,0:02:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's great to be joined by our friends\Non Facebook and around the Web.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.67,0:02:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hello, Facebook.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.27,0:02:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all of you, as I start\Nasking questions of Yuval,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.22,0:02:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come up with your own questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.90,0:02:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not necessarily about\Nthe political scandal Du jour,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.57,0:02:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but about the broader understanding\Nof: Where are we heading?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.52,0:02:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You ready? OK, we're going to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.31,0:02:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here we are, Yuval:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.61,0:02:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New York City, 2017,\Nthere's a new president in power,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.35,0:02:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shock waves rippling around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.50,0:02:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What on Earth is happening?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.12,0:02:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: I think the basic thing that happened
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.38,0:02:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we have lost our story.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.14,0:02:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans think in stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.64,0:02:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we try to make sense of the world\Nby telling stories.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.32,0:02:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for the last few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.76,0:02:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had a very simple\Nand very attractive story
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.66,0:02:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what's happening in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.43,0:02:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the story said that,\Noh, what's happening is
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.62,0:02:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the economy is being globalized,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.26,0:03:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,politics is being liberalized,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.42,0:03:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the combination of the two\Nwill create paradise on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.45,0:03:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we just need to keep on\Nglobalizing the economy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.57,0:03:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and liberalizing the political system,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.40,0:03:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everything will be wonderful.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.33,0:03:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 2016 is the moment
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.09,0:03:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a very large segment,\Neven of the Western world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.07,0:03:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stopped believing in this story.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.50,0:03:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For good or bad reasons --\Nit doesn't matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.66,0:03:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People stopped believing in the story,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.90,0:03:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you don't have a story,\Nyou don't understand what's happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.21,0:03:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Part of you believes that that story\Nwas actually a very effective story.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.20,0:03:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.42,0:03:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: To some extent, yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.92,0:03:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to some measurements,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.01,0:03:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are now in the best time ever
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.62,0:03:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for humankind.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.07,0:03:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, for the first time in history,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.53,0:03:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more people die from eating too much\Nthan from eating too little,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.97,0:03:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an amazing achievement.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.76,0:03:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.47,0:03:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also for the first time in history,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.20,0:03:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more people die from old age\Nthan from infectious diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.36,0:04:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and violence is also down.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.17,0:04:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first time in history,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.63,0:04:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more people commit suicide\Nthan are killed by crime and terrorism
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.98,0:04:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and war put together.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.85,0:04:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Statistically, you are\Nyour own worst enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.03,0:04:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least, of all the people in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.06,0:04:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are most likely\Nto be killed by yourself --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.21,0:04:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.50,0:04:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, again,\Nvery good news, compared --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.57,0:04:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.21,0:04:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the level of violence\Nthat we saw in previous eras.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.54,0:04:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: But this process\Nof connecting the world
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.80,0:04:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ended up with a large group of people\Nkind of feeling left out,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.72,0:04:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they've reacted.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.38,0:04:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we have this bombshell
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.39,0:04:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's sort of ripping\Nthrough the whole system.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.72,0:04:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, what do you make\Nof what's happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.14,0:04:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It feels like the old way\Nthat people thought of politics,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.44,0:04:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the left-right divide,\Nhas been blown up and replaced.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.32,0:04:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How should we think of this?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.94,0:04:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Yeah, the old 20th-century\Npolitical model of left versus right
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.35,0:05:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is now largely irrelevant,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.08,0:05:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the real divide today\Nis between global and national,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.61,0:05:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,global or local.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.42,0:05:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see it again all over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.30,0:05:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is now the main struggle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.47,0:05:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We probably need completely\Nnew political models
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.93,0:05:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and completely new ways\Nof thinking about politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.50,0:05:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In essence, what you can say\Nis that we now have global ecology,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.05,0:05:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a global economy\Nbut we have national politics,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.02,0:05:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this doesn't work together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.78,0:05:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This makes the political\Nsystem ineffective,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.03,0:05:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it has no control\Nover the forces that shape our life.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.58,0:05:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you have basically two solutions\Nto this imbalance:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.88,0:05:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either de-globalize the economy\Nand turn it back into a national economy,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.48,0:05:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or globalize the political system.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.95,0:05:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So some, I guess\Nmany, liberals out there
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.64,0:06:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,view Trump and his government\Nas kind of irredeemably bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.10,0:06:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just awful in every way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.78,0:06:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you see any underlying narrative\Nor political philosophy in there
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.23,0:06:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is at least worth understanding?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.06,0:06:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How would you articulate that philosophy?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.12,0:06:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it just the philosophy of nationalism?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.25,0:06:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: I think the underlying\Nfeeling or idea
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.68,0:06:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the political system --\Nsomething is broken there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.19,0:06:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't empower\Nthe ordinary person anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.99,0:06:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't care so much\Nabout the ordinary person anymore,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.51,0:06:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think this diagnosis\Nof the political disease is correct.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.36,0:06:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With regard to the answers,\NI am far less certain.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.74,0:06:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think what we are seeing\Nis the immediate human reaction:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.24,0:06:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if something doesn't work, let's go back.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.83,0:06:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see it all over the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.47,0:06:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people, almost nobody\Nin the political system today,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.92,0:06:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has any future-oriented vision\Nof where humankind is going.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.14,0:07:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost everywhere,\Nyou see retrograde vision:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.19,0:07:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Let's make America great again,"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.26,0:07:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like it was great -- I don't know --\Nin the '50s, in the '80s, sometime,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.71,0:07:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's go back there.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.91,0:07:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you go to Russia\Na hundred years after Lenin,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.65,0:07:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Putin's vision for the future
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.55,0:07:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is basically, ah, let's go back\Nto the Tsarist empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.77,0:07:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in Israel, where I come from,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.18,0:07:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hottest political vision\Nof the present is:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.46,0:07:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Let's build the temple again."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.33,0:07:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go back 2,000 years backwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.34,0:07:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people are thinking\Nsometime in the past we've lost it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.19,0:07:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes in the past, it's like\Nyou've lost your way in the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.95,0:07:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you say OK, let's go back\Nto the point where I felt secure
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.12,0:07:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and start again.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.51,0:07:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think this can work,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.10,0:07:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a lot of people,\Nthis is their gut instinct.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.03,0:07:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: But why couldn't it work?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.71,0:07:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"America First" is a very\Nappealing slogan in many ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.37,0:07:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Patriotism is, in many ways,\Na very noble thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.27,0:07:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's played a role\Nin promoting cooperation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.04,0:07:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among large numbers of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.65,0:08:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why couldn't you have a world\Norganized in countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.56,0:08:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of which put themselves first?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.37,0:08:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: For many centuries,\Neven thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.72,0:08:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,patriotism worked quite well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.50,0:08:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, it led to wars an so forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.40,0:08:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we shouldn't focus\Ntoo much on the bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.38,0:08:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are also many,\Nmany positive things about patriotism,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.95,0:08:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ability to have\Na large number of people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.75,0:08:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,care about each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.19,0:08:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sympathize with one another,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.82,0:08:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and come together for collective action.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.05,0:08:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you go back to the first nations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.77,0:08:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, thousands of years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.62,0:08:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people who lived along\Nthe Yellow River in China --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.05,0:08:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was many, many different tribes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.52,0:08:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they all depended on the river\Nfor survival and for prosperity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.91,0:08:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but all of them also suffered\Nfrom periodical floods
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.25,0:08:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and periodical droughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.87,0:08:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And no tribe could really do\Nanything about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.93,0:09:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because each of them controlled\Njust a tiny section of the river.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.11,0:09:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then in a long\Nand complicated process,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.90,0:09:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the tribes coalesced together\Nto form the Chinese nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.85,0:09:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which controlled the entire Yellow River
