So, we had a talk by a non-GitLab person
about GitLab.

Now, we have a talk by a GitLab person
on non-GtlLab.

Something like that?

The CCCHH hackerspace is now open,

from now on if you want to go there,
that's the announcement.

And the next talk will be by Ben Kochie

on metrics-based monitoring
with Prometheus.

Welcome.

[Applause]

Alright, so

my name is Ben Kochie

I work on DevOps features for GitLab

and apart working for GitLab, I also work
on the opensource Prometheus project.

I live in Berlin and I've been using
Debian since ???

yes, quite a long time.

So, what is Metrics-based Monitoring?

If you're running software in production,

you probably want to monitor it,

because if you don't monitor it, you don't
know it's right.

??? break down into two categories:

there's blackbox monitoring and
there's whitebox monitoring.

Blackbox monitoring is treating
your software like a blackbox.

It's just checks to see, like,

is it responding, or does it ping

or ??? HTTP requests

[mic turned on]

Ah, there we go, much better.

So, blackbox monitoring is a probe,

it just kind of looks from the outside
to your software

and it has no knowledge of the internals

and it's really good for end to end testing.

So if you've got a fairly complicated
service,

you come in from the outside, you go
through the load balancer,

you hit the API server,

the API server might hit a database,

and you go all the way through
to the back of the stack

and all the way back out

so you know that everything is working
end to end.

But you only know about it
for that one request.

So in order to find out if your service
is working,

from the end to end, for every single
request,

this requires whitebox intrumentation.

So, basically, every event that happens
inside your software,

inside a serving stack,

gets collected and gets counted,

so you know that every request hits
the load balancer,

every request hits your application
service,

every request hits the database.

You know that everything matches up

and this is called whitebox, or
metrics-based monitoring.

There is different examples of, like,

the kind of software that does blackbox
and whitebox monitoring.

So you have software like Nagios that
you can configure checks

or pingdom,

pingdom will do ping of your website.

And then there is metrics-based monitoring,

things like Prometheus, things like
the TICK stack from influx data,

New Relic and other commercial solutions

but of course I like to talk about
the opensorce solutions.

We're gonna talk a little bit about
Prometheus.

Prometheus came out of the idea that

we needed a monitoring system that could
collect all this whitebox metric data

and do something useful with it.

Not just give us a pretty graph, but
we also want to be able to

alert on it.

So we needed both

a data gathering and an analytics system
in the same instance.

To do this, we built this thing and
we looked at the way that

data was being generated
by the applications

and there are advantages and
disadvantages to this

push vs. pull model for metrics.

We decided to go with the pulling model

because there is some slight advantages
for pulling over pushing.

With pulling, you get this free
blackbox check

that the application is running.

When you pull your application, you know
that the process is running.

If you are doing push-based, you can't
tell the difference between

your application doing no work and
your application not running.

So you don't know if it's stuck,

or is it just not having to do any work.

With pulling, the pulling system knows
the state of your network.

If you have a defined set of services,

that inventory drives what should be there.

Again, it's like, the disappearing,

is the process dead, or is it just
not doing anything?

With polling, you know for a fact
what processes should be there,

and it's a bit of an advantage there.

With pulling, there's really easy testing.

With push-based metrics, you have to
figure out

if you want to test a new version of
the monitoring system or

you want to test something new,

you have to tear off a copy of the data.

With pulling, you can just set up
another instance of your monitoring

and just test it.

Or you don't even have,

it doesn't even have to be monitoring,
you can just use curl

to pull the metrics endpoint.

It's significantly easier to test.

The other thing with the…

The other nice thing is that
the client is really simple.

The client doesn't have to know
where the monitoring system is.

It doesn't have to know about ???

It just has to sit and collect the data
about itself.

So it doesn't have to know anything about
the topology of the network.

As an application developer, if you're
writing a DNS server or

some other piece of software,

you don't have to know anything about
monitoring software,

you can just implement it inside
your application and

the monitoring software, whether it's
Prometheus or something else,

can just come and collect that data for you.

That's kind of similar to a very old
monitoring system called SNMP,

but SNMP has a significantly less friendly
data model for developers.

This is the basic layout
of a Prometheus server.

