[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.37,0:00:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a lexicographer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.93,0:00:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I make dictