[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.20,0:00:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Salman] I am now\Ngoing to give an overview
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.07,0:00:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of ancient Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.16,0:00:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In future videos we're gonna\Ngo into a lot more depth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.68,0:00:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a lot of these events and ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.34,0:00:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this one is to give you\Ncontext on the big picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.19,0:00:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to start, let's\Nbegin with the name Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.30,0:00:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that the Greeks do not call
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.78,0:00:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they live, Greece,\Nneither did the ancient Greeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.36,0:00:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They called it Hellas.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.10,0:00:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hellas, Hellas.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.02,0:00:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the word Hellas comes from Hellen,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.50,0:00:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this comes from Hellen,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.45,0:00:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is this legendary\Nfigure who is viewed
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.89,0:00:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a progenitor of the Greek people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.92,0:00:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could kind of view him
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.83,0:00:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the father of the Greek people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.74,0:00:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not well established\Nin the historical record
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.17,0:00:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Hellen actually existed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.36,0:00:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is where we get\Nthe name Hellas from.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.89,0:00:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.76,0:00:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do not confuse this Hellen, who was a man,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.78,0:00:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Helen of Troy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.15,0:01:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Helen of Troy was a different person.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.97,0:01:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was a child and I\Nheard about Hellenic things
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.15,0:01:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the Hellenic period, or the Hellenes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.95,0:01:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was like, oh,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.78,0:01:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe that's something\Nto do with Helen of Troy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.38,0:01:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.22,0:01:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's referring to the\NGreek progenitor Hellen.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.07,0:01:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that's where the\Nword Hellas comes from,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.43,0:01:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ideas like Hellenes,\Nwhich is the Greek people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.44,0:01:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or Hellenic, which is referring\Nto something that is Greek,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.55,0:01:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the Hellenistic Period,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.12,0:01:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we'll talk about\Nmany videos from now,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.50,0:01:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is this period of Greek influence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.26,0:01:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just over Greece and\Nthe Anatolian Peninsula,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.05,0:01:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but over Persia and over Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.58,0:01:39.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with that out of the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.100,0:01:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's now talk about\Nthe big arc of history
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.01,0:01:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of ancient Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.71,0:01:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's believed that the Greek Peninsula
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.07,0:01:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been settled by human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.37,0:01:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for thousands and thousands of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.47,0:01:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as time goes on we'll\Nhopefully understand
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.05,0:01:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.76,0:01:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But my timeline right over here
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.37,0:02:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starts with Mycenaean Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.46,0:02:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it starts with the\Nend of Mycenaean Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.86,0:02:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other videos we might talk more
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.28,0:02:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the Mycenaean Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.02,0:02:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as that empire falls,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.85,0:02:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we enter into the Greek Dark Ages.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.27,0:02:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason why it's\Ncalled the Dark Ages,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.12,0:02:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is there's not a lot of\Nhistorical record of this period
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.11,0:02:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roughly between 1100BCE and 800BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.33,0:02:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there's one event,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.40,0:02:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'll kind of say that\Nwith a slight emphasis
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.94,0:02:29.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a question that is worth noting here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.81,0:02:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have Trojan War question\Nmark around 1200BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.34,0:02:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once again, there's not\Na strong historic record
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.56,0:02:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Trojan War,\Nbut it is a famous war,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.70,0:02:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was chronicled by Homer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.39,0:02:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even Homer, we don't\Nknow if he really existed,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.48,0:02:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether he was an\Nentire literary tradition.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.97,0:02:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was chronicled in the Iliad
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.62,0:02:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the aftermath in the Odyssey.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.68,0:02:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once again,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.52,0:02:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was chronicled many\Nhundreds of years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.81,0:03:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even Homer is a semi-legendary figure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.28,0:03:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when people talk about the Trojan Wars
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.32,0:03:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you see movies about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.70,0:03:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're talking about something that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.20,0:03:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it happened the way it happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.36,0:03:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's on the order of 1200BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.60,0:03:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now as we exit the Greek Dark Ages,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.22,0:03:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's when we start to have\Nsome of the institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.38,0:03:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really, that we now\Nidentify with the ancient Greeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.89,0:03:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get established.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.29,0:03:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the Oracle at Delphi.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.62,0:03:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Oracle of Delphi, or Pythia,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.97,0:03:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often known as the Oracle of Delphi.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.74,0:03:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where leaders\Nof the Greek city-states