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.51,0:09:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had the ability to bring\Nhundreds of thousands of people together
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.98,0:09:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build dams and canals\Nand regulate the river
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.25,0:09:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and prevent the worst floods and droughts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.46,0:09:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and raise the level\Nof prosperity for everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.59,0:09:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this worked in many places\Naround the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.23,0:09:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the 21st century,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.38,0:09:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technology is changing all that\Nin a fundamental way.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.84,0:09:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are now living -- all people\Nin the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.58,0:09:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are living alongside the same cyber river,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.42,0:09:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no single nation can regulate\Nthis river by itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.05,0:09:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are all living together\Non a single planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.11,0:09:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is threatened by our own actions,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.90,0:09:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you don't have some kind\Nof global cooperation,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.94,0:10:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nationalism is just not on the right level\Nto tackle the problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.11,0:10:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's climate change\Nor whether it's technological disruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.76,0:10:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So it was a beautiful idea
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.98,0:10:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a world where most of the action,\Nmost of the issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.95,0:10:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took place on national scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.33,0:10:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but your argument is that the issues\Nthat matter most today
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.15,0:10:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no longer take place on a national scale\Nbut on a global scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.32,0:10:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Exactly. All the major problems\Nof the world today
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.15,0:10:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are global in essence,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.56,0:10:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they cannot be solved
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.08,0:10:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless through some kind\Nof global cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.00,0:10:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.65,0:10:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, like, the most obvious\Nexample people give.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.08,0:10:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think more in terms\Nof technological disruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.18,0:10:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think about, for example,\Nartificial intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.26,0:10:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the next 20, 30 years
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.27,0:10:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pushing hundreds of millions of people\Nout of the job market --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.18,0:10:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a problem on a global level.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.46,0:10:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will disrupt the economy\Nof all the countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.98,0:11:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And similarly, if you think\Nabout, say, bioengineering
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.67,0:11:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people being afraid of conducting,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.65,0:11:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know, genetic engineering\Nresearch in humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.34,0:11:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it won't help if just\Na single country, let's say the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.65,0:11:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outlaws all genetic experiments in humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.100,0:11:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but China or North Korea\Ncontinues to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.65,0:11:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the US cannot solve it by itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.41,0:11:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very quickly, the pressure on the US\Nto do the same will be immense
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.32,0:11:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we are talking about\Nhigh-risk, high-gain technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.24,0:11:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If somebody else is doing it,\NI can't allow myself to remain behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.97,0:11:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way to have regulations,\Neffective regulations,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.68,0:11:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on things like genetic engineering,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.80,0:11:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to have global regulations.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.83,0:11:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you just have national regulations,\Nnobody would like to stay behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.89,0:11:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So this is really interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.93,0:11:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to me that this may be one key
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.88,0:11:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to provoking at least\Na constructive conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.38,0:12:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the different sides here,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.07,0:12:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I think everyone can agree\Nthat the start point
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.24,0:12:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a lot of the anger\Nthat's propelled us to where we are
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.96,0:12:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because of the legitimate\Nconcerns about job loss.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.73,0:12:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Work is gone, a traditional\Nway of life has gone,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.40,0:12:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's no wonder\Nthat people are furious about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.80,0:12:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in general, they have blamed\Nglobalism, global elites,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.37,0:12:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for doing this to them\Nwithout asking their permission,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.14,0:12:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that seems like\Na legitimate complaint.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.26,0:12:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I hear you saying\Nis that -- so a key question is:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.60,0:12:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the real cause of job loss,\Nboth now and going forward?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.08,0:12:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the extent that it's about globalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.88,0:12:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the right response,\Nyes, is to shut down borders
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.03,0:12:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and keep people out\Nand change trade agreements and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.03,0:12:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you're saying, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.41,0:12:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually the bigger cause of job loss\Nis not going to be that at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.23,0:12:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to originate\Nin technological questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.96,0:12:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have no chance of solving that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.00,0:13:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless we operate as a connected world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.12,0:13:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Yeah, I think that,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.66,0:13:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know about the present,\Nbut looking to the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.93,0:13:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not the Mexicans or Chinese\Nwho will take the jobs
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.03,0:13:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the people in Pennsylvania,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.62,0:13:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the robots and algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.39,0:13:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So unless you plan to build a big wall\Non the border of California --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.59,0:13:16.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.75,0:13:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wall on the border with Mexico\Nis going to be very ineffective.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.47,0:13:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was struck when I watched\Nthe debates before the election,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.84,0:13:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was struck that certainly Trump\Ndid not even attempt to frighten people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.60,0:13:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by saying the robots will take your jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.20,0:13:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now even if it's not true,\Nit doesn't matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.52,0:13:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could have been an extremely\Neffective way of frightening people --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.06,0:13:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.09,0:13:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and galvanizing people:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.28,0:13:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The robots will take your jobs!"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.91,0:13:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nobody used that line.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.29,0:13:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it made me afraid,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.00,0:13:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it meant\Nthat no matter what happens
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.08,0:13:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in universities and laboratories,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.24,0:13:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there, there is already\Nan intense debate about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.03,0:14:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the mainstream political system\Nand among the general public,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.15,0:14:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are just unaware
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.29,0:14:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there could be an immense\Ntechnological disruption --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.82,0:14:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not in 200 years,\Nbut in 10, 20, 30 years --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.97,0:14:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have to do something about it now,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.56,0:14:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partly because most of what we teach\Nchildren today in school or in college
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.86,0:14:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to be completely irrelevant\Nto the job market of 2040, 2050.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.88,0:14:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not something we'll need\Nto think about in 2040.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.27,0:14:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to think today\Nwhat to teach the young people.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.88,0:14:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Yeah, no, absolutely.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.60,0:14:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've often written about\Nmoments in history
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.54,0:14:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where humankind has ...\Nentered a new era, unintentionally.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.81,0:14:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Decisions have been made,\Ntechnologies have been developed,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.70,0:14:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suddenly the world has changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.09,0:14:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possibly in a way\Nthat's worse for everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.58,0:14:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the examples\Nyou give in "Sapiens"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.68,0:15:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just the whole agricultural revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.80,0:15:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, for an actual person\Ntilling the fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.38,0:15:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just picked up a 12-hour\Nbackbreaking workday
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.58,0:15:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of six hours in the jungle\Nand a much more interesting lifestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.85,0:15:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.92,0:15:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So are we at another possible\Nphase change here,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.13,0:15:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we kind of sleepwalk into a future\Nthat none of us actually wants?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.06,0:15:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Yes, very much so.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.82,0:15:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the agricultural revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.68,0:15:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what happened is that immense\Ntechnological and economic revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.12,0:15:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,empowered the human collective,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.01,0:15:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when you look at actual\Nindividual lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.99,0:15:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the life of a tiny elite\Nbecame much better,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.50,0:15:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the lives of the majority of people\Nbecame considerably worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.77,0:15:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this can happen again\Nin the 21st century.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.50,0:15:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No doubt the new technologies\Nwill empower the human collective.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.38,0:15:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we may end up again
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.13,0:16:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a tiny elite reaping\Nall the benefits, taking all the fruits,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.61,0:16:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the masses of the population\Nfinding themselves worse
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.82,0:16:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than they were before,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.14,0:16:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certainly much worse than this tiny elite.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.66,0:16:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And those elites\Nmight not even be human elites.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.34,0:16:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They might be cyborgs or --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.12,0:16:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Yeah, they could be\Nenhanced super humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.35,0:16:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could be cyborgs.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.63,0:16:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could be completely\Nnonorganic elites.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.01,0:16:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could even be\Nnon-conscious algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.56,0:16:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we see now in the world\Nis authority shifting away
