1
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Tekintve, hogy éppen meg vagyok fázva,

2
00:00:03,210 --> 00:00:08,109
el sem tudnék képzelni jobb témát, mint a vírusok.

3
00:00:08,109 --> 00:00:09,930
Bár nem akartam ennyire személyessé tenni.

4
00:00:09,930 --> 00:00:11,380
Tehát a vírusok.

5
00:00:14,760 --> 00:00:19,080
Véleményem szerint a vírusok bizonyos értelemben

6
00:00:19,080 --> 00:00:21,450
a legérdekesebbek az egész biológiában.

7
00:00:21,450 --> 00:00:25,560
ugyanis egészen elmosódottá teszik a határvonalat

8
00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:27,440
az élettelen tárgyak és az élőlények között.

9
00:00:30,080 --> 00:00:33,410
Úgy értem, ha magunkra nézünk

10
00:00:33,410 --> 00:00:35,210
x

11
00:00:35,210 --> 00:00:39,300
Ha valami olyat látunk, ami megszületik, növekszik,

12
00:00:39,300 --> 00:00:40,460
állandóan változik,

13
00:00:40,460 --> 00:00:41,510
esetleg mozog,

14
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vagy nem mozog,

15
00:00:42,260 --> 00:00:44,400
de anyagcserét végez a környezetével

16
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:46,310
majd szaporodik, és elpusztul.

17
00:00:46,310 --> 00:00:48,300
Erre azt mondanád, hogy valószínűleg él.

18
00:00:48,300 --> 00:00:50,960
Ide soroljuk a legtöbb látható dolgot,

19
00:00:50,960 --> 00:00:52,815
példáuk saját magunkat,

20
00:00:52,815 --> 00:00:55,360
a baktériumokat,

21
00:00:55,360 --> 00:00:57,120
a növényeket,

22
00:00:57,120 --> 00:01:00,830
most egy kicsit feldúlom a rendszertant

23
00:01:00,830 --> 00:01:03,275
de általában felismerjük az életet.

24
00:01:03,275 --> 00:01:07,480
A vírusok azonban nem többek,

25
00:01:07,480 --> 00:01:09,740
mint egy csipetnyi genetikai információ
fehérjébe csomagolva.

26
00:01:09,740 --> 00:01:11,230
Egy fehérjeburokba.

27
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Hadd rajzoljam le.

28
00:01:13,490 --> 00:01:16,340
A genetikai információ pedig bármi lehet.

29
00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:22,240
Lehet RNS vagy DNS,

30
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lehet egyszálú RNS, kétszálú RNS,

31
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az egyszálú szerkezetet (angolul single stranded)

32
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néha egy kettős s-sel jelölik.

33
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Amikor kétszálú DNS-ről beszélünk,

34
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akkor a ds előtagot használjuk.

35
00:01:32,910 --> 00:01:35,330
De ami közös, bármelyik formában is jelenik meg a vírus

36
00:01:35,330 --> 00:01:38,110
az, hogy van bennük genetikai információ

37
00:01:38,110 --> 00:01:40,530
valamilyen nukleinsavlánc.

38
00:01:40,530 --> 00:01:43,730
Egy- vagy kétszálú RNS,

39
00:01:43,730 --> 00:01:44,560
vagy egy- vagy kétszálú DNS.

40
00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:47,970
Ez pedig be van csomagolva

41
00:01:47,970 --> 00:01:49,880
valamilyen fehérjeszerkezetbe,
amit kapszidnak nevezünk.

42
00:01:49,880 --> 00:01:53,240
így fest a klasszikus ábrázolás,

43
00:01:53,240 --> 00:01:56,650
az ikozaéder

44
00:01:56,650 --> 00:01:58,200
Lássuk, meg tudom-e csinálni.

45
00:01:58,200 --> 00:02:00,610
Valahogy így néz ki.

46
00:02:00,610 --> 00:02:02,800
Nem minden vírus így néz ki.

