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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.22,0:00:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good evening.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.22,0:00:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.22,0:00:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tonight I want to talk to you\Nabout a new area of nanotechnology;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.44,0:00:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is nanomedicines.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.76,0:00:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is an area
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.74,0:00:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where nanotechnology is enabling\Nnew and exciting biotechnology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.72,0:00:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, over the past few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.74,0:00:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deaths due to heart disease\Nhave plummeted,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.74,0:00:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you can see\Nfrom the data on this slide,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.74,0:00:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a really good story.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.83,0:00:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But unfortunately with cancer, \Nwe can't say the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.88,0:00:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so today,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.43,0:00:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cancer is now the number one disease\Nthat kills Americans under the age of 85.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.08,0:00:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you might expect,\Nthis is not just a US problem;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.28,0:00:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a worldwide problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.52,0:00:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from these data, you can see \Nthat the death rate due to cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.67,0:00:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exceeds that from tuberculosis, \Nmalaria, and HIV all combined.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.92,0:00:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And unfortunately, it's predicted\Nto continue to increase in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.30,0:00:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you look, cancer has\Na massive cost to society right now
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.54,0:01:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the loss of productivity that we have\Nfrom people expiring at an early age,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.31,0:01:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also in the cost of the therapies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.29,0:01:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as these therapies are increasing in price\Nat rates that are just not sustainable
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.49,0:01:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we have to treat\Nso many people worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.77,0:01:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, \Nyou've probably all witnessed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.26,0:01:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many patients\Nthat are on current therapies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.76,0:01:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really suffer through poor quality of life\Nwhile they're on treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.32,0:01:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even after the treatment's over.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.75,0:01:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a real strong reason\Nto try to develop new cancer therapeutics
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.74,0:01:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are efficacious,\Nthat have reasonable costs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.01,0:01:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, of course, can give patients\Nhigh quality of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.33,0:01:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these issues motivate us\Nevery day of our life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.31,0:01:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We get up, go to the lab,\Ngo to the hospital
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.71,0:01:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to see if we can make\Nan impact on these issues.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.61,0:01:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if we really want to have\Nan impact on the death rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.60,0:01:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to have to treat\Nwhat's called metastatic disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.50,0:01:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where you have multiple tumors\Nthroughout the body at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.80,0:01:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this implies that your therapy has\Nto treat the whole body at the same time
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.52,0:02:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it's called systemic treatments.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.75,0:02:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what are nanomedicines?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.31,0:02:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, these are small particles\Nthat are therapeutics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.71,0:02:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have the potential
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.27,0:02:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to change the way\Nthat we treat cancer patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.60,0:02:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the National Cancer Institute\Ndefines these particles
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.94,0:02:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as particles between\None and 100 nanometers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.98,0:02:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're composites\Nbetween therapeutic agents
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.01,0:02:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other carrier molecules,\Nlike polymers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.32,0:02:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, why is the size important?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.56,0:02:29.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is real nanotechnology.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.81,0:02:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These particles are small.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.80,0:02:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you take 100-nanometer particle \Nand increase it to a soccer ball,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.29,0:02:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the same increase in size \Nfrom the soccer ball to the planet Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.28,0:02:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these very, very small particles,\Nwe can put into the blood of a patient,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will circulate\Nthroughout your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.79,0:02:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's interesting\Nthat it's nanotechnology,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.76,0:02:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's actually large relative\Nto these chemotherapeutic drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.98,0:02:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are less than a nanometer in size.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.49,0:02:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the analogy\Nis that the drug is the soccer ball;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.36,0:03:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nanoparticle is actually\Nthe Goodyear blimp.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.09,0:03:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a very large entity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.14,0:03:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because of that, it's restricted\Nfrom certain areas in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.66,0:03:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also can carry a large payload of drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.36,0:03:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about how many soccer balls you\Nmight be able to put in the Goodyear blimp
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.14,0:03:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how other multiple functions\Ncan be put onto these larger entities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.03,0:03:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, my group and others\Nthroughout the world
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.27,0:03:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have spent the last decade or so