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.50,0:16:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from humans to algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.79,0:16:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More and more decisions --\Nabout personal lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.34,0:16:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about economic matters,\Nabout political matters --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.03,0:16:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually being taken by algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.54,0:16:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you ask the bank for a loan,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.19,0:16:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chances are your fate is decided\Nby an algorithm, not by a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.91,0:16:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the general impression\Nis that maybe Homo sapiens just lost it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.12,0:16:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world is so complicated,\Nthere is so much data,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.71,0:17:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things are changing so fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.29,0:17:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this thing that evolved\Non the African savanna
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.91,0:17:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tens of thousands of years ago --
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.64,0:17:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to cope with a particular environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.16,0:17:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a particular volume\Nof information and data --
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.67,0:17:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just can't handle the realities\Nof the 21st century,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.03,0:17:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only thing\Nthat may be able to handle it
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.95,0:17:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is big-data algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.05,0:17:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So no wonder more and more authority\Nis shifting from us to the algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.86,0:17:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So we're in New York City\Nfor the first of a series of TED Dialogues
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.73,0:17:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Yuval Harari,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.05,0:17:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a Facebook Live\Naudience out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.92,0:17:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're excited to have you with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.59,0:17:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll start coming\Nto some of your questions
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.72,0:17:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and questions of people in the room
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.46,0:17:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in just a few minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.65,0:17:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so have those coming.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.64,0:17:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yuval, if you're going\Nto make the argument
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.56,0:17:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we need to get past nationalism\Nbecause of the coming technological ...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.22,0:18:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,danger, in a way,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.08,0:18:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,presented by so much of what's happening
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.05,0:18:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got to have\Na global conversation about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.52,0:18:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trouble is, it's hard to get people\Nreally believing that, I don't know,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.97,0:18:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AI really is an imminent\Nthreat, and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.16,0:18:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The things that people,\Nsome people at least,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.91,0:18:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,care about much more immediately, perhaps,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.96,0:18:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.57,0:18:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps other issues like refugees,\Nnuclear weapons, and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.49,0:18:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would you argue that where\Nwe are right now
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.56,0:18:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that somehow those issues\Nneed to be dialed up?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.13,0:18:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've talked about climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.32,0:18:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Trump has said\Nhe doesn't believe in that.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.100,0:18:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in a way, your most powerful argument,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.46,0:18:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't actually use to make this case.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.23,0:18:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Yeah, I think with climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.44,0:18:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at first sight, it's quite surprising
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.17,0:18:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is a very close correlation
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.70,0:18:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between nationalism and climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.04,0:18:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, almost always, the people\Nwho deny climate change are nationalists.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.66,0:19:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at first sight, you think: Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.76,0:19:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the connection?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.94,0:19:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why don't you have socialists\Ndenying climate change?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.75,0:19:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, when you think\Nabout it, it's obvious --
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.12,0:19:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because nationalism has no solution\Nto climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.89,0:19:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to be a nationalist\Nin the 21st century,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.11,0:19:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to deny the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.01,0:19:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you accept the reality of the problem,\Nthen you must accept that, yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.52,0:19:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is still room in the world\Nfor patriotism,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.32,0:19:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is still room in the world\Nfor having special loyalties
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.49,0:19:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and obligations towards your own people,\Ntowards your own country.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.15,0:19:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think anybody is really\Nthinking of abolishing that.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.100,0:19:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in order to confront climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.02,0:19:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need additional loyalties\Nand commitments
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.26,0:19:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a level beyond the nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.28,0:19:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that should not be impossible,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.75,0:19:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because people can have\Nseveral layers of loyalty.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.47,0:19:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can be loyal to your family
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.90,0:19:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to your community
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.43,0:19:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to your nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.78,0:20:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so why can't you also be loyal\Nto humankind as a whole?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.44,0:20:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, there are occasions\Nwhen it becomes difficult,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.86,0:20:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what to put first,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.67,0:20:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, you know, life is difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.51,0:20:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Handle it.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.69,0:20:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.36,0:20:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: OK, so I would love to get\Nsome questions from the audience here.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.88,0:20:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've got a microphone here.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.82,0:20:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Speak into it, and Facebook,\Nget them coming, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:21.06,0:20:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Question: One of the things that has\Nclearly made a huge difference
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.52,0:20:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this country and other countries
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.33,0:20:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the income distribution inequality,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.57,0:20:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dramatic change\Nin income distribution in the US
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.81,0:20:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what it was 50 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.53,0:20:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.71,0:20:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there anything we can do\Nto affect that?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.87,0:20:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because that gets at a lot\Nof the underlying causes.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.28,0:20:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: So far I haven't heard a very\Ngood idea about what to do about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.62,0:20:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, partly because most ideas\Nremain on the national level,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.37,0:20:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the problem is global.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.16,0:20:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, one idea that we hear\Nquite a lot about now
Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.17,0:20:59.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is universal basic income.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.02,0:21:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.20,0:21:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, I think it's a good start,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.87,0:21:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a problematic idea because\Nit's not clear what "universal" is
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.62,0:21:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not clear what "basic" is.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.48,0:21:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people when they speak\Nabout universal basic income,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.89,0:21:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they actually mean national basic income.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.70,0:21:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the problem is global.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.47,0:21:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say that you have AI and 3D printers\Ntaking away millions of jobs
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.14,0:21:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Bangladesh,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.32,0:21:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from all the people who make\Nmy shirts and my shoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.59,0:21:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's going to happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.92,0:21:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US government will levy taxes\Non Google and Apple in California,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.49,0:21:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use that to pay basic income\Nto unemployed Bangladeshis?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.09,0:21:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you believe that,\Nyou can just as well believe
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.75,0:21:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Santa Claus will come\Nand solve the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.44,0:21:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So unless we have really universal\Nand not national basic income,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.59,0:21:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the deep problems\Nare not going to go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.75,0:21:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also it's not clear what basic is,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.50,0:21:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what are basic human needs?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.16,0:22:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A thousand years ago,\Njust food and shelter was enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.99,0:22:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today, people will say\Neducation is a basic human need,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.63,0:22:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it should be part of the package.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.23,0:22:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how much? Six years?\NTwelve years? PhD?
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.03,0:22:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, with health care,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.89,0:22:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say that in 20, 30, 40 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.60,0:22:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll have expensive treatments\Nthat can extend human life
Dialogue: 0,0:22:19.39,0:22:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 120, I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.33,0:22:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will this be part of the basket\Nof basic income or not?
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.55,0:22:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very difficult problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.100,0:22:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in a world where people\Nlose their ability to be employed,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.28,0:22:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only thing they are going to get\Nis this basic income.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.89,0:22:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's part of it is a very,\Nvery difficult ethical question.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.04,0:22:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: There's a bunch of questions\Non how the world affords it as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:46.36,0:22:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who pays.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.55,0:22:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a question here\Nfrom Facebook from Lisa Larson:
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.38,0:22:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How does nationalism in the US now
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.98,0:22:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compare to that between\NWorld War I and World War II
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.42,0:22:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last century?"
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.87,0:23:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Well the good news, with regard\Nto the dangers of nationalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.34,0:23:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are in a much better position\Nthan a century ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.29,0:23:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A century ago, 1917,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.98,0:23:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europeans were killing\Neach other by the millions.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.14,0:23:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2016, with Brexit,\Nas far as I remember,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.52,0:23:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a single person lost their life,\Nan MP who was murdered by some extremist.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.78,0:23:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just a single person.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:23.33,0:23:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, if Brexit was about\NBritish independence,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.04,0:23:30.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the most peaceful\Nwar of independence in human history.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.82,0:23:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's say that Scotland\Nwill now choose to leave the UK
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.63,0:23:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after Brexit.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.83,0:23:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.84,0:23:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if Scotland wanted -- and the Scots\Nwanted several times --
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.09,0:23:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to break out of the control of London,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.65,0:23:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reaction of the government\Nin London was to send an army up north