At the core, there's a Prometheus server

and it deals with all the data collection
and analytics.

Basically, this one binary,
it's all written in golang.

It's a single binary.

It knows how to read from your inventory,

there's a bunch of different methods,
whether you've got

a kubernetes cluster or a cloud platform

or you have your own customized thing
with ansible.

Ansible can take your layout, drop that
into a config file and

Prometheus can pick that up.

Once it has the layout, it goes out and
collects all the data.

It has a storage and a time series
database to store all that data locally.

It has a thing called PromQL, which is
a query language designed

for metrics and analytics.

From that PromQL, you can add frontends
that will,

whether it's a simple API client
to run reports,

you can use things like Grafana
for creating dashboards,

it's got a simple webUI built in.

You can plug in anything you want
on that side.

And then, it also has the ability to
continuously execute queries

called "recording rules"

and these recording rules have
two different modes.

You can either record, you can take
a query

and it will generate new data
from that query

or you can take a query, and
if it returns results,

it will return an alert.

That alert is a push message
to the alert manager.

This allows us to separate the generating
of alerts from the routing of alerts.

You can have one or hundreds of Prometheus
services, all generating alerts

and it goes into an alert manager cluster
and sends, does the deduplication

and the routing to the human

because, of course, the thing
that we want is

we had dashboards with graphs, but
in order to find out if something is broken

you had to have a human
looking at the graph.

With Prometheus, we don't have to do that
anymore,

we can simply let the software tell us
that we need to go investigate

our problems.

We don't have to sit there and
stare at dashboards all day,

because that's really boring.

What does it look like to actually
get data into Prometheus?

This is a very basic output
of a Prometheus metric.

This is a very simple thing.

If you know much about
the linux kernel,

the linux kernel tracks and proc stats,
all the state of all the CPUs

in your system

and we express this by having
the name of the metric, which is

'node_cpu_seconds_total' and so
this is a self-describing metric,

like you can just read the metrics name

and you understand a little bit about
what's going on here.

The linux kernel and other kernels track
their usage by the number of seconds

spent doing different things and

that could be, whether it's in system or
user space or IRQs

or iowait or idle.

Actually, the kernel tracks how much
idle time it has.

It also tracks it by the number of CPUs.

With other monitoring systems, they used
to do this with a tree structure

and this caused a lot of problems,
for like

How do you mix and match data so
by switching from

a tree structure to a tag-based structure,

we can do some really interesting
powerful data analytics.

Here's a nice example of taking
those CPU seconds counters

and then converting them into a graph
by using PromQL.

Now we can get into
Metrics-Based Alerting.

Now we have this graph, we have this thing

we can look and see here

"Oh there is some little spike here,
we might want to know about that."

Now we can get into Metrics-Based
Alerting.

I used to be a site reliability engineer,
I'm still a site reliability engineer at heart

and we have this concept of things that
you need on a site or a service reliably

The most important thing you need is
down at the bottom,

Monitoring, because if you don't have
monitoring of your service,

how do you know it's even working?

There's a couple of techniques here, and
we want to alert based on data

and not just those end to end tests.

There's a couple of techniques, a thing
called the RED method

and there's a thing called the USE method

and there's a couple nice things to some
blog posts about this

and basically it defines that, for example,

the RED method talks about the requests
that your system is handling

There are three things:

There's the number of requests, there's
the number of errors

and there's how long takes a duration.

With the combination of these three things

you can determine most of
what your users see

"Did my request go through? Did it
return an error? Was it fast?"

Most people, that's all they care about.

"I made a request to a website and
it came back and it was fast."

It's a very simple method of just, like,

those are the important things to
determine if your site is healthy.

But we can go back to some more
traditional, sysadmin style alerts

this is basically taking the filesystem
available space,

divided by the filesystem size, that becomes
the ratio of filesystem availability

from 0 to 1.

Multiply it by 100, we now have
a percentage

and if it's less than or equal to 1%
for 15 minutes,

this is less than 1% space, we should tell
a sysadmin to go check

to find out why the filesystem
has fall

It's super nice and simple.

We can also tag, we can include…

Every alert includes all the extraneous
labels that Prometheus adds to your metrics

When you add a metric in Prometheus, if
we go back and we look at this metric.

