(tranquil music)
- [Voiceover] Consider the following game.
Eve instructs Bob to go into a room. (door creaks shut)
Bob finds the room empty, except for some locks,
an empty box, and a single deck of cards.
Eve tells Bob to select a card
from the deck and hide it as best he can.
The rules are simple.
Bob cannot leave the room with anything,
cards and keys all stay in the room,
and he can put, at most, one card in the box.
Eve agrees that she has never seen the locks.
He wins the game if Eve is unable to determine his card.
So what is his best strategy?
Well, Bob selected a card, six of diamonds,
and threw it in the box. (box clicks shut)
First he considered the different types of locks.
Maybe he should lock the card in the box with the key.
Though, she could pick locks, so he
considers the combination lock.
The key is on the back, so if he locks it
and scratches it off, it seems like the best choice.
But suddenly he realizes the problem.
The remaining cards on the table
leak information about his choice,
since it's now missing from the deck.
The locks are a decoy. (metal jangles)
He shouldn't separate his card from the deck.
He returns his card to the deck
but can't remember the position of his card.
So he shuffles the deck to randomize it.
Shuffling is the best lock, because it leaves
no information about his choice.
His card is now equally likely to be any card in the deck.
He can now leave the cards openly, in confidence.
Bob wins the game, because the best Eve can do
is simply guess, as he has left
no information about his choice.
Most importantly, even if we give Eve
unlimited computational power,
she can't do any better than a guess.
This defines what we call "perfect secrecy."
On September first, 1945, 29-year-old Claude Shannon
published a classified paper on this idea.
Shannon gave the first mathematical proof
for how and why the one time pad is perfectly secret.
Shannon thinks about encryption schemes
in the following way.
Imagine Alice writes a message to Bob, 20 letters long.
(paper ruffling)
This is equivalent to picking
one specific page from the message space.
The message space can be thought of as a complete
collection of all possible 20 letter messages.
(paper ruffling)
Anything you can think of that's
20 letters long is a page in this stack.
Next, Alice applies a shared key, which is a list
of 20 randomly generated shifts between one and 26.
The key space is the complete collection
of all possible outcomes, so generating a key is
equivalent to selecting a page from this stack at random.
When she applies the shift to encrypt the message,
she ends up with a cipher text.
The cipher text space represents
all possible results of an encryption.
When she applies the key, it maps
to a unique page in this stack.
Notice that the size of the message space
equals the size of the key space
equals the size of the cipher text space.
This defines what we call "perfect secrecy,"
for if someone has access to a page of cipher text only,
the only thing that they know is that
every message is equally likely.
So no amount of computational power
could ever help improve a blind guess.
Now the big problem, you're wondering, with the time pad,
is we have to share these long keys in advance.
To solve this problem, we need to relax our definition
of secrecy by developing a definition of pseudo-randomness.
(white noise)