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.97,0:23:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to burn down Edinburgh\Nand massacre the highland tribes.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.47,0:24:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My guess is that if, in 2018,\Nthe Scots vote for independence,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.05,0:24:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the London government\Nwill not send an army up north
Dialogue: 0,0:24:04.48,0:24:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to burn down Edinburgh.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.11,0:24:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very few people are now willing\Nto kill or be killed
Dialogue: 0,0:24:10.40,0:24:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Scottish or for British independence.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.14,0:24:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for all the talk\Nof the rise of nationalism
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.19,0:24:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and going back to the 1930s,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:20.46,0:24:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the 19th century, in the West at least,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.26,0:24:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the power of national sentiments\Ntoday is far, far smaller
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.86,0:24:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than it was a century ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.43,0:24:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Although some people now,\Nyou hear publicly worrying
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.29,0:24:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about whether that might be shifting,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.07,0:24:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there could actually be\Noutbreaks of violence in the US
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.49,0:24:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on how things turn out.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.86,0:24:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should we be worried about that,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:46.42,0:24:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or do you really think\Nthings have shifted?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.51,0:24:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: No, we should be worried.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.03,0:24:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should be aware of two things.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.68,0:24:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, don't be hysterical.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.34,0:24:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are not back\Nin the First World War yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.81,0:24:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on the other hand,\Ndon't be complacent.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.77,0:25:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We reached from 1917 to 2017,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.17,0:25:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not by some divine miracle,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.38,0:25:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but simply by human decisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:09.43,0:25:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we now start making\Nthe wrong decisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.11,0:25:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could be back\Nin an analogous situation to 1917
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.62,0:25:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a few years.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.15,0:25:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things I know as a historian
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.50,0:25:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that you should never\Nunderestimate human stupidity.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:24.20,0:25:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.10,0:25:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one of the most powerful\Nforces in history,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.21,0:25:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human stupidity and human violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.56,0:25:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans do such crazy things\Nfor no obvious reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.69,0:25:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but again, at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.42,0:25:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another very powerful force\Nin human history is human wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.05,0:25:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have both.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.24,0:25:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: We have with us here\Nmoral psychologist Jonathan Haidt,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.17,0:25:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who I think has a question.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.87,0:25:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jonathan Haidt: Thanks, Yuval.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.38,0:25:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you seem to be a fan\Nof global governance,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.88,0:25:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when you look at the map of the world\Nfrom Transparency International,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.43,0:25:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which rates the level of corruption\Nof political institutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.78,0:26:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a vast sea of red with little bits\Nof yellow here and there
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.88,0:26:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for those with good institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.51,0:26:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we were to have\Nsome kind of global governance,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.04,0:26:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what makes you think it would end up\Nbeing more like Denmark
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.89,0:26:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than more like Russia or Honduras,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.96,0:26:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and aren't there alternatives,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.48,0:26:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as we did with CFCs?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:15.59,0:26:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are ways to solve global problems\Nwith national governments.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.72,0:26:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would world government\Nactually look like,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:20.96,0:26:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why do you think it would work?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.71,0:26:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Well, I don't know\Nwhat it would look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.49,0:26:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody still has a model for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.57,0:26:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main reason we need it
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.22,0:26:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because many of these issues\Nare lose-lose situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.54,0:26:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you have\Na win-win situation like trade,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.45,0:26:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both sides can benefit\Nfrom a trade agreement,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.39,0:26:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this is something you can work out.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.68,0:26:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without some kind of global government,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.05,0:26:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,national governments each\Nhave an interest in doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.93,0:26:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you have a lose-lose situation\Nlike with climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:53.92,0:26:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's much more difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.59,0:27:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without some overarching\Nauthority, real authority.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.50,0:27:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how to get there\Nand what would it look like,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.28,0:27:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.67,0:27:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And certainly there is no obvious reason
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.43,0:27:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think that it would look like Denmark,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.73,0:27:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that it would be a democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.35,0:27:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most likely it wouldn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.96,0:27:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have workable democratic models
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.01,0:27:23.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a global government.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.13,0:27:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So maybe it would look more\Nlike ancient China
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.22,0:27:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than like modern Denmark.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.94,0:27:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But still, given the dangers\Nthat we are facing,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.19,0:27:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the imperative of having\Nsome kind of real ability
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.33,0:27:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to force through difficult decisions\Non the global level
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.49,0:27:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is more important\Nthan almost anything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.59,0:27:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: There's a question from Facebook here,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.71,0:27:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we'll get the mic to Andrew.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.63,0:27:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Kat Hebron on Facebook,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.85,0:27:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calling in from Vail:
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.54,0:27:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How would developed nations manage\Nthe millions of climate migrants?"
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.82,0:28:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.100,0:28:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: That's your answer, Kat. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.91,0:28:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: And I don't think\Nthat they know either.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.08,0:28:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'll just deny the problem, maybe.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.90,0:28:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: But immigration, generally,\Nis another example of a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:28:11.95,0:28:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's very hard to solve\Non a nation-by-nation basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.55,0:28:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One nation can shut its doors,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.04,0:28:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but maybe that stores up\Nproblems for the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.60,0:28:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Yes, I mean --\Nit's another very good case,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.49,0:28:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially because it's so much easier
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.75,0:28:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to migrate today
Dialogue: 0,0:28:26.60,0:28:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than it was in the Middle Ages\Nor in ancient times.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.32,0:28:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Yuval, there's a belief\Namong many technologists, certainly,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.80,0:28:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that political concerns\Nare kind of overblown,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.18,0:28:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually, political leaders\Ndon't have that much influence
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.90,0:28:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.09,0:28:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the real determination of humanity\Nat this point is by science,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.08,0:28:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by invention, by companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.55,0:28:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by many things\Nother than political leaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.97,0:28:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's actually very hard\Nfor leaders to do much,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.40,0:28:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we're actually worrying\Nabout nothing here.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:58.00,0:29:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Well, first, it should be emphasized
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.26,0:29:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's true that political leaders'\Nability to do good is very limited,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.29,0:29:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their ability to do harm is unlimited.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.35,0:29:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a basic imbalance here.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.98,0:29:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can still press the button\Nand blow everybody up.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.57,0:29:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have that kind of ability.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.18,0:29:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you want, for example,\Nto reduce inequality,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.77,0:29:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's very, very difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.67,0:29:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to start a war,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:23.09,0:29:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can still do so very easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.97,0:29:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is a built-in imbalance\Nin the political system today
Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.58,0:29:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is very frustrating,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.22,0:29:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you cannot do a lot of good\Nbut you can still do a lot of harm.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:35.14,0:29:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this makes the political system\Nstill a very big concern.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.81,0:29:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So as you look at\Nwhat's happening today,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:41.99,0:29:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and putting your historian's hat on,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.76,0:29:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you look back in history at moments\Nwhen things were going just fine
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.32,0:29:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an individual leader really took\Nthe world or their country backwards?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.31,0:29:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: There are quite a few examples,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.96,0:29:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I should emphasize,\Nit's never an individual leader.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.80,0:30:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, somebody put him there,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.46,0:30:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somebody allowed him\Nto continue to be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:03.77,0:30:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's never really just the fault\Nof a single individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:07.88,0:30:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are a lot of people\Nbehind every such individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.51,0:30:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Can we have the microphone\Nhere, please, to Andrew?
Dialogue: 0,0:30:19.13,0:30:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrew Solomon: You've talked a lot\Nabout the global versus the national,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.72,0:30:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but increasingly, it seems to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:24.37,0:30:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world situation\Nis in the hands of identity groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.04,0:30:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We look at people within the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:30:29.37,0:30:30.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have been recruited by ISIS.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.02,0:30:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We look at these other groups\Nwhich have formed
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.24,0:30:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which go outside of national bounds
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.22,0:30:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but still represent\Nsignificant authorities.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.41,0:30:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are they to be integrated\Ninto the system,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.86,0:30:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how is a diverse set of identities\Nto be made coherent
Dialogue: 0,0:30:43.60,0:30:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under either national\Nor global leadership?
