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Space, the final frontier.

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I first heard these words
when I was just six years old,

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and I was completely inspired.

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I wanted to explore strange new worlds.

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I wanted to seek out new life.

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I wanted to see everything
that the universe had to offer.

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And those dreams, those words,
they took me on a journey,

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a journey of discovery,

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through school, through university,

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to do a PhD and finally to become
a professional astronomer.

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Now I learned two amazing things,
one slightly unfortunate,

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when I was doing my PhD.

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I learned that the reality was

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I wouldn't be piloting a starship
any time soon.

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But I also learned that the universe
is strange, wonderful, and vast,

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actually too vast to be
explored by spaceship.

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And so I turned my attention
to astronomy, to using telescopes.

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Now, I show you before you
an image of the night sky.

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You might see it anywhere in the world.

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And all of these stars are part
of our local galaxy, the Milky Way.

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Now if you were to go
to a darker part of the sky,

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a nice dark site, perhaps in the desert,

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you might see the center
of our Milky Way galaxy

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spread out before you,
hundreds of billions of stars.

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And it's a very beautiful image.

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It's colorful.

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And again, this is just a local corner
of our universe.

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You can see there's a sort of strange
dark dust across it.

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Now, that is local dust

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that's obscuring the light of the stars.

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But we can do a pretty good job.

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Just with our own eyes, we can explore
our little corner of the universe.

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It's possible to do better.

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You can use wonderful telescopes
like the Hubble space Telescope.

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Now astronomers have
put together this image.

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It's called the Hubble Deep Field,

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and they've spent hundreds of hours
observing just a tiny patch of the sky

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no larger than your thumbnail
held at arm's length.

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And in this image

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you can see thousands of galaxies,

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and we know that there must be
hundreds of millions, billions of galaxies

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in the entire universe,

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some like our own and some very different.

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So you think, okay, well,
I can continue this journey.

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This is easy. I can just use
a very powerful telescope

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and just look at the sky, no problem.

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It's actually really missing out
if we just do that.

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Now, that's because everything
I've talked about so far

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is just using the physical spectrum,
just the thing that your eyes can see,

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and that's a tiny slice,

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a tiny, tiny slice

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of what the universe has to offer us.

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Now, there's also two very important
problems with using visible light.

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Not only are we missing out
on all the other processes

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that are emitting other kinds of light,

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but there's two issues.

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Now, the first is that dust,
which I mentioned earlier.

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The dust stops the visible light
from getting to us.

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So as we look deeper
into the universe, we see less light.

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The dust stops it getting to us.

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There's a really strange problem
with using visible light

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in order to try and explore the universe.

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Now take a break for a minute.

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Say your standing on a corner,
a busy street corner.

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There's cars going by.

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An ambulance approaches.

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It has high-pitched siren.

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The siren appeared to change in pitch

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as it moved towards and away from you.

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The ambulance driver did not change
the siren just to mess with you.

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That was a product of your perception.

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The sound waves,
as the ambulance approached,

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were compressed,

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and they changed higher in pitch.

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As the ambulance receded,
the sound waves were stretched,

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and they sounded lower in pitch.

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The same thing happens with light.

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Objects moving towards us,

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their light waves are compressed
and they appear bluer.

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Objects moving away from us,
their light waves are stretched,

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and they appear redder.

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So we call these effects
blueshift and redshift.

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Now, our universe is expanding,

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so everything is moving away
from everything else,

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and that means everything
appears to be red,

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and oddly enough, as you look
more deeply into the universe,

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more distant objects
are moving away further and faster,

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so they appear more red.

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So if I come back
to the Hubble Deep Field

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and we were to continue
to peer deeply into the universe

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just using the Hubble,

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as we get to a certain distance away,

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everything becomes red,

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and that presents something of a problem.

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Eventually, we get so far away

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everything is shifted into the infrared

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and we can't see anything at all.

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So there must be a way around this.

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Otherwise, I'm limited in my journey.

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I wanted to explore the whole universe,

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not just whatever I can see

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before the redshift kicks in.

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There is a technique.

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It's called radio astronomy.

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Astronomists have been
using this for decades.

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It's a fantastic technique. I show you
the Parkes Radio Telescope,

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affectionately known as the Dish.

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You may have seen the movie.

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And radio is really brilliant.