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.44,0:03:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went for direction to understand\Nwhat was likely to happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.89,0:03:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get prophecies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.36,0:03:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this institution,\Nthe Oracle at Delphi,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.21,0:03:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lasts through this entire\Nperiod I have on my timeline,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.47,0:03:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into Roman rule, for over 1000 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.09,0:03:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the Oracle at Delphi is\Na very, very prominent figure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.83,0:03:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in influencing Greek leaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.90,0:04:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At around the same time, you\Nalso have the Olympic Games,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.55,0:04:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they're held at Olympia,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.48,0:04:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people compete to\Nshow their athletic prowess.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.68,0:04:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this ancient Olympic Games once again,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.19,0:04:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it continues on for over 1000 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.22,0:04:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our modern Olympics are just\Nkind of a flash in the pan,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.10,0:04:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was obviously modeled\Nafter the ancient Olympics,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.34,0:04:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to how long this lasted.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.54,0:04:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now when most people think of Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.50,0:04:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're actually talking\Nabout classical Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.05,0:04:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the Classical\NPeriod right over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.51,0:04:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're gonna do videos\Non a lot of these events,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.82,0:04:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's roughly the period\Nbetween the Persian invasions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.24,0:04:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were successfully put off,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.61,0:04:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the rise of Alexander\Nand the fall of Alexander.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.90,0:04:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's where you\Nhave all of these ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.00,0:04:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Greek democracy really\Nkind of coming to the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.54,0:05:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pericles, the Strategos of Athens,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.20,0:05:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had the influence to\Nreally help democracy flourish.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.85,0:05:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under his leadership, or\Nduring his leadership,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.78,0:05:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have the Acropolis and the Parthenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.40,0:05:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these famous icons of Greek\Nculture being established.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.96,0:05:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once again, this is in this period.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.08,0:05:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's in this period right over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.10,0:05:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is also the period that we associate
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.19,0:05:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the famous Greek philosophers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.08,0:05:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These lines right over here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.16,0:05:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the lives of Socrates and Plato,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.09,0:05:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is Socrates' student,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.62,0:05:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,established the famous academy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.16,0:05:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aristotle who was Plato's student
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.28,0:05:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and famous tutor of Alexander the Great.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.56,0:05:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now as I mentioned, you\Nhad these city-states,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.12,0:05:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ones that are worth mentioning,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.47,0:05:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of them are worth mentioning.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.30,0:05:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I have in this diagram,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.94,0:05:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most significant\Ncity-states of ancient Greece
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.25,0:05:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you'll hear a lot about.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.36,0:05:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We talked about the Oracle at Delphi,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.05,0:05:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Olympic Games at Olympia.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.87,0:05:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of the conversation\Ntends to focus around Sparta
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.47,0:06:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and around Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.74,0:06:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you'll also hear a\Nlot about Corinth and Thebes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.82,0:06:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sparta is famous for its\Nmilitaristic society.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.01,0:06:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's often glorified.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's also worth noting that they were
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.13,0:06:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,significant slave owners.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.52,0:06:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At different parts in Spartan history,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.27,0:06:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had somewhere between\Nseven and 20 slaves
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.66,0:06:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for every Spartan.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.88,0:06:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athens is famous for its philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.61,0:06:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's famous for the\Nbirthplace of democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.82,0:06:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's famous for its art, it's\Nfamous for its architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.00,0:06:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these areas are\Nfamous for its architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.48,0:06:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's also worth noting\Nthat during the Golden Age,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.11,0:06:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have the Athenian Empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.13,0:06:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were also pretty brutal\Nin putting down rebellion
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.10,0:06:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in some ways subjugating\Ndifferent people.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.07,0:06:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it depends how you want to view things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.94,0:06:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're gonna have a lot of videos
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.48,0:06:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on all of these things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.66,0:06:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at that time, we talk\Nabout these city-states,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.03,0:06:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though they shared a common language
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.45,0:07:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and common culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.32,0:07:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they sent folks to the Olympic games,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.94,0:07:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they went to the Oracle of Delphi,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.89,0:07:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were independent states.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.30,0:07:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it wasn't until you\Nhave Philip of Macedonia
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.59,0:07:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the fourth century right over here,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.30,0:07:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he starts to really\Nunify these Greek city-states,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.06,0:07:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it culminates with his\Nson, Alexander the Great.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.14,0:07:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Alexander the Great\Nnot only unifies Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.29,0:07:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he takes over the Persian Empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.69,0:07:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really kind of with his death,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.06,0:07:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he has a very short life,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.49,0:07:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he ushers in the Hellenistic period,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.70,0:07:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you have Greek culture influencing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.26,0:07:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that entire region.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.72,0:07:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only Greece, not only\Nwhat was the Persian Empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.74,0:07:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Middle East, Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.31,0:07:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that whole region gets\Ninfluenced by Greek culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.80,0:07:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Greece, I guess you\Ncould say, at the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.96,0:07:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finally gets under Roman control,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.23,0:07:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it depends which\Ndate you wanna use it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.48,0:07:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the middle of the second century BCE