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.80,0:03:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to figure out how to design\Nand engineer these multifunctional systems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.37,0:03:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to treat patients with solid tumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.84,0:03:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the field as a whole is converging\Nto this area of about 50 nanometers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.90,0:03:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus or minus 20.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.62,0:03:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And think of 50 nanometers\Nas, like, half the Goodyear blimp,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.82,0:03:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than the full Goodyear blimp.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.54,0:03:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've given you two illustrations\Non this slide of those types of particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.60,0:03:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we're trying to design the size\Nand what's on the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.62,0:03:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what kind of functions\Nthat we can place into these particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.37,0:03:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason is as follows -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.31,0:03:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, the one panel's not showing up -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.59,0:04:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that when you\Ninfuse these into a patient
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.18,0:04:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can circulate in the blood system,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.10,0:04:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they can't access certain areas\Nthat chemotherapeutic drugs access,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.06,0:04:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like healthy tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.80,0:04:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, those drugs\Ncan go into your bone marrow,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.70,0:04:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes all of your cells\Nfor your immune system, and kill them
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.81,0:04:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the molecules of your hair\Nthat make your hair fall out.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.81,0:04:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a nanoparticle, they can't go there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.06,0:04:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so they're much safer therapies\Nthan the chemotherapeutic drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.54,0:04:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But tumors grow new vessels, and so\Nthose vessels are not completed yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.18,0:04:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll allow these nanoparticles\Nto actually access that region.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.69,0:04:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we decorate\Nthe surface of these particles
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.79,0:04:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with molecules that allow them\Nto preferentially act
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.08,0:04:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interact with surface molecules\Non the cancer cells
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.74,0:04:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that then take these particles \Ninside the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.06,0:04:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ones we make at Caltech,\Nwe try to make somewhat intelligent;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.18,0:04:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we put chemical sensors on them that say,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.15,0:04:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Okay. I'm inside the cell now.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.32,0:04:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Give off my therapeutic payload."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.87,0:05:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we make, by design, \Nthe remnants of this particle small enough
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.60,0:05:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when it disassembles,\Nthose remnants go out into your urine,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.72,0:05:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there's no trace of it left\Nafter the administration.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.13,0:05:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So normal cells grow, they divide,\Nand they die in an orderly fashion.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.60,0:05:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are many\Nregulatory systems that are used
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.56,0:05:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are turned on\Nand turned off to control this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.29,0:05:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In cancer, some of these are altered,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.50,0:05:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so what can happen, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.24,0:05:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the pathways that allow\Nthese cells to grow and divide
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.03,0:05:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get turned on permanently.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.87,0:05:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you really want to make an effective\Ntherapy that has minimal side effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.06,0:05:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd like to attack \Njust at those altered positions.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.09,0:05:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's some new biotechnology\Nthat may help us do this job,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.14,0:05:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is called RNA interference,\Nand it's a method to silence genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.33,0:05:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the drug, now, is a small piece\Nof what's called a duplex of RNA -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.70,0:05:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two strands of RNA together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.23,0:05:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Craig Mello and Andy Fire
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.18,0:05:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got the Nobel Prize in Physiology\Nor Medicine in 2006
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.93,0:06:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for figuring out how this works in worms.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.46,0:06:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when Andy gave his Nobel address,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.14,0:06:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, "Well, what could happen\Nif we have a patient that has a tumor
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.67,0:06:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a gene \Nthat's causing that tumor to grow?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.63,0:06:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could we, in fact, \Nmake one of these small RNAs
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.72,0:06:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in fact, give it to the patient\Nand stop the growth of the tumor?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.67,0:06:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you could get that RNA to the target,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.67,0:06:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could have some\Nreally cool therapeutics."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.86,0:06:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like that term, "cool therapeutics."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.16,0:06:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And delivery is the major issue:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.69,0:06:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you get these to the right place\Nand to do the right job?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.48,0:06:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, about a year or so ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.02,0:06:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my colleagues and I were the first to show
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.03,0:06:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you could translate this\Nfrom a worm to a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.94,0:06:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as you might expect,\Nthat's a big translation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.33,0:06:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.33,0:06:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were able to show that you can, \Nin fact, do this in patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.38,0:06:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so I'll try to illustrate\Na few points for you now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.30,0:06:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is so interesting\Nabout this technology