This metric only contain the information
about the internals of the application

anything about, like, what server it's on,
is it running in a container,

what cluster does it come from,
what continent is it on,

that's all extra annotations that are
added by the Prometheus server

at discovery time.

Unfortunately I don't have a good example 
of what those labels look like

but every metric gets annotated
with location information.

That location information also comes through
as labels in the alert

so, if you have a message coming
into your alert manager,

the alert manager can look and go

"Oh, that's coming from this datacenter"

and it can include that in the email or
IRC message or SMS message.

So you can include

"Filesystem is out of space on this host
from this datacenter"

All these labels get passed through and
then you can append

"severity: critical" to that alert and
include that in the message to the human

because of course, this is how you define…

Getting the message from the monitoring
to the human.

You can even include nice things like,

if you've got documentation, you can
include a link to the documentation

as an annotation

and the alert manager can take that
basic url and, you know,

massaging it into whatever it needs
to look like to actually get

the operator to the correct documentation.

We can also do more fun things:

since we actually are not just checking

what is the space right now,
we're tracking data over time,

we can use 'predict_linear'.

'predict_linear' just takes and does
a simple linear regression.

This example takes the filesystem
available space over the last hour and

does a linear regression.

Prediction says "Well, it's going that way
and four hours from now,

based on one hour of history, it's gonna
be less than 0, which means full".

We know that within the next four hours,
the disc is gonna be full

so we can tell the operator ahead of time
that it's gonna be full

and not just tell them that it's full
right now.

They have some window of ability
to fix it before it fails.

This is really important because
if you're running a site

you want to be able to have alerts
that tell you that your system is failing

before it actually fails.

Because if it fails, you're out of SLO
or SLA and

your users are gonna be unhappy

and you don't want the users to tell you
that your site is down

you want to know about it before
your users can even tell.

This allows you to do that.

And also of course, Prometheus being
a modern system,

we support fully UTF8 in all of our labels.

Here's an other one, here's a good example
from the USE method.

This is a rate of 500 errors coming from
an application

and you can simply alert that

there's more than 500 errors per second
coming out of the application

if that's your threshold for pain

And you can do other things,

you can convert that from just
a raid of errors

to a percentive error.

So you could say

"I have an SLA of 3 9" and so you can say

"If the rate of errors divided by the rate
of requests is .01,

or is more than .01, then
that's a problem."

You can include that level of
error granularity.

And if you're just doing a blackbox test,

you wouldn't know this, you would only get
if you got an error from the system,

then you got another error from the system

then you fire an alert.

But if those checks are one minute apart
and you're serving 1000 requests per second

you could be serving 10,000 errors before
you even get an alert.

And you might miss it, because

what if you only get one random error

and then the next time, you're serving
25% errors,

you only have a 25% chance of that check
failing again.

You really need these metrics in order
to get

proper reports of the status of your system

There's even options

You can slice and dice those labels.

If you have a label on all of
your applications called 'service'

you can send that 'service' label through
to the message

and you can say
"Hey, this service is broken".

You can include that service label
in your alert messages.

And that's it, I can go to a demo and Q&A.

[Applause]

Any questions so far?

Or anybody want to see a demo?

[Q] Hi. Does Prometheus make metric
discovery inside containers

or do I have to implement the metrics
myself?

[A] For metrics in containers, there are
already things that expose

the metrics of the container system
itself.

There's a utility called 'cadvisor' and

cadvisor takes the links cgroup data
and exposes it as metrics

so you can get data about
how much CPU time is being

spent in your container,

how much memory is being spent
by your container.

[Q] But not about the application,
just about the container usage ?

[A] Right. Because the container
has no idea

whether your application is written
in Ruby or Go or Python or whatever,

you have to build that into
your application in order to get the data.

So for Prometheus,

we've written client libraries that can be
included in your application directly

so you can get that data out.

If you go to the Prometheus website,
we have a whole series of client libraries

and we cover a pretty good selection
of popular software.

[Q] What is the current state of
long-term data storage?

[A] Very good question.

There's been several…

There's actually several different methods
of doing this.

Prometheus stores all this data locally
in its own data storage

on the local disk.

But that's only as durable as
that server is durable.