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.38,0:30:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Well, the problem\Nof such diverse identities
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.62,0:30:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a problem from nationalism as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.23,0:30:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nationalism believes\Nin a single, monolithic identity,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:57.61,0:31:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exclusive or at least\Nmore extreme versions of nationalism
Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.75,0:31:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe in an exclusive loyalty\Nto a single identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.34,0:31:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore, nationalism has had\Na lot of problems
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.28,0:31:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with people wanting to divide\Ntheir identities
Dialogue: 0,0:31:11.18,0:31:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between various groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.27,0:31:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not just a problem, say,\Nfor a global vision.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.54,0:31:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think, again, history shows
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.42,0:31:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you shouldn't necessarily\Nthink in such exclusive terms.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.57,0:31:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think that there is just\Na single identity for a person,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:31.100,0:31:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I am just X, that's it, I can't be\Nseveral things, I can be just that,"
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.06,0:31:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the start of the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.18,0:31:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have religions, you have nations
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.100,0:31:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sometimes demand exclusive loyalty,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.20,0:31:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not the only option.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.96,0:31:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many religions and many nations
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.36,0:31:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that enable you to have\Ndiverse identities at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.26,0:31:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: But is one explanation\Nof what's happened in the last year
Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.64,0:32:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a group of people have got\Nfed up with, if you like,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:02.85,0:32:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the liberal elites,\Nfor want of a better term,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.04,0:32:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obsessing over many, many different\Nidentities and them feeling,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.44,0:32:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But what about my identity?\NI am being completely ignored here.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.32,0:32:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, I thought\NI was the majority"?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.32,0:32:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that that's actually\Nsparked a lot of the anger.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.92,0:32:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Yeah. Identity is always problematic,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.09,0:32:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because identity is always based\Non fictional stories
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.42,0:32:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sooner or later collide with reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.89,0:32:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost all identities,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.43,0:32:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, beyond the level\Nof the basic community
Dialogue: 0,0:32:36.87,0:32:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a few dozen people,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.36,0:32:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are based on a fictional story.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.31,0:32:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are not the truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.98,0:32:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are not the reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.32,0:32:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just a story that people invent\Nand tell one another
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.44,0:32:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and start believing.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:47.95,0:32:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore all identities\Nare extremely unstable.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.29,0:32:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are not a biological reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.84,0:32:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes nationalists, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:57.88,0:33:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think that the nation\Nis a biological entity.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.83,0:33:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's made of the combination\Nof soil and blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.46,0:33:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creates the nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.19,0:33:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is just a fictional story.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.30,0:33:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Soil and blood\Nkind of makes a gooey mess.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.89,0:33:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.74,0:33:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: It does, and also\Nit messes with your mind
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.79,0:33:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you think too much\Nthat I am a combination of soil and blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:21.59,0:33:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look from a biological perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.48,0:33:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obviously none of the nations\Nthat exist today
Dialogue: 0,0:33:27.99,0:33:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,existed 5,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.25,0:33:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Homo sapiens is a social animal,\Nthat's for sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.14,0:33:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for millions of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:36.59,0:33:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Homo sapiens and our hominid ancestors\Nlived in small communities
Dialogue: 0,0:33:41.25,0:33:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a few dozen individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.60,0:33:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody knew everybody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.75,0:33:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas modern nations\Nare imagined communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.80,0:33:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the sense that I don't even know\Nall these people.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.37,0:33:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I come from a relatively\Nsmall nation, Israel,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:55.25,0:33:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of eight million Israelis,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.41,0:33:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I never met most of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.43,0:34:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will never meet most of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.76,0:34:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They basically exist here.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:04.34,0:34:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: But in terms of this identity,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.12,0:34:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this group who feel left out\Nand perhaps have work taken away,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:12.58,0:34:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, in "Homo Deus,"
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.90,0:34:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you actually speak of this group\Nin one sense expanding,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:18.03,0:34:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that so many people\Nmay have their jobs taken away
Dialogue: 0,0:34:21.68,0:34:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by technology in some way\Nthat we could end up with
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.08,0:34:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a really large -- I think you call it\Na "useless class" --
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.28,0:34:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a class where traditionally,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.40,0:34:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as viewed by the economy,\Nthese people have no use.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.16,0:34:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:35.38,0:34:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: How likely a possibility is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:38.34,0:34:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that something\Nwe should be terrified about?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.10,0:34:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And can we address it in any way?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:43.79,0:34:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: We should think about it\Nvery carefully.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.06,0:34:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, nobody really knows\Nwhat the job market will look like
Dialogue: 0,0:34:49.05,0:34:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 2040, 2050.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.77,0:34:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a chance\Nmany new jobs will appear,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.50,0:34:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not certain.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:55.28,0:34:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even if new jobs do appear,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.51,0:34:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it won't necessarily be easy
Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.52,0:35:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a 50-year old unemployed truck driver
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.54,0:35:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made unemployed by self-driving vehicles,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:05.60,0:35:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it won't be easy\Nfor an unemployed truck driver
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.28,0:35:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reinvent himself or herself\Nas a designer of virtual worlds.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:14.09,0:35:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Previously, if you look at the trajectory\Nof the industrial revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.29,0:35:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when machines replaced humans\Nin one type of work,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.47,0:35:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the solution usually came\Nfrom low-skill work
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.78,0:35:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in new lines of business.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.39,0:35:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you didn't need any more\Nagricultural workers,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.82,0:35:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so people moved to working\Nin low-skill industrial jobs,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:38.26,0:35:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when this was taken away\Nby more and more machines,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.75,0:35:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people moved to low-skill service jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.74,0:35:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when people say there will\Nbe new jobs in the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:48.13,0:35:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that humans can do better than AI,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.58,0:35:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that humans can do better than robots,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.43,0:35:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they usually think about high-skill jobs,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.10,0:35:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like software engineers\Ndesigning virtual worlds.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.99,0:36:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I don't see how\Nan unemployed cashier from Wal-Mart
Dialogue: 0,0:36:04.41,0:36:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reinvents herself or himself at 50\Nas a designer of virtual worlds,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.06,0:36:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and certainly I don't see
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.55,0:36:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the millions of unemployed\NBangladeshi textile workers
Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.04,0:36:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be able to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.68,0:36:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, if they are going to do it,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.42,0:36:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to start teaching\Nthe Bangladeshis today
Dialogue: 0,0:36:20.80,0:36:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to be software designers,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:22.58,0:36:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are not doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:23.85,0:36:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what will they do in 20 years?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:26.36,0:36:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So it feels like you're really\Nhighlighting a question
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.30,0:36:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's really been bugging me\Nthe last few months more and more.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.51,0:36:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's almost a hard question\Nto ask in public,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.39,0:36:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if any mind has some wisdom\Nto offer in it, maybe it's yours,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.80,0:36:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'm going to ask you:
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.37,0:36:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are humans for?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.23,0:36:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: As far as we know, for nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.19,0:36:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:36:48.93,0:36:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, there is no great cosmic drama,\Nsome great cosmic plan,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.48,0:36:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have a role to play in.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:57.34,0:37:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we just need to discover\Nwhat our role is
Dialogue: 0,0:37:00.39,0:37:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then play it to the best\Nof our ability.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.40,0:37:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has been the story of all religions\Nand ideologies and so forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:08.41,0:37:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as a scientist, the best I can say\Nis this is not true.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.91,0:37:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no universal drama\Nwith a role in it for Homo sapiens.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.29,0:37:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So --
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.100,0:37:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I'm going to push back on you\Njust for a minute,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:21.51,0:37:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just from your own book,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.73,0:37:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in "Homo Deus,"
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.08,0:37:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you give really one of the most coherent\Nand understandable accounts
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.16,0:37:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about sentience, about consciousness,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:31.42,0:37:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that unique sort of human skill.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.40,0:37:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You point out that it's different\Nfrom intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.92,0:37:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the intelligence\Nthat we're building in machines,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.28,0:37:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that there's actually a lot\Nof mystery around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.96,0:37:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can you be sure there's no purpose
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.36,0:37:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we don't even understand\Nwhat this sentience thing is?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.43,0:37:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, in your own thinking,\Nisn't there a chance
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.03,0:37:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that what humans are for\Nis to be the universe's sentient things,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:57.37,0:38:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be the centers of joy and love\Nand happiness and hope?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.82,0:38:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe we can build machines\Nthat actually help amplify that,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.88,0:38:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if they're not going to become\Nsentient themselves?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.56,0:38:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that crazy?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:07.74,0:38:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I kind of found myself hoping that,\Nreading your book.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.24,0:38:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Well, I certainly think that the most\Ninteresting question today in science
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.13,0:38:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the question\Nof consciousness and the mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.57,0:38:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are getting better and better\Nin understanding the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:38:21.10,0:38:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.38,0:38:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we are not getting much better
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.94,0:38:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in understanding the mind\Nand consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:27.31,0:38:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People often confuse intelligence\Nand consciousness,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:30.69,0:38:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in places like Silicon Valley,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:33.02,0:38:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is understandable,\Nbecause in humans, they go together.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.80,0:38:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, intelligence basically\Nis the ability to solve problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.40,0:38:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consciousness is the ability\Nto feel things,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:42.97,0:38:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feel joy and sadness\Nand boredom and pain and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.20,0:38:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Homo sapiens and all other mammals\Nas well -- it's not unique to humans --
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.26,0:38:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all mammals and birds\Nand some other animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:54.94,0:38:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intelligence and consciousness\Ngo together.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:57.61,0:39:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We often solve problems by feeling things.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:01.21,0:39:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we tend to confuse them.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.73,0:39:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they are different things.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.22,0:39:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's happening today\Nin places like Silicon Valley
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.33,0:39:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we are creating\Nartificial intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.98,0:39:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not artificial consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.83,0:39:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There has been an amazing development\Nin computer intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:39:16.23,0:39:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the last 50 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.82,0:39:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exactly zero development\Nin computer consciousness,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:22.04,0:39:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is no indication that computers\Nare going to become conscious