47
00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:05,160
Ezernyi különböző típusuk létezik.

48
00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:06,850
Mi most tényleg csak a felszínt kapirgáljuk,

49
00:02:06,850 --> 00:02:09,630
hogy egyáltalán megértsük, mik azok a vírusok,

50
00:02:09,630 --> 00:02:14,800
és hányféle különböző módon

51
00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:15,220
képesek önmagukat sokszorozni.

52
00:02:15,220 --> 00:02:16,620
Erről majd később beszélünk.

53
00:02:16,620 --> 00:02:19,110
Az a gyanúm, hogy valószínűleg

54
00:02:19,110 --> 00:02:21,530
mindenféle szaporodási mód létezik

55
00:02:21,530 --> 00:02:22,750
a vírusok világában.

56
00:02:22,750 --> 00:02:25,260
Ám lényegében csupán fehérjék

57
00:02:25,260 --> 00:02:27,450
ezek a fehérjekapszidok

58
00:02:27,450 --> 00:02:29,070
csupán pár darab fehérjéből állnak.

59
00:02:29,070 --> 00:02:31,250
Amely némi genetikai anyagot rejt,

60
00:02:31,250 --> 00:02:33,700
ami lehet DNS vagy RNS.

61
00:02:33,700 --> 00:02:35,870
Iderajzolom a genetikai anyagukat.

62
00:02:35,870 --> 00:02:38,420
A fehérje persze nem feltétlenül átlátszó,
de ha az volna,

63
00:02:38,420 --> 00:02:42,960
akkor látnánk a genetikai anyagot idebent.

64
00:02:42,960 --> 00:02:48,440
A kérdés tehát az, hogy ez egy élőlény-e?

65
00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:49,580
Eléggé élettelennek látszik.

66
00:02:49,580 --> 00:02:50,540
Nem növekszik.

67
00:02:50,540 --> 00:02:51,510
Nem változik.

68
00:02:51,510 --> 00:02:53,200
Nincs anyagcseréje.

69
00:02:53,200 --> 00:02:55,200
Ez a dolog önmagára hagyva,

70
00:02:55,200 --> 00:02:55,850
csak úgy hever ott,

71
00:02:55,850 --> 00:02:59,600
mint egy könyv az asztalon.

72
00:02:59,600 --> 00:03:00,690
c

73
00:03:00,690 --> 00:03:02,280
Semmit sem tesz.

74
00:03:02,280 --> 00:03:06,560
De ita kerekedik

75
00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:08,470
Azt mondhatnád, hé, Sal,
ebben a megfogalmazásban

76
00:03:08,470 --> 00:03:10,690
ez tényleg nem egyéb egy kupac molekulánál.

77
00:03:10,690 --> 00:03:11,740
Ez nem élet.

78
00:03:11,740 --> 00:03:14,350
De egyszeriben élővé llényegül át,

79
00:03:14,350 --> 00:03:17,100
amint olyasmivel érintkezik,

80
00:03:17,100 --> 00:03:18,220
amit élőnek tekintünk.

81
00:03:18,220 --> 00:03:22,480
A vírus tehát, a klasszikus esetben,

82
00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:24,680
hozzátapad egy sejthez.

83
00:03:24,680 --> 00:03:28,590
Hadd rajzoljam ezt egy kicsit kisebbre.

84
00:03:28,590 --> 00:03:30,260
Mondjuk, ez a vírus.

85
00:03:30,260 --> 00:03:32,562
Egy kis hatszögnek fogom ábrázolni.

86
00:03:32,562 --> 00:03:34,980
Ez fog hozzátapadni egy sejthez.

87
00:03:34,980 --> 00:03:35,795
amely bármilyen fajta sejt lehet.

88
00:03:35,795 --> 00:03:39,155
Lehet baktériumsejt, növényi sejt,

89
00:03:39,155 --> 00:03:41,190
vagy emberi sejt.

90
00:03:41,190 --> 00:03:43,820
Ide rajzolom a sejtet.