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.42,0:08:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is when Greece itself falls to Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.27,0:08:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then other parts of,\NI guess you could say,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.24,0:08:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Hellenistic world,\Nfinally succumb to Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.91,0:08:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, Ptolemaic Egypt\Nin the first century BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.19,0:08:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even then,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.29,0:08:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when it becomes\Npart of the Roman Empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.69,0:08:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it influences the Roman Empire\Nvery, very, very heavily.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.87,0:08:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now other things that you\Nwill hear us talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.42,0:08:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we discuss the Greeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.66,0:08:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,besides the democracy and the philosophy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.13,0:08:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're gonna talk a lot about wars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.35,0:08:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's worth noting what\NGreek warriors looked like.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.32,0:08:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a depiction of Hoplites,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.72,0:08:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are Greek citizen\Nsoldiers in ancient Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.75,0:08:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you'll also here about a phalanx.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.21,0:08:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A phalanx is a formation where they walked
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.20,0:08:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they marched very tightly together.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.75,0:08:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when archers came they\Nwould put all their shields up,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.42,0:08:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'd almost be\Nlike this armored tank.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.93,0:08:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was a very effective\Nmethod of warfare.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.23,0:09:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another word that you will hear associated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.18,0:09:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Sparta and those slaves is Helots.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.64,0:09:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those were the names of those slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.34,0:09:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They weren't owned by individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.16,0:09:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were actually owned by the state.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.16,0:09:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now some of the other cities here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.02,0:09:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Corinth, will come up a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.03,0:09:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has a very strategic location
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.06,0:09:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Isthmus of Corinth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.60,0:09:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice to get from the mainland,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.77,0:09:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or I guess into the\NPeloponnesian Peninsula,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.73,0:09:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to go through this Isthmus.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.17,0:09:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thebes right here was a\Nsignificant rival to Athens
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.08,0:09:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at different periods of Greek history.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.58,0:09:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the dominant city.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.46,0:09:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the last thing I wanna mention
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.44,0:09:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is there is a ton of culture\Nthat comes from the Greeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.76,0:09:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of words that we even use today.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.65,0:09:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, the word draconian,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.18,0:09:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is used for something\Nthat's very harsh.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.20,0:09:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well that comes from Draco's law,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.05,0:09:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which came in the seventh\Ncentury BCE from Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.80,0:09:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was an Athenian legislator
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.13,0:09:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who composed a very harsh series of laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.01,0:10:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where the word\Ndraconian comes from.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.14,0:10:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When people say something is spartan,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.75,0:10:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they kind of imagine it's\Nsomething that's very basic
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.68,0:10:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you just have the necessities.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.92,0:10:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it comes from the\Nidea of Spartan culture
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.19,0:10:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they really,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.32,0:10:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything revolved\Naround military necessity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.68,0:10:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the word laconic,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.61,0:10:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means someone who says just enough
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.07,0:10:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get their meaning across.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.65,0:10:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It comes from the region\Nwhere Sparta is, Laconia.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.65,0:10:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Spartans were famous for their kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.57,0:10:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very terse speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.95,0:10:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Famously, when Philip of Macedon
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.68,0:10:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was threatening the Spartans,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.85,0:10:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's saying, "If you\Ndon't come on to my side
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.41,0:10:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm going to do this and that to you
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.12,0:10:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"if you don't become part\Nof my kingdom, my empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.51,0:10:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm going to do this to your city,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.69,0:10:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm going to do that to your people."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.65,0:10:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Spartan's famous reply was, "If."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.78,0:10:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is kind of a good\Nexample of laconic speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.18,0:10:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With that one word they\Nwere able to convey a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.17,0:10:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to leave you there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.98,0:11:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the next few videos,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.46,0:11:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to go into some depth on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.64,0:11:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's important to realize
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.11,0:11:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when people talk\Nabout ancient Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.56,0:11:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're talking about a\Nlarge span of history,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.68,0:11:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of what we associate\Nwith ancient Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.92,0:11:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Acropolis, the\NParthenon, the Persian Wars,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.06,0:11:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the great Greek philosophers,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.25,0:11:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of that is associated\Nwith the classical period,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.76,0:11:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often associated with the Golden Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.68,0:11:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is right around there.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.00,0:11:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well before this period,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.57,0:11:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Greeks weren't all these philosophers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.84,0:11:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting around in togas.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.19,0:11:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They might've been wearing togas,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.39,0:11:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but at these earlier periods
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.07,0:11:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were more adventurers and conquerors,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.02,0:11:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they might have\Nbeen in small villages.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.00,0:11:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And eventually those\Nevolved into the city-states
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.22,0:11:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that especially in Athens and Sparta
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.37,0:11:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had their Golden Age in\Nthis period right over here.