Dialogue: 0,0:39:25.75,0:39:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anytime soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.31,0:39:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So first of all, if there is\Nsome cosmic role for consciousness,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:33.98,0:39:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not unique to Homo sapiens.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.13,0:39:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cows are conscious, pigs are conscious,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:38.48,0:39:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chimpanzees are conscious,\Nchickens are conscious,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:41.33,0:39:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if we go that way, first of all,\Nwe need to broaden our horizons
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.21,0:39:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remember very clearly we are not\Nthe only sentient beings on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:49.96,0:39:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when it comes to sentience --
Dialogue: 0,0:39:51.78,0:39:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to intelligence,\Nthere is good reason to think
Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.12,0:39:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are the most intelligent\Nof the whole bunch.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:58.44,0:40:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when it comes to sentience,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:01.03,0:40:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say that humans are more\Nsentient than whales,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:04.22,0:40:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or more sentient than baboons\Nor more sentient than cats,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:08.39,0:40:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see no evidence for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.70,0:40:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So first step is, you go\Nin that direction, expand.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.34,0:40:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the second question\Nof what is it for,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:18.34,0:40:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would reverse it
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.15,0:40:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would say that I don't think\Nsentience is for anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:24.41,0:40:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we don't need\Nto find our role in the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:28.60,0:40:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The really important thing\Nis to liberate ourselves from suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.44,0:40:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What characterizes sentient beings
Dialogue: 0,0:40:37.46,0:40:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in contrast to robots, to stones,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:40.20,0:40:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to whatever,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.41,0:40:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that sentient beings\Nsuffer, can suffer,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:45.22,0:40:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they should focus on
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.59,0:40:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not finding their place\Nin some mysterious cosmic drama.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:51.73,0:40:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They should focus on understanding\Nwhat suffering is,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.57,0:40:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what causes it and how\Nto be liberated from it.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.57,0:41:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I know this is a big issue for you,\Nand that was very eloquent.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:03.07,0:41:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to have a blizzard\Nof questions from the audience here,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.51,0:41:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe from Facebook as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:08.46,0:41:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe some comments as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.15,0:41:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go quick.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:11.97,0:41:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's one right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.05,0:41:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keep your hands held up\Nat the back if you want the mic,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:17.88,0:41:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll get it back to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:19.33,0:41:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Question: In your work, you talk a lot\Nabout the fictional stories
Dialogue: 0,0:41:22.47,0:41:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we accept as truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.84,0:41:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we live our lives by it.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:25.58,0:41:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As an individual, knowing that,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:28.10,0:41:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how does it impact the stories\Nthat you choose to live your life,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.87,0:41:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do you confuse them\Nwith the truth, like all of us?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:36.25,0:41:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: I try not to.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.48,0:41:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, for me, maybe the most\Nimportant question,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:40.27,0:41:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both as a scientist and as a person,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.78,0:41:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how to tell the difference\Nbetween fiction and reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:46.67,0:41:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because reality is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.29,0:41:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not saying that everything is fiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.40,0:41:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just very difficult for human beings\Nto tell the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.48,0:41:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between fiction and reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:56.12,0:42:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has become more and more difficult\Nas history progressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.09,0:42:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the fictions\Nthat we have created --
Dialogue: 0,0:42:03.56,0:42:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nations and gods and money\Nand corporations --
Dialogue: 0,0:42:06.75,0:42:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they now control the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.29,0:42:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just to even think,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:09.49,0:42:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, this is just all fictional entities\Nthat we've created,"
Dialogue: 0,0:42:12.66,0:42:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is very difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.13,0:42:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But reality is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.04,0:42:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me the best ...
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.07,0:42:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are several tests
Dialogue: 0,0:42:21.22,0:42:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell the difference\Nbetween fiction and reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:24.01,0:42:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The simplest one, the best one\Nthat I can say in short,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.46,0:42:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the test of suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:29.07,0:42:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it can suffer, it's real.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.19,0:42:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it can't suffer, it's not real.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:32.91,0:42:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A nation cannot suffer.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:34.40,0:42:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's very, very clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.99,0:42:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if a nation loses a war,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:37.96,0:42:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say, "Germany suffered a defeat\Nin the First World War,"
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.04,0:42:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a metaphor.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:43.23,0:42:45.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany cannot suffer.\NGermany has no mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.81,0:42:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany has no consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.49,0:42:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germans can suffer, yes,\Nbut Germany cannot.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.17,0:42:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, when a bank goes bust,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.17,0:42:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bank cannot suffer.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:55.96,0:42:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the dollar loses its value,\Nthe dollar doesn't suffer.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.38,0:43:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People can suffer. Animals can suffer.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.65,0:43:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is real.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.83,0:43:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I would start, if you\Nreally want to see reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:07.38,0:43:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would go through the door of suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:09.47,0:43:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can really understand\Nwhat suffering is,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:12.45,0:43:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this will give you also the key
Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.70,0:43:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand what reality is.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.74,0:43:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: There's a Facebook question\Nhere that connects to this,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:19.54,0:43:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from someone around the world\Nin a language that I cannot read.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:22.54,0:43:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Oh, it's Hebrew.\NCA: Hebrew. There you go.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:24.79,0:43:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.87,0:43:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you read the name?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:27.06,0:43:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: [??]
Dialogue: 0,0:43:28.96,0:43:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Well, thank you for writing in.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:30.83,0:43:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The question is: "Is the post-truth era\Nreally a brand-new era,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:35.41,0:43:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or just another climax or moment\Nin a never-ending trend?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.70,0:43:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Personally, I don't connect\Nwith this idea of post-truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.05,0:43:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My basic reaction as a historian is:
Dialogue: 0,0:43:46.79,0:43:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this is the era of post-truth,\Nwhen the hell was the era of truth?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:50.70,0:43:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Right.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:51.98,0:43:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:43:53.32,0:43:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Was it the 1980s, the 1950s,\Nthe Middle Ages?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.03,0:44:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, we have always lived\Nin an era, in a way, of post-truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:02.88,0:44:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: But I'd push back on that,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:05.22,0:44:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I think what people\Nare talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:44:07.91,0:44:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there was a world\Nwhere you had fewer journalistic outlets,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:14.90,0:44:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there were traditions,\Nthat things were fact-checked.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:18.57,0:44:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was incorporated into the charter\Nof those organizations
Dialogue: 0,0:44:22.54,0:44:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the truth mattered.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:24.73,0:44:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you believe in a reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:26.50,0:44:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then what you write is information.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:28.75,0:44:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a belief that that information\Nshould connect to reality in a real way,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:32.59,0:44:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you wrote a headline,\Nit was a serious, earnest attempt
Dialogue: 0,0:44:35.58,0:44:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reflect something\Nthat had actually happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:37.90,0:44:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people didn't always get it right.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:39.78,0:44:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think the concern now is you've got
Dialogue: 0,0:44:41.81,0:44:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a technological system\Nthat's incredibly powerful
Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.16,0:44:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, for a while at least,\Nmassively amplified anything
Dialogue: 0,0:44:48.35,0:44:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no attention paid to whether\Nit connected to reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:51.15,0:44:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only to whether it connected\Nto clicks and attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:54.33,0:44:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that that was arguably toxic.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:55.97,0:44:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a reasonable concern, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:44:58.43,0:45:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Yeah, it is. I mean,\Nthe technology changes,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:00.74,0:45:05.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's now easier to disseminate\Nboth truth and fiction and falsehood.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:05.99,0:45:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It goes both ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:08.02,0:45:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also much easier, though, to spread\Nthe truth than it was ever before.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.62,0:45:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I don't think there\Nis anything essentially new
Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.33,0:45:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about this disseminating\Nfictions and errors.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.08,0:45:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is nothing that -- I don't know --\NJoseph Goebbels, didn't know
Dialogue: 0,0:45:25.13,0:45:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about all this idea of fake\Nnews and post-truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:30.60,0:45:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He famously said that if you repeat\Na lie often enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.34,0:45:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people will think it's the truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:36.18,0:45:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the bigger the lie, the better,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:38.56,0:45:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because people won't even think\Nthat something so big can be a lie.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:44.61,0:45:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that fake news\Nhas been with us for thousands of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:50.29,0:45:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just think of the Bible.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:52.22,0:45:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:45:53.63,0:45:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: But there is a concern
Dialogue: 0,0:45:54.94,0:45:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the fake news is associated\Nwith tyrannical regimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:58.98,0:46:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you see an uprise in fake news
Dialogue: 0,0:46:01.58,0:46:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is a canary in the coal mine\Nthat there may be dark times coming.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.12,0:46:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Yeah. I mean, the intentional use\Nof fake news is a disturbing sign.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:15.81,0:46:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm not saying that it's not bad,\NI'm just saying that it's not new.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:20.82,0:46:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: There's a lot of interest\Non Facebook on this question
Dialogue: 0,0:46:23.60,0:46:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about global governance\Nversus nationalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:29.29,0:46:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Question here from Phil Dennis:
Dialogue: 0,0:46:30.82,0:46:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How do we get people, governments,\Nto relinquish power?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:34.34,0:46:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that -- is that --\Nactually, the text is so big
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.28,0:46:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't read the full question.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:39.85,0:46:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But is that a necessity?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.41,0:46:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it going to take war to get there?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:44.05,0:46:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry Phil -- I mangled your question,\Nbut I blame the text right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:47.76,0:46:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: One option\Nthat some people talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.88,0:46:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that only a catastrophe\Ncan shake humankind
Dialogue: 0,0:46:54.65,0:46:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and open the path to a real system\Nof global governance,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:59.94,0:47:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they say that we can't do it\Nbefore the catastrophe,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.11,0:47:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we need to start\Nlaying the foundations
Dialogue: 0,0:47:06.93,0:47:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that when the disaster strikes,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:09.46,0:47:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can react quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:11.66,0:47:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But people will just not have\Nthe motivation to do such a thing
Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.69,0:47:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the disaster strikes.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:17.72,0:47:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another thing that I would emphasize
Dialogue: 0,0:47:20.01,0:47:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that anybody who is really\Ninterested in global governance
Dialogue: 0,0:47:25.09,0:47:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should always make it very, very clear
Dialogue: 0,0:47:28.01,0:47:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it doesn't replace or abolish\Nlocal identities and communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:34.62,0:47:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it should come both as --
Dialogue: 0,0:47:37.60,0:47:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It should be part of a single package.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:40.93,0:47:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I want to hear more on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:44.34,0:47:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the very words "global governance"
Dialogue: 0,0:47:47.41,0:47:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are almost the epitome of evil\Nin the mindset of a lot of people
Dialogue: 0,0:47:52.02,0:47:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the alt-right right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:53.38,0:47:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just seems scary, remote, distant,\Nand it has let them down,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:56.35,0:48:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so globalists,\Nglobal governance -- no, go away!