91
00:03:43,820 --> 00:03:48,540
A sejtek rendszerint sokkal nagyobbak, mint a vírus.

92
00:03:48,540 --> 00:03:51,610
A puha hártyával körülvett sejtekbe

93
00:03:51,610 --> 00:03:53,850
a vírus valahogy bejut.

94
00:03:53,850 --> 00:03:58,780
Némelyik lényegében összeolvad

95
00:03:58,780 --> 00:04:01,390
nem akarom túlkomplikálni,

96
00:04:01,390 --> 00:04:02,480
de némelyik vírusnak saját kis hártyája van.

97
00:04:02,480 --> 00:04:03,740
Mindjárt beszélünk erről,

98
00:04:03,740 --> 00:04:04,760
amikor rákerül a sor a membránokra.

99
00:04:04,760 --> 00:04:08,270
A vírusnak tehát lehet saját membránja.

100
00:04:08,270 --> 00:04:10,520
ami körülveszi a kapszidot.

101
00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:13,470
Ezek a membránok összeolvadnak.

102
00:04:13,470 --> 00:04:16,785
így a vírus be tud jutni a sejtbe.

103
00:04:16,785 --> 00:04:18,000
Ez tehát az egyik lehetőség.

104
00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:19,670
Egy másik módszer az,...

105
00:04:19,670 --> 00:04:20,589
ffff

106
00:04:20,589 --> 00:04:24,020
a vírus elhiteti

107
00:04:24,020 --> 00:04:26,910
a víruson vagy a sejten lévő fehérjereceptorokkal

108
00:04:26,910 --> 00:04:29,810
ez

109
00:04:29,810 --> 00:04:31,650
ez nyilvánvalóan a trójai falóhoz hasonló trükk

110
00:04:31,650 --> 00:04:33,600
A sejt nem kér a vírusokból.

111
00:04:33,600 --> 00:04:36,390
Így a vírusnak valahogy el kell hitetnie,

112
00:04:36,390 --> 00:04:38,050
hogy ő nem idegen anyag.

113
00:04:38,050 --> 00:04:41,770
Száz meg száz videóban mutathatnánk be,
hogyan működnek a vírusok,

114
00:04:41,770 --> 00:04:43,430
ez egy folytonosan bővülő kutatási terület.

115
00:04:43,430 --> 00:04:47,580
egyes vírusokat a sejt egyszerűen bekebelez.

116
00:04:47,580 --> 00:04:48,120
v

117
00:04:48,120 --> 00:04:49,930
A sejt talán úgy véli, hogy ez valami ennivaló.

118
00:04:49,930 --> 00:04:50,960
v

119
00:04:50,960 --> 00:04:53,130
A sejt tehát körülveszi,

120
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és ez a két vég összeér.

121
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és a vírus bekerül a sejtbe.

122
00:05:01,670 --> 00:05:03,160
Ez az endocitózis.

123
00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:04,020
Mindjárt beszélek róla.

124
00:05:04,020 --> 00:05:06,640
Ezzel tud bejuttatni dolgokat a citoplazmájába.

125
00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:11,020
Ez nemcsak a vírusokra vonatkozik,

126
00:05:11,020 --> 00:05:12,890
de ez a bejutásuk egyik módja.

127
00:05:12,890 --> 00:05:17,320
Ha a szóban forgó sejtnek

128
00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:20,280
például a baktériumok esetében

129
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nagyon kemény külső fala van
ehhez kell egy jobb szín

130
00:05:25,520 --> 00:05:29,040
Tehát mondjuk, hogy ez itt egy baktérium

131
00:05:29,040 --> 00:05:30,510
aminek kemény fala van

132
00:05:30,510 --> 00:05:32,830
Ilyenkor a vírusok be sem jutnak a sejtbe

133
00:05:32,830 --> 00:05:36,440
csak a felszínén lógnak

134
00:05:36,440 --> 00:05:37,740
a rajz nem méretarányos

135
00:05:37,740 --> 00:05:40,690
Ezek úgy juttatják be az örökítőanyagukat,
mint egy injekciót.

