9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
I'm a lexicographer.

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I make dictionaries.

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And my job as a lexicographer

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is to try to put all the words

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possible into the dictionary

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My job is not to decide what a word is

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that is your job

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everybody who speaks english

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
decides together what's a word and [br]what's not a word

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every language is just a group of people

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
who agree to understand each other

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now sometimes when people

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are trying to decide if a word is good[br]or bad

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they don't really have a good reason

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they say something like,

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"because, grammar!"

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(Laughter).

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and i don't actually care [br]about grammar too much

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don't tell anyone

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but the word grammar--

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actually, there are two kinds of grammar

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there's the kind of grammar that kind of lives [br]inside your brain

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if you're a native speaker of a language or a good speaker of a language

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it's the unconscious rules that you follow

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when you speak that language

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and this is what you learn

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when you learn an language as a child

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here's an example

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this is a wog

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right, it's a wug

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Now there is another one

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there are two of these

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there are two

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
(audience): wugs

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exactly![br]you know how to make

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the plural of wug

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that rule lives in your brain

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you never had to be taught this rule

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you just understand it

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this is a experiment that was invented

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by a professor

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at boston college

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
named jean burco0gleesin

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
back in 1958

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so we've been talking about this for a long time

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now these kinds of natural

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rules that exist in your brain

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there's not like traffic laws

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there more like laws of nature

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and nobody has to remind you to obey [br]

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a law of nature, right?

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when you leave the house in the morning

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your mom doesn't say,

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"hey honey, it's going to be cold

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take a hoodie, don't forget[br]to obey the law of gravity"

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no body says this

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laughter

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now there are other rules

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that are more about manners than they are about nature

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so you can think of like

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a word is like a hat

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once you know how hats work

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nobody has to tell you

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don't wear hats on your feet

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what they have to tell you is

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can you wear hats inside

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who gets to wear a hat

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what are the kinds of hats you get to wear

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those are more of the second kind of grammar

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that linguists often call usage

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as opposed togrammar

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now, sometimes people use

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this kind of rules-based grammar

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to discourage people from

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making up words

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and i think that is, well, stupid

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so for example,

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people are always telling you,

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"be creative, make music

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do art, invent things

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science and technology"

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but when it comes to words,

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they're like

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"don't! no. creativity stops right here,

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whipper-snappers, give it a rest"

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(laughter)

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but, that makes no sense to me

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words are great

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we should have more of them

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i want you to make[br]as many new words as possible

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and I'm going to tell you six ways

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that you can use to make new words

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the first way is the simplest way

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basically, steal them from[br]other languages

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(laughter)

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linguists call this borrwing

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but we never give the words back

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so I'm just going to be honest

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and call it stealing

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we usually take words for things[br]that we like

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like delicious food

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we took cumquat from chinese,

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we took caramel from french

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we also take words for cool things

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like ninja, right?

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we took that from japanese

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which is kind of a cool

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trick cause ninjas are hard to steal from

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(laugter)

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so another way that you can make

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words in english is by squishing

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two toehr english words together

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it's called compounding

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words in english are like legos

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if you use enough force

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you can put any two of them together

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we do this all the time in english

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words like heartbroken

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bookworm, sandcastle

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all are compounds

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so go ahead and make words

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like duck face, just don't make duckface

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(laughter)

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another way you can make words in english

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is kind of like compounding

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but instead you use so much force

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when you squish the words together

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that some parts fall off

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so these are blend words

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like brunch

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is a blend of breakfast and lunch

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
motel is a blend of

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motor and hotel

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
who here knew that

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motel was a blend word?

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
yeah, that word is like so old

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
in english that lots of people don't know that

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there are parts missing

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edutainment is a blend word

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of education and entertainment

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and of course electrocute

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is a blend of electric and execute

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you can also make words by chaning

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how they operate

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this is called functional shift

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you take one word that acts

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as one part of speech

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and you change it into[br]another part of speech

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okay, who here knew that "friend"

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hasn't always been a verb?

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friend, used to be noun

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and then we verbed it

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almost any word in english[br]can be verbed

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you can also take adjectives

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and make them into nouns

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commercial use to be an adjective

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and now it's a noun

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you can green things

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another way to make words

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in english is backformation

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you can take a word

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and kind of squish it down a little bit

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so for example, we had the word

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editor before we had the word edit

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edit was formed from editor

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sometimes back-formations sound

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
a little silly

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bulldozers bulldoze

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
butlers butle

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and burglers burgle

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(laughter)

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another way to make [br]words in english

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is to take the first letters of something

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and squish them together

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So National Aeronautics and Space Administration

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
becomes NASA

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and of course you can do this

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with anything--OMG!

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So, it doesn't matter how silly

9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000
the words are

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they can be really good words of english

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absquatulate is a perfectly good word of english

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mugwhump is a perfectly goo word of english

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words don't have to sound normal

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they can sound really silly

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why should you make words?

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you should make words because every word

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is a chance to express your idea

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and get your meaning across

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and new words grab people's attention

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they get people to focus on what you're saying

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and that gives you a better chance

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to get your meaning across