Dialogue: 0,0:48:00.49,0:48:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many view the election\Nas the ultimate poke in the eye
Dialogue: 0,0:48:04.20,0:48:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to anyone who believes in that.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:05.70,0:48:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we change the narrative
Dialogue: 0,0:48:09.28,0:48:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that it doesn't seem\Nso scary and remote?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:12.28,0:48:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Build more on this idea\Nof it being compatible
Dialogue: 0,0:48:15.04,0:48:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with local identity, local communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:17.69,0:48:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: Well, I think again we should start
Dialogue: 0,0:48:20.31,0:48:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really with the biological realities
Dialogue: 0,0:48:23.47,0:48:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Homo sapiens.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:25.50,0:48:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And biology tells us two things\Nabout Homo sapiens
Dialogue: 0,0:48:29.64,0:48:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are very relevant to this issue:
Dialogue: 0,0:48:31.93,0:48:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first of all, that we are\Ncompletely dependent
Dialogue: 0,0:48:34.98,0:48:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the ecological system around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:37.60,0:48:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that today we are talking\Nabout a global system.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:41.08,0:48:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You cannot escape that.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:42.46,0:48:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the same time, biology tells us\Nabout Homo sapiens
Dialogue: 0,0:48:46.11,0:48:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are social animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:48.38,0:48:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that we are social\Non a very, very local level.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:53.04,0:48:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just a simple fact of humanity
Dialogue: 0,0:48:56.61,0:49:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we cannot have intimate familiarity
Dialogue: 0,0:49:01.43,0:49:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with more than about 150 individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.33,0:49:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The size of the natural group,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:09.65,0:49:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the natural community of Homo sapiens,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:12.78,0:49:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not more than 150 individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:16.14,0:49:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everything beyond that is really\Nbased on all kinds of imaginary stories
Dialogue: 0,0:49:22.57,0:49:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and large-scale institutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:24.64,0:49:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that we can find a way,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:29.04,0:49:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, based on a biological\Nunderstanding of our species,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:33.63,0:49:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to weave the two together
Dialogue: 0,0:49:35.74,0:49:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to understand that today\Nin the 21st century,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:38.84,0:49:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need both the global level\Nand the local community.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:44.40,0:49:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I would go even further than that
Dialogue: 0,0:49:46.44,0:49:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say that it starts\Nwith the body itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:50.50,0:49:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The feelings that people today have\Nof alienation and loneliness
Dialogue: 0,0:49:54.87,0:49:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not finding their place in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.11,0:50:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would think that the chief problem\Nis not global capitalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:04.28,0:50:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The chief problem is that over\Nthe last hundred years,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:07.34,0:50:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people have been becoming disembodied,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:11.06,0:50:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been distancing themselves\Nfrom their body.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:14.25,0:50:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a hunter-gatherer or even as a peasant,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:17.17,0:50:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to survive, you need to be\Nconstantly in touch
Dialogue: 0,0:50:21.39,0:50:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with your body and with your senses,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:23.60,0:50:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:24.80,0:50:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you go to the forest\Nto look for mushrooms
Dialogue: 0,0:50:26.97,0:50:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you don't pay attention\Nto what you hear,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:29.37,0:50:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what you smell, to what you taste,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:31.27,0:50:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:32.45,0:50:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you must be very connected.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:34.62,0:50:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the last hundred years,\Npeople are losing their ability
Dialogue: 0,0:50:39.24,0:50:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be in touch with their body\Nand their senses,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:42.14,0:50:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hear, to smell, to feel.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:44.35,0:50:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More and more attention goes to screens,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:47.50,0:50:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what is happening elsewhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:49.04,0:50:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some other time.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:50.29,0:50:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This, I think, is the deep reason
Dialogue: 0,0:50:52.74,0:50:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the feelings of alienation\Nand loneliness and so forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:56.66,0:50:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore part of the solution
Dialogue: 0,0:50:59.19,0:51:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not to bring back\Nsome mass nationalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:03.47,0:51:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also reconnect with our own bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:07.62,0:51:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you are back\Nin touch with your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:10.91,0:51:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will feel much more at home\Nin the world also.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.10,0:51:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Well, depending on how things go,\Nwe may all be back in the forest soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:17.81,0:51:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to have\None more question in the room
Dialogue: 0,0:51:20.18,0:51:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one more on Facebook.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:21.71,0:51:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Question: Hello. I'm from Ghana,\NWest Africa, and my question is:
Dialogue: 0,0:51:25.12,0:51:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm wondering how do you present\Nand justify the idea of global governance
Dialogue: 0,0:51:29.74,0:51:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to countries that have been\Nhistorically disenfranchised
Dialogue: 0,0:51:32.78,0:51:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the effects of globalization,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:34.85,0:51:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also, if we're talking about\Nglobal governance,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:37.62,0:51:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sounds to me like it will definitely\Ncome from a very Westernized idea
Dialogue: 0,0:51:41.26,0:51:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what the "global"\Nis supposed to look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:43.46,0:51:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we present and justify\Nthat idea of global
Dialogue: 0,0:51:46.78,0:51:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus wholly nationalist
Dialogue: 0,0:51:49.79,0:51:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to people in countries like Ghana\Nand Nigeria and Togo
Dialogue: 0,0:51:53.15,0:51:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other countries like that?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:56.13,0:52:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: I would start by saying\Nthat history is extremely unfair,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:02.57,0:52:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that we should realize that.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:07.00,0:52:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of the countries that suffered most
Dialogue: 0,0:52:10.08,0:52:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the last 200 years of globalization
Dialogue: 0,0:52:14.24,0:52:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and imperialism and industrialization
Dialogue: 0,0:52:16.22,0:52:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are exactly the countries\Nwhich are also most likely to suffer most
Dialogue: 0,0:52:21.96,0:52:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the next wave.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:24.77,0:52:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we should be very,\Nvery clear about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:29.48,0:52:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we don't have a global governance,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:32.55,0:52:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we suffer from climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:35.78,0:52:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from technological disruptions,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:38.06,0:52:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the worst suffering will not be in the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:41.68,0:52:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The worst suffering will be in Ghana,\Nwill be in Sudan, will be in Syria,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:46.80,0:52:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be in Bangladesh,\Nwill be in those places.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.57,0:52:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think those countries\Nhave an even greater incentive
Dialogue: 0,0:52:55.63,0:53:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do something about\Nthe next wave of disruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:00.38,0:53:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's ecological\Nor whether it's technological.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:02.93,0:53:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, if you think about\Ntechnological disruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:05.80,0:53:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if AI and 3D printers and robots\Nwill take the jobs
Dialogue: 0,0:53:10.44,0:53:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from billions of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:12.83,0:53:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worry far less about the Swedes
Dialogue: 0,0:53:15.98,0:53:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than about the people in Ghana\Nor in Bangladesh.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:19.61,0:53:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore,\Nbecause history is so unfair
Dialogue: 0,0:53:24.86,0:53:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the results of a calamity
Dialogue: 0,0:53:29.23,0:53:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will not be shared equally\Nbetween everybody,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:31.62,0:53:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as usual, the rich\Nwill be able to get away
Dialogue: 0,0:53:36.08,0:53:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the worst consequences\Nof climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:53:39.57,0:53:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way that the poor\Nwill not be able to.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:43.35,0:53:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And here's a great question\Nfrom Cameron Taylor on Facebook:
Dialogue: 0,0:53:46.78,0:53:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"At the end of 'Sapiens,'"
Dialogue: 0,0:53:48.92,0:53:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you said we should be asking the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:51.01,0:53:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'What do we want to want?'