So if you've got a really durable server,

you can store as much data as you want,

you can store years and years of data
locally on the Prometheus server.

That's not a problem.

There's a bunch of misconceptions because
of our default

and the language on our website said

"It's not long-term storage"

simply because we leave that problem
up to the person running the server.

But the time series database
that Prometheus includes

is actually quite durable.

But it's only as durable as the server
underneath it.

So if you've got a very large cluster and
you want really high durability,

you need to have some kind of
cluster software,

but because we want Prometheus to be
simple to deploy

and very simple to operate

and also very robust.

We didn't want to include any clustering
in Prometheus itself,

because anytime you have a clustered
software,

what happens if your network is
a little wanky.

The first thing that goes down is
all of your distributed systems fail.

And building distributed systems to be
really robust is really hard

so Prometheus is what we call
"uncoordinated distributed systems".

If you've got two Prometheus servers
monitoring all your targets in an HA mode

in a cluster, and there's a split brain,

each Prometheus can see
half of the cluster and

it can see that the other half
of the cluster is down.

They can both try to get alerts out
to the alert manager

and this is a really really robust way of
handling split brains

and bad network failures and bad problems
in a cluster.

It's designed to be super super robust

and so the two individual
Promotheus servers in you cluster

don't have to talk to each other
to do this,

they can just to it independently.

But if you want to be able
to correlate data

between many different Prometheus servers

you need an external data storage
to do this.

And also you may not have
very big servers,

you might be running your Prometheus
in a container

and it's only got a little bit of local
storage space

so you want to send all that data up
to a big cluster datastore

for a bigger use

We have several different ways of
doing this.

There's the classic way which is called
federation

where you have one Prometheus server
polling in summary data from

each of the individual Prometheus servers

and this is useful if you want to run
alerts against data coming

from multiple Prometheus servers.

But federation is not replication.

It only can do a little bit of data from
each Prometheus server.

If you've got a million metrics on
each Prometheus server,

you can't poll in a million metrics
and do…

If you've got 10 of those, you can't
poll in 10 million metrics

simultaneously into one Prometheus
server.

It's just to much data.

There is two others, a couple of other
nice options.

There's a piece of software called
Cortex.

Cortex is a Prometheus server that
stores its data in a database.

Specifically, a distributed database.

Things that are based on the Google
big table model, like Cassandra or…

What's the Amazon one?

Yeah.

Dynamodb.

If you have a dynamodb or a cassandra
cluster, or one of these other

really big distributed storage clusters,

Cortex can run and the Prometheus servers
will stream their data up to Cortex

and it will keep a copy of that accross
all of your Prometheus servers.

And because it's based on things
like Cassandra,

it's super scalable.

But it's a little complex to run and

many people don't want to run that
complex infrastructure.

We have another new one, we just blogged
about it yesterday.

It's a thing called Thanos.

Thanos is Prometheus at scale.

Basically, the way it works…

Actually, why don't I bring that up?

This was developed by a company
called Improbable

and they wanted to…

They had billions of metrics coming from
hundreds of Prometheus servers.

They developed this in collaboration with
the Prometheus team to build

a super highly scalable Prometheus server.

Prometheus itself stores the incoming
metrics data in a write ahead log

and then every two hours, it creates
a compaction cycle

and it creates a mutable series block
of data which is

all the time series blocks themselves

and then an index into that data.

Those two hour windows are all imutable

so ??? has a little sidecar binary that
watches for those new directories and

uploads them into a blob store.

So you could put them in S3 or minio or
some other simple object storage.

And then now you have all of your data,
all of this index data already

ready to go

and then the final sidecar creates
a little mesh cluster that can read from

all of those S3 blocks.

Now, you have this super global view
all stored in a big bucket storage and

things like S3 or minio are…

Bucket storage is not databases so they're
operationally a little easier to operate.

Plus, now we have all this data in
a bucket store and

the Thanos sidecars can talk to each other

We can now have a single entry point.

You can query Thanos and Thanos will
distribute your query

across all your Prometheus servers.

So now you can do global queries across
all of your servers.

But it's very new, they just released
their first release candidate yesterday.

It is looking to be like
the coolest thing ever

for running large scale Prometheus.

Here's an example of how that is laid out.