136
00:05:40,690 --> 00:05:43,790
Látható, hogy tényleg sokféle módon

137
00:05:43,790 --> 00:05:45,680
hogy a vírusok bejussanak a sejtbe.

138
00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:46,780
De most nem ez a lényeg.

139
00:05:46,780 --> 00:05:49,420
A lényeg, hogy bejutnak a sejtbe.

140
00:05:49,420 --> 00:05:52,240
Amint bejutnak a sejtbe,

141
00:05:52,240 --> 00:05:54,570
a genetikai anyaguk felszabadul a sejtben.

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A genetikai anyaguk ehát ott kaarok

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00:12:35,790 --> 00:12:37,110


292
00:12:37,110 --> 00:12:38,620


293
00:12:38,620 --> 00:12:41,980


294
00:12:41,980 --> 00:12:43,110


295
00:12:43,110 --> 00:12:45,120


296
00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:49,280


297
00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:51,530


298
00:12:51,530 --> 00:12:52,870


299
00:12:52,870 --> 00:12:55,680


300
00:12:55,680 --> 00:13:00,910


301
00:13:00,910 --> 00:13:06,770


302
00:13:06,770 --> 00:13:09,430


303
00:13:13,180 --> 00:13:16,890


304
00:13:16,890 --> 00:13:23,500


305
00:13:23,500 --> 00:13:27,250


306
00:13:27,250 --> 00:13:29,030


307
00:13:29,030 --> 00:13:30,600


308
00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:32,060


309
00:13:32,060 --> 00:13:33,120


310
00:13:33,120 --> 00:13:35,980


311
00:13:35,980 --> 00:13:38,710


312
00:13:38,710 --> 00:13:41,170


313
00:13:41,170 --> 00:13:44,510


314
00:13:44,510 --> 00:13:46,850


315
00:13:46,850 --> 00:13:49,380


316
00:13:49,380 --> 00:13:52,930


317
00:13:52,930 --> 00:13:55,180


318
00:13:55,180 --> 00:13:59,010


319
00:13:59,010 --> 00:14:02,600


320
00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:05,540


321
00:14:05,540 --> 00:14:10,260


322
00:14:10,260 --> 00:14:12,130


323
00:14:12,130 --> 00:14:16,050


324
00:14:16,050 --> 00:14:19,480


325
00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:26,800


326
00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:29,500


327
00:14:29,500 --> 00:14:30,850


328
00:14:30,850 --> 00:14:33,240


329
00:14:33,240 --> 00:14:35,210


330
00:14:35,210 --> 00:14:35,990


331
00:14:35,990 --> 00:14:37,650


332
00:14:37,650 --> 00:14:40,690


333
00:14:40,690 --> 00:14:47,390


334
00:14:47,390 --> 00:14:51,760


335
00:14:51,760 --> 00:14:53,530


336
00:14:53,530 --> 00:14:55,725


337
00:14:55,725 --> 00:14:57,860


338
00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:07,150


339
00:15:07,150 --> 00:15:09,290


340
00:15:09,290 --> 00:15:10,070


341
00:15:10,070 --> 00:15:14,000


342
00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:16,390


343
00:15:16,390 --> 00:15:17,850


344
00:15:17,850 --> 00:15:19,720


345
00:15:19,720 --> 00:15:24,210


346
00:15:24,210 --> 00:15:27,760


347
00:15:27,760 --> 00:15:30,480


348
00:15:30,480 --> 00:15:37,220


349
00:15:37,220 --> 00:15:41,310


350
00:15:41,310 --> 00:15:43,810


351
00:15:43,810 --> 00:15:45,490


352
00:15:45,490 --> 00:15:48,180


353
00:15:48,180 --> 00:15:52,830


354
00:15:52,830 --> 00:15:55,860


355
00:15:55,860 --> 00:16:00,960