Dialogue: 0,0:53:53.39,0:53:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what do you think\Nwe should want to want?"
Dialogue: 0,0:53:56.40,0:53:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: I think we should want\Nto want to know the truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:59.96,0:54:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:03.21,0:54:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mostly what we want is to change reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:08.34,0:54:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fit it to our own desires,\Nto our own wishes,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:12.09,0:54:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think we should first\Nwant to understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:15.83,0:54:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the long-term\Ntrajectory of history,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:19.62,0:54:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you see is that\Nfor thousands of years
Dialogue: 0,0:54:22.38,0:54:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we humans have been gaining\Ncontrol of the world outside us
Dialogue: 0,0:54:25.74,0:54:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trying to shape it\Nto fit our own desires.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:29.26,0:54:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've gained control\Nof the other animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:32.47,0:54:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the rivers, of the forests,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:34.02,0:54:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reshaped them completely,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:37.54,0:54:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing an ecological destruction
Dialogue: 0,0:54:40.93,0:54:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without making ourselves satisfied.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:44.13,0:54:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the next step\Nis we turn our gaze inwards,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:47.95,0:54:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we say OK, getting control\Nof the world outside us
Dialogue: 0,0:54:52.53,0:54:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did not really make us satisfied.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:54.41,0:54:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's now try to gain control\Nof the world inside us.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:57.14,0:54:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the really big project
Dialogue: 0,0:54:59.32,0:55:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of science and technology\Nand industry in the 21st century --
Dialogue: 0,0:55:03.64,0:55:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and gain control\Nof the world inside us,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:07.19,0:55:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn how to engineer and produce\Nbodies and brains and minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:12.14,0:55:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are likely to be the main\Nproducts of the 21st century economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:16.80,0:55:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When people think about the future,\Nvery often they think in terms,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:20.65,0:55:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, I want to gain control\Nof my body and of my brain."
Dialogue: 0,0:55:24.62,0:55:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that's very dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:27.45,0:55:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we've learned anything\Nfrom our previous history,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:30.74,0:55:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's that yes, we gain\Nthe power to manipulate,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:34.68,0:55:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because we didn't really\Nunderstand the complexity
Dialogue: 0,0:55:37.49,0:55:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the ecological system,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:39.32,0:55:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are now facing an ecological meltdown.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:43.04,0:55:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we now try to reengineer\Nthe world inside us
Dialogue: 0,0:55:48.47,0:55:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without really understanding it,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:50.62,0:55:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially without understanding\Nthe complexity of our mental system,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:54.96,0:55:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might cause a kind of internal\Necological disaster,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:59.65,0:56:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll face a kind of mental\Nmeltdown inside us.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:04.27,0:56:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Putting all the pieces\Ntogether here --
Dialogue: 0,0:56:06.74,0:56:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the current politics,\Nthe coming technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:09.44,0:56:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concerns like the one\Nyou've just outlined --
Dialogue: 0,0:56:11.61,0:56:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, it seems like you yourself\Nare in quite a bleak place
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.73,0:56:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you think about the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:16.38,0:56:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're pretty worried about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:17.98,0:56:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that right?
Dialogue: 0,0:56:19.20,0:56:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if there was one cause for hope,\Nhow would you state that?
Dialogue: 0,0:56:25.91,0:56:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YNH: I focus on the most\Ndangerous possibilities
Dialogue: 0,0:56:30.10,0:56:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partly because this is like\Nmy job or responsibility
Dialogue: 0,0:56:33.14,0:56:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a historian or social critic.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:34.95,0:56:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, the industry focuses mainly\Non the positive sides,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:39.74,0:56:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's the job of historians\Nand philosophers and sociologists
Dialogue: 0,0:56:43.12,0:56:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to highlight the more dangerous potential\Nof all these new technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:47.58,0:56:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think any of that is inevitable.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:50.09,0:56:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Technology is never deterministic.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:53.16,0:56:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can use the same technology
Dialogue: 0,0:56:54.90,0:56:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create very different\Nkinds of societies.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:57.91,0:56:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the 20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:59.97,0:57:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, the technologies\Nof the Industrial Revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:02.78,0:57:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trains and electricity and all that
Dialogue: 0,0:57:05.86,0:57:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be used to create\Na communist dictatorship
Dialogue: 0,0:57:08.94,0:57:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a fascist regime\Nor a liberal democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:11.76,0:57:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trains did not tell you\Nwhat to do with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:14.32,0:57:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, now, artificial intelligence\Nand bioengineering and all of that --
Dialogue: 0,0:57:18.79,0:57:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't predetermine a single outcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:22.89,0:57:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humanity can rise up to the challenge,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:26.09,0:57:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the best example we have
Dialogue: 0,0:57:27.80,0:57:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of humanity rising up\Nto the challenge of a new technology
Dialogue: 0,0:57:31.57,0:57:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is nuclear weapons.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:33.31,0:57:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the late 1940s, '50s,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:36.35,0:57:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many people were convinced
Dialogue: 0,0:57:38.51,0:57:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sooner or later the Cold War\Nwill end in a nuclear catastrophe,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:42.84,0:57:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,destroying human civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:44.64,0:57:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this did not happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:46.14,0:57:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, nuclear weapons prompted\Nhumans all over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:57:52.59,0:57:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change the way that they manage\Ninternational politics
Dialogue: 0,0:57:57.35,0:57:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:59.74,0:58:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many countries basically took out war
Dialogue: 0,0:58:03.01,0:58:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from their political toolkit.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:04.90,0:58:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They no longer tried to pursue\Ntheir interests with warfare.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:09.58,0:58:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not all countries have done so,\Nbut many countries have.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:12.87,0:58:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is maybe\Nthe most important reason
Dialogue: 0,0:58:16.83,0:58:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why international violence\Ndeclined dramatically since 1945,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:22.96,0:58:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and today, as I said,\Nmore people commit suicide
Dialogue: 0,0:58:26.32,0:58:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than are killed in war.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:28.55,0:58:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this, I think, gives us a good example
Dialogue: 0,0:58:33.40,0:58:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that even the most frightening technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:37.27,0:58:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans can rise up to the challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:58:39.83,0:58:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually some good can come out of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:42.88,0:58:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is, we have very little\Nmargin for error.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:47.19,0:58:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we don't get it right,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:49.42,0:58:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might not have\Na second option to try again.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:54.34,0:58:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: That's a very powerful note,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:55.93,0:58:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on which I think we should draw\Nthis to a conclusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:58.76,0:59:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before I wrap up, I just want to say\None thing to people here
Dialogue: 0,0:59:01.89,0:59:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to the global TED community\Nwatching online, anyone watching online:
Dialogue: 0,0:59:07.46,0:59:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,help us with these dialogues.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:10.38,0:59:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you believe, like we do,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:12.95,0:59:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we need to find\Na different kind of conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:15.96,0:59:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now more than ever, help us do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:18.21,0:59:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reach out to other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:21.27,0:59:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,try and have conversations\Nwith people you disagree with,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:24.03,0:59:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understand them,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:25.24,0:59:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pull the pieces together,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:26.79,0:59:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help us figure out how to take\Nthese conversations forward
Dialogue: 0,0:59:30.71,0:59:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can make a real contribution
Dialogue: 0,0:59:32.99,0:59:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what's happening\Nin the world right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:35.76,0:59:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think everyone feels more alive,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:39.10,0:59:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more concerned, more engaged
Dialogue: 0,0:59:41.43,0:59:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the politics of the moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:43.99,0:59:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stakes do seem quite high,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:46.46,0:59:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so help us respond to it\Nin a wise, wise way.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:51.00,0:59:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yuval Harari, thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:52.62,0:59:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)