This will bring and let you have
a billion metric Prometheus cluster.

And it's got a bunch of other
cool features.

Any more questions?

Alright, maybe I'll do
a quick little demo.

Here is a Prometheus server that is
provided by this group

that just does a ansible deployment
for Prometheus.

And you can just simply query
for something like 'node_cpu'.

This is actually the old name for
that metric.

And you can see, here's exactly

the CPU metrics from some servers.

It's just a bunch of stuff.

There's actually two servers here,

there's an influx cloud alchemy and
there is a demo cloud alchemy.

[Q] Can you zoom in?
[A] Oh yeah sure.

So you can see all the extra labels.

We can also do some things like…

Let's take a look at, say,
the last 30 seconds.

We can just add this little time window.

It's called a range request,
and you can see

the individual samples.

You can see that all Prometheus is doing

is storing the sample and a timestamp.

All the timestamps are in milliseconds
and it's all epoch

so it's super easy to manipulate.

But, looking at the individual samples and
looking at this, you can see that

if we go back and just take…
and look at the raw data, and

we graph the raw data…

Oops, that's a syntax error.

And we look at this graph…
Come on.

Here we go.

Well, that's kind of boring, it's just
a flat line because

it's just a counter going up very slowly.

What we really want to do, is we want to
take, and we want to apply

a rate function to this counter.

So let's look at the rate over
the last one minute.

There we go, now we get
a nice little graph.

And so you can see that this is
0.6 CPU seconds per second

for that set of labels.

But this is pretty noisy, there's a lot
of lines on this graph and

there's still a lot of data here.

So let's start doing some filtering.

One of the things we see here is,
well, there's idle.

We don't really care about
the machine being idle,

so let's just add a label filter
so we can say

'mode', it's the label name, and it's not
equal to 'idle'. Done.

And if I could type…
What did I miss?

Here we go.

So now we've removed idle from the graph.

That looks a little more sane.

Oh, wow, look at that, that's a nice
big spike in user space on the influx server

Okay…

Well, that's pretty cool.

What about…

This is still quite a lot of lines.

How much CPU is in use total across
all the servers that we have.

We can just sum up that rate.

We can just see that there is
a sum total of 0.6 CPU seconds/s

across the servers we have.

But that's a little to coarse.

What if we want to see it by instance?

Now, we can see the two servers,
we can see

that we're left with just that label.

The influx labels are the influx instance
and the influx demo.

That's a super easy way to see that,

but we can also do this
the other way around.

We can say 'without (mode,cpu)' so
we can drop those modes and

see all the labels that we have.

We can still see the environment label
and the job label on our list data.

You can go either way
with the summary functions.

There's a whole bunch of different functions

and it's all in our documentation.

But what if we want to see it…

What if we want to see which CPUs
are in use?

Now we can see that it's only CPU0

because apparently these are only
1-core instances.

You can add/remove labels and do
all these queries.

Any other questions so far?

[Q] I don't have a question, but I have
something to add.

Prometheus is really nice, but it's
a lot better if you combine it

with grafana.

[A] Yes, yes.

In the beginning, when we were creating
Prometheus, we actually built

a piece of dashboard software called
promdash.

It was a simple little Ruby on Rails app
to create dashboards

and it had a bunch of JavaScript.

And then grafana came out.

And we're like

"Oh, that's interesting. It doesn't support
Prometheus" so we were like

"Hey, can you support Prometheus"

and they're like "Yeah, we've got
a REST API, get the data, done"

Now grafana supports Prometheus and
we're like

"Well, promdash, this is crap, delete".

The Prometheus development team,

we're all backend developers
and SREs and

we have no JavaScript skills at all.

So we're like "Let somebody deal
with that".

One of the nice things about working on
this kind of project is

we can do things that we're good at and
and we don't, we don't try…

We don't have any marketing people,
it's just an opensource project,

there's no single company behind Prometheus.

I work for GitLab, Improbable paid for
the Thanos system,

other companies like Red Hat now pays
people that used to work on CoreOS to

work on Prometheus.

There's lots and lots of collaboration
between many companies

to build the Prometheus ecosystem.

But yeah, grafana is great.

Actually, grafana now has
two fulltime Prometheus developers.

Alright, that's it.

[Applause]