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It allows us to peer much more deeply.

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It doesn't get stopped by dust,

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so you can see everything in the universe,

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and redshift is less of a problem

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because we can build receivers
that receive across a large band.

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So what does Parkes see when we turn it

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to the center of the Milky Way?

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We should see something fantastic, right?

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Well, we do see something interesting.

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All that dust has gone.

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As I mentioned, radio goes
straight through dust, so not a problem.

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But the view is very different.

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We can see that the center
of the Milky Way is aglow,

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and this isn't starlight.

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This is a light called
synchrotron radiation,

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and it's form from electrons
spiraling around cosmic magnetic fields.

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So the plane is aglow with this light,

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and we can also see strange tufts
coming off of it,

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and objects which don't appear to light up
with anything that we can see

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with our own eyes.

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But it's hard to really
interpret this image,

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because as you can see,
it's very low resolution.

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Radio waves have a wavelength that's long,

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and that makes their resolution poorer.

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This image is also black and white,

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so we don't really know,
what is the color of everything in here?

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Well fast forward to today.

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We can build telescopes

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which can get over these problems.

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Now I'm showing you here an image
of the Murchison Radio Observatory,

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a fantastic place
to build radio telescopes.

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It's flat, it's dry,

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and most importantly, it's radio quiet:

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no mobile phones, no wifi, nothing,

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just very, very radio quiet,

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so a perfect place
to build a radio telescope.

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Now, the telescope that I've been
working on for a few years

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is called the Murchison Wide Field Array,

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and I'm going to show you a little
time lapse of it being built.

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This is a group of undergraduate
and postgraduate students

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located in Perth.

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We call them the Student Army,

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and they volunteered their time
to build a radio telescope.

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There's no course credit for this.

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And they're putting together
these radio dipoles.

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They just receive at low frequencies,

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a bit like your FM radio or your TV.

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And here we are deploying them
across the desert.

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The final telescope covers
10 square kilometers

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of the Western Australian Desert.

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And the interesting thing is,
there's no moving parts.

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We just deploy these little antennas

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essentially on chicken mesh.

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It's fairly cheap.

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Cables take the signals

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from the antennas

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and bring them to central
processing events.

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And it's the size of this telescope,
the fact that we've built it

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over the entire desert

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that gives us a better
resolution than Parkes.

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Now eventually all those cables

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bring them to a unit

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which sends it off to a supercomputer

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here in Perth,

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and that's where I come in.

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Radio data.

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I have spent the last five years

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working with very difficult,
very interesting data

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that no one had really looked at before.

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I've spent a long time calibrating it,

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running millions of CPU hours
on supercomputers,

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and really trying to understand that data.

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And with this telescope,

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with this data,

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we've performed a survey

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of the entire southern sky,

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the Galactic and Extragalactic
All-sky MWA Survey,

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or GLEAM, as I call it.

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And I'm very excited.

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This survey is just about to be published,
but it hasn't been shown yet,

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so you are literally the first people
to see this southern survey

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of the entire sky.

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So I'm delighted to share with you
some images from this survey.

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Now, imagine you went to the Murchison,

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you camped out underneath the stars,

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and you looked towards the south.

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You saw the south's celestial pole,

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the galaxy rising.

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If I fade in the radio light,

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this is what we observe with our survey.

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You can see that the galactic plane
is no longer dark with dust.

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It's alight with synchrotron radiation,

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and thousands of dots are in the sky.

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Our large Magellanic Cloud,
our nearest galactic neighbor,

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is orange instead of
its more familiar blue-white.

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So there's a lot going on in this.
Let's take a closer look.

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If we look back towards
the galactic center,

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where we originally saw the Parkes image
that I showed you earlier,

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low resolution, black and white,

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and we fade toe the GLEAM view,

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you can see the resolution has gone up
by a factor of a hundred.

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We now have a color view of the sky,

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a technicolor view.

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Now, it's not a false color view.

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These are real radio colors.

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What I've done is I've colored
the lowest frequencies red

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and the highest frequencies blue,

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and the middle ones green.

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And that gives us this rainbow view.

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And this isn't just false color.

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The colors in this image tell us
about the physical processes

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going on in the universe.

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So for instance, if you look
along the plane of the galaxy,

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it's alight with synchrotron,

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which is mostly reddish orange,

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but if we look very closely
we see little blue dots.