356
00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:04,230


357
00:16:04,230 --> 00:16:07,200


358
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:11,810


359
00:16:11,810 --> 00:16:14,070


360
00:16:14,070 --> 00:16:16,710


361
00:16:16,710 --> 00:16:18,460


362
00:16:18,460 --> 00:16:20,540


363
00:16:20,540 --> 00:16:23,690


364
00:16:23,690 --> 00:16:24,950


365
00:16:24,950 --> 00:16:27,490


366
00:16:27,490 --> 00:16:27,810


367
00:16:27,810 --> 00:16:29,750


368
00:16:29,750 --> 00:16:32,860


369
00:16:32,860 --> 00:16:34,090


370
00:16:34,090 --> 00:16:36,410


371
00:16:36,410 --> 00:16:39,930


372
00:16:39,930 --> 00:16:41,950


373
00:16:41,950 --> 00:16:45,110


374
00:16:45,110 --> 00:16:45,860


375
00:16:45,860 --> 00:16:50,190


376
00:16:50,190 --> 00:16:53,090


377
00:16:53,090 --> 00:16:57,640


378
00:16:57,640 --> 00:17:00,660


379
00:17:00,660 --> 00:17:04,349


380
00:17:04,349 --> 00:17:06,010


381
00:17:06,010 --> 00:17:09,160


382
00:17:09,160 --> 00:17:11,329


383
00:17:11,329 --> 00:17:13,119


384
00:17:13,119 --> 00:17:17,300


385
00:17:17,300 --> 00:17:20,609


386
00:17:20,609 --> 00:17:24,900


387
00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:28,540


388
00:17:28,540 --> 00:17:30,800


389
00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:31,670


390
00:17:31,670 --> 00:17:33,810


391
00:17:33,810 --> 00:17:37,895


392
00:17:37,895 --> 00:17:41,150


393
00:17:41,150 --> 00:17:42,630


394
00:17:42,630 --> 00:17:45,430


395
00:17:45,430 --> 00:17:47,820


396
00:17:47,820 --> 00:17:49,070


397
00:17:52,610 --> 00:17:55,320


398
00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:57,890


399
00:17:57,890 --> 00:18:00,940


400
00:18:00,940 --> 00:18:06,630


401
00:18:06,630 --> 00:18:09,170


402
00:18:09,170 --> 00:18:11,090


403
00:18:11,090 --> 00:18:13,760


404
00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:16,250


405
00:18:16,250 --> 00:18:18,600


406
00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:22,350


407
00:18:22,350 --> 00:18:25,420


408
00:18:25,420 --> 00:18:28,030


409
00:18:28,030 --> 00:18:32,030


410
00:18:32,030 --> 00:18:35,910


411
00:18:35,910 --> 00:18:38,250


412
00:18:38,250 --> 00:18:40,890


413
00:18:40,890 --> 00:18:44,750


414
00:18:44,750 --> 00:18:45,600


415
00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:48,600


416
00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:51,050


417
00:18:51,050 --> 00:18:53,380


418
00:18:53,380 --> 00:18:59,480


419
00:18:59,480 --> 00:19:01,550


420
00:19:01,550 --> 00:19:02,800


421
00:19:11,360 --> 00:19:14,200


422
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:17,540


423
00:19:17,540 --> 00:19:20,330


424
00:19:20,330 --> 00:19:21,760


425
00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:23,050


426
00:19:27,540 --> 00:19:31,060


427
00:19:31,060 --> 00:19:34,510


428
00:19:34,510 --> 00:19:36,300


429
00:19:36,300 --> 00:19:39,700


430
00:19:39,700 --> 00:19:46,970


431
00:19:46,970 --> 00:19:51,810


432
00:19:51,810 --> 00:19:54,890


433
00:19:54,890 --> 00:19:55,900


434