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.36,0:06:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, unlike most drugs\Nthat attack at the protein level -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.34,0:06:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and proteins do many different functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.31,0:06:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you have to have drugs\Nthat do many different things,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.93,0:07:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are lots of protein functions\Nthat you just can't attack,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.07,0:07:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those are called undruggable targets.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.73,0:07:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But RNA interference attacks\Nat what's called the messenger RNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.75,0:07:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all we have to do there\Nis just change the sequence of the letters
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.42,0:07:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can attack and eliminate\Nany of those messenger RNAs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.67,0:07:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so any gene, now, \Nis druggable by this technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.86,0:07:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by changing\Nthe letters on our duplex RNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.68,0:07:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what my colleagues and I did
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.21,0:07:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we developed a nanoparticle\Nthat carried these small RNAs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.90,0:07:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we infused these into cancer patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.09,0:07:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these particles would circulate\Nthrough the body of the cancer patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.65,0:07:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were able to show
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.06,0:07:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they would, in fact, go to tumors \Nin metastatic melanoma patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.95,0:07:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in fact, they would do it\Nin a dose-dependent fashion,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.25,0:07:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what that means
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.25,0:07:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the more nanoparticles\Nthat we actually put into the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.20,0:07:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more we saw ending up in the tumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.20,0:07:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we could do this where patients\Nwould have very high quality of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.40,0:07:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the few patients\Nthat we were able to get biopsies,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.69,0:08:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were able to look more closely,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.52,0:08:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've shown two pictures\Nhere on this slide:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.73,0:08:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first is, the light areas \Nthat are in the tumor area,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.75,0:08:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are actually the nanoparticles.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.96,0:08:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we were actually able to show\Nthat these nanoparticles go into the tumor
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.68,0:08:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and into the tumor cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.46,0:08:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they didn't localize at all\Ninto the healthy tissue
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.42,0:08:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was around the tumor,\Nas we're trying to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.55,0:08:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we were able to eliminate\Nthis individual messenger RNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.81,0:08:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were able to show that it was\Nby this RNA interference mechanism.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.34,0:08:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, it would stop\Nthe production of a protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.34,0:08:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I'm showing on this slide as well -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.44,0:08:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we eliminated this protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.46,0:08:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this caused the tumors\Nnot to grow in these patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.14,0:08:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what I've shown you\Nis at least one example
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.57,0:08:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where, in fact, the nanoparticle\Ncan enable this new biotechnology
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.47,0:08:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to create new cancer therapeutics\Nwith the right type of properties.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.91,0:08:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we hope that\Nthe potential for these is high
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.69,0:08:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mainly to be able\Nto give cancer patients
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.06,0:09:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treatment options\Nwith high quality of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.21,0:09:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what about the future?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.97,0:09:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we've been able to do so far
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.69,0:09:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to take these nanoparticles,\Ninfuse them in the patient,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.39,0:09:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually inhibit an individual gene\Nin the tumor of these patients
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.41,0:09:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they're having high quality of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.62,0:09:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there's no reason
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.70,0:09:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we couldn't put multiple types \Nof RNAs into these particles
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.86,0:09:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could attack\Nmultiple genes simultaneously.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.38,0:09:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, our vision is that\Nwe start to treat patients
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.13,0:09:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that we use, then, \Na fingerprick of blood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.60,0:09:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and analyze a variety\Nof biomolecules in blood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.29,0:09:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a variety of other techniques\Nthat people have talked about -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.57,0:09:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,various arrays and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.49,0:09:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take that information -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.74,0:09:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably what will happen in the future\Nis you'll do this at home;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.83,0:09:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll plug it into your iPhone,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.36,0:09:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your iPhone\Nwill call up your physician
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.35,0:09:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "Here are the results"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.96,0:09:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the next time \Nyou go to the doctor's office,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.45,0:09:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're going to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.72,0:09:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Here's the new therapy\Nthat we're going to give to you."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.38,0:10:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So not only in a personalized sense \Ncan you change for these therapies,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.29,0:10:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're hoping that you can\Nactually change in a dynamic sense
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.66,0:10:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an individual person to actually\Nfollow the course of the disease
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.65,0:10:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eradicate it\Nin the best manner you can.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.01,0:10:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the vision for cancer,\Nand it probably would happen that way -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.94,0:10:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then hopefully\Nwith other diseases as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.46,0:10:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.46,0:10:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)