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Now if we zoom in,

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these blue dots are ionized plasma

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around very bright stars,

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and what happens is that
they block the red light,

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so they appear blue.

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And these can tell us
about these star-forming regions

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in our galaxy.

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And we just see them immediately.

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We look at the galaxy, and the color
tells us that they're there.

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You can see little soap bubbles,

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little circular images
around the galactic plane,

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and these are supernova remnants.

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When a star explodes,

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its outer shell is cast off

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and it travels outward into space
gathering up material,

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and it produces a little shell.

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It's been a longstanding
mystery to astronomers

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where all the supernova remnants are.

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We know that there must be a lot
of high-energy electrons in the plane

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to produce the synchrotron
radiation that we see,

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and we think they're produced
by supernova remnants,

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but there don't seem to be enough.

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Fortunately, GLEAM is really, really
good at detecting supernova remnants,

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so we're hoping to have a new paper
out on that soon.

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Now that's fine.

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We've explored our little local universe,

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but I wanted to go deeper.
I wanted to go further.

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I wanted to go beyond the Milky Way.

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Well as it happens we can see a very
interesting objecting the top right,

255
00:11:18,647 --> 00:11:20,831
and this is a local radio galaxy,

256
00:11:20,831 --> 00:11:22,510
Centaurus A.

257
00:11:22,510 --> 00:11:25,832
If we zoom in on this, we can see
that there are two huge plumes

258
00:11:25,832 --> 00:11:27,806
going out into space,

259
00:11:27,806 --> 00:11:30,796
and if you look right in the center
between those two plumes,

260
00:11:30,796 --> 00:11:33,247
you'll see a galaxy just like our own.

261
00:11:33,247 --> 00:11:35,615
It has a spiral. It has a dust plane.

262
00:11:35,615 --> 00:11:37,687
It's a normal galaxy.

263
00:11:37,687 --> 00:11:40,679
But these jets are only
visible in the radio.

264
00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:41,820
If we looked in the visible,
we wouldn't even know they were there,

265
00:11:41,820 --> 00:11:47,733
and they're thousands of times larger
than the host galaxy.

266
00:11:47,733 --> 00:11:50,497
Well, what's going on?
What's producing these jets?

267
00:11:50,497 --> 00:11:54,672
At the center of every galaxy
that we know about

268
00:11:54,672 --> 00:11:58,342
is a supermassive black hole.

269
00:11:58,342 --> 00:12:00,776
Now, black holes are invisible.
That's why they're called that.

270
00:12:00,776 --> 00:12:03,391
All you can see is the deflection
of the light around them,

271
00:12:03,391 --> 00:12:07,977
and occasionally, when a star
or a cloud of gas comes into their orbit,

272
00:12:07,977 --> 00:12:10,758
it is ripped apart by tidal forces,

273
00:12:10,758 --> 00:12:13,896
forming what we call an accretion disk.

274
00:12:13,896 --> 00:12:17,103
The accretion disk glows
brightly in the x-rays,

275
00:12:17,103 --> 00:12:18,764
and huge magnetic fields

276
00:12:18,764 --> 00:12:21,312
can launch the material into space

277
00:12:21,312 --> 00:12:23,564
at nearly the speed of light.

278
00:12:23,564 --> 00:12:27,419
So these jets are visible in the radio

279
00:12:27,419 --> 00:12:30,270
and this is what we pick up in our survey.

280
00:12:30,270 --> 00:12:34,235
Well very well, so we've seen
one radio galaxy. That's nice.

281
00:12:34,235 --> 00:12:36,423
But if you just look at
the top of that image,

282
00:12:36,423 --> 00:12:38,267
you'll see another radio galaxy.

283
00:12:38,267 --> 00:12:41,852
It's a little bit smaller, and that's
just because it's further away.

284
00:12:41,852 --> 00:12:44,299
Okay. Two radio galaxies.

285
00:12:44,299 --> 00:12:46,683
We can see this. This is fine.

286
00:12:46,683 --> 00:12:47,851
Well, what about all the other dots?

287
00:12:47,851 --> 00:12:49,632
Presumably those are just stars.

288
00:12:49,632 --> 00:12:51,238
They're not.

289
00:12:51,238 --> 00:12:53,096
They're all radio galaxies.