00:19:55,900 --> 00:19:58,860


435
00:19:58,860 --> 00:20:01,450


436
00:20:01,450 --> 00:20:03,050


437
00:20:03,050 --> 00:20:06,360


438
00:20:06,360 --> 00:20:11,555


439
00:20:11,555 --> 00:20:14,300


440
00:20:14,300 --> 00:20:16,270


441
00:20:16,270 --> 00:20:17,490


442
00:20:17,490 --> 00:20:20,990


443
00:20:20,990 --> 00:20:22,340


444
00:20:22,340 --> 00:20:25,280


445
00:20:25,280 --> 00:20:26,890


446
00:20:26,890 --> 00:20:28,140


447
00:20:34,500 --> 00:20:36,110


448
00:20:36,110 --> 00:20:38,450


449
00:20:38,450 --> 00:20:41,360


450
00:20:41,360 --> 00:20:42,100


451
00:20:42,100 --> 00:20:45,020


452
00:20:45,020 --> 00:20:47,040


453
00:20:47,040 --> 00:20:52,290


454
00:20:52,290 --> 00:20:55,410


455
00:20:55,410 --> 00:20:58,280


456
00:20:58,280 --> 00:20:59,890


457
00:20:59,890 --> 00:21:01,000


458
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:02,090


459
00:21:02,090 --> 00:21:04,350


460
00:21:04,350 --> 00:21:05,650


461
00:21:05,650 --> 00:21:06,620


462
00:21:06,620 --> 00:21:08,170


463
00:21:08,170 --> 00:21:10,570


464
00:21:10,570 --> 00:21:11,110


465
00:21:11,110 --> 00:21:15,510


466
00:21:15,510 --> 00:21:16,520


467
00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:20,780


468
00:21:20,780 --> 00:21:23,290


469
00:21:23,290 --> 00:21:31,360


470
00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:32,340


471
00:21:32,340 --> 00:21:33,730


472
00:21:33,730 --> 00:21:35,490


473
00:21:35,490 --> 00:21:36,300


474
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:40,040


475
00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:42,610


476
00:21:42,610 --> 00:21:46,190


477
00:21:46,190 --> 00:21:48,540


478
00:21:48,540 --> 00:21:50,550


479
00:21:50,550 --> 00:21:51,540


480
00:21:51,540 --> 00:21:53,430


481
00:21:53,430 --> 00:21:56,000


482
00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:57,740


483
00:21:57,740 --> 00:21:58,630


484
00:21:58,630 --> 00:22:04,320


485
00:22:04,320 --> 00:22:06,480


486
00:22:06,480 --> 00:22:09,090


487
00:22:09,090 --> 00:22:11,495


488
00:22:11,495 --> 00:22:13,740


489
00:22:13,740 --> 00:22:15,280


490
00:22:15,280 --> 00:22:16,340


491
00:22:16,340 --> 00:22:17,780


492
00:22:17,780 --> 00:22:18,610


493
00:22:18,610 --> 00:22:19,660


494
00:22:19,660 --> 00:22:20,390


495
00:22:20,390 --> 00:22:21,560


496
00:22:21,560 --> 00:22:23,120


497
00:22:23,120 --> 00:22:27,130


498
00:22:27,130 --> 00:22:29,700


499
00:22:29,700 --> 00:22:31,920


500
00:22:31,920 --> 00:22:35,850


501
00:22:35,850 --> 00:22:38,080


502
00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:39,520


503
00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:42,480


504
00:22:42,480 --> 00:22:44,110


505
00:22:44,110 --> 00:22:47,570


506
00:22:47,570 --> 00:22:51,510


507
00:22:51,510 --> 00:22:54,170


508
00:22:54,170 --> 00:22:56,260


509
00:22:56,260 --> 00:22:59,710


510
00:22:59,710 --> 00:23:02,340


511
00:23:02,340 --> 00:23:04,330


512
00:23:04,330 --> 00:23:08,840


513
00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:12,940


514
00:23:12,940 --> 00:23:15,870