290
00:12:53,096 --> 00:12:56,087
Every single one of the dots in this image

291
00:12:56,087 --> 00:12:58,797
is a distant galaxy,

292
00:12:58,797 --> 00:13:01,041
millions to billions of light years away

293
00:13:01,041 --> 00:13:03,488
with a supermassive
black hole at its center

294
00:13:03,488 --> 00:13:07,500
pushing material into space
at nearly the speed of light.

295
00:13:07,500 --> 00:13:09,406
It is mindblowing.

296
00:13:09,406 --> 00:13:13,619
And this survey is even larger
than what I've shown here.

297
00:13:13,619 --> 00:13:16,132
If we zoom out to
the full extent of the survey,

298
00:13:16,132 --> 00:13:20,046
you can see I found 300,000
of these radio galaxies.

299
00:13:20,046 --> 00:13:23,581
So it's truly an epic journey.

300
00:13:23,581 --> 00:13:25,949
We've discovered all of these galaxies

301
00:13:25,949 --> 00:13:30,190
right back to the very first
supermassive black holes.

302
00:13:30,190 --> 00:13:33,644
I'm very proud of this
and it will be published next week.

303
00:13:33,644 --> 00:13:36,338
Now, that's not all.

304
00:13:36,338 --> 00:13:40,451
I've explored the furthest reaches
of the galaxy with this survey,

305
00:13:40,451 --> 00:13:43,953
but there's something
even more in this image.

306
00:13:43,953 --> 00:13:47,869
Now, I'll take you right back
to the dawn of time.

307
00:13:47,869 --> 00:13:51,134
Now, when the universe formed,
it was a big bang,

308
00:13:51,134 --> 00:13:55,693
which left the universe
as a sea of hydrogen,

309
00:13:55,693 --> 00:13:57,061
neutral hydrogen,

310
00:13:57,061 --> 00:13:59,772
and when the very first stars
and galaxies switched on,

311
00:13:59,772 --> 00:14:02,090
they ionized that hydrogen.

312
00:14:02,090 --> 00:14:06,397
So the universe went
from neutral to ionized.

313
00:14:06,397 --> 00:14:09,652
That imprinted a signal all around us.

314
00:14:09,652 --> 00:14:11,439
Everywhere, it pervades us,

315
00:14:11,439 --> 00:14:12,811
like the Force.

316
00:14:12,811 --> 00:14:16,801
Now, because that happened so long ago,

317
00:14:16,801 --> 00:14:19,733
the signal was redshifted,

318
00:14:19,733 --> 00:14:23,237
so now that signal
is at very low frequencies.

319
00:14:23,237 --> 00:14:25,510
It's at the same frequency as my survey,

320
00:14:25,510 --> 00:14:27,082
but it's so faint,

321
00:14:27,082 --> 00:14:31,554
it's a billionth the size of any
of the objects in my survey.

322
00:14:31,554 --> 00:14:36,241
So our telescope may not be quite
sensitive enough to pick up this signal.

323
00:14:36,241 --> 00:14:38,855
However, there's a new radio telescope.

324
00:14:38,855 --> 00:14:40,483
So I can't have a starship,

325
00:14:40,483 --> 00:14:42,309
but I can hopefully have

326
00:14:42,309 --> 00:14:43,837
one of the biggest radio telescopes

327
00:14:43,837 --> 00:14:44,890
in the world.

328
00:14:44,890 --> 00:14:46,879
We're build the Square Kilometer Array,
a new radio telescope,

329
00:14:46,879 --> 00:14:51,088
and it's going to be a thousand
times bigger than the MWA,

330
00:14:51,088 --> 00:14:54,015
a thousand times more sensitive,
and have an even better resolution.

331
00:14:54,015 --> 00:14:56,345
So we should find tens
of millions of galaxies.

332
00:14:56,345 --> 00:14:59,015
And perhaps, deep in that signal,

333
00:14:59,015 --> 00:15:00,511
I will get to look upon

334
00:15:00,511 --> 00:15:03,010
the very first stars and galaxies
switching on,

335
00:15:03,010 --> 00:15:05,886
the beginning of time itself.

336
00:15:05,886 --> 00:15:07,421
Thank you.

337
00:15:07,421 --> 00:15:12,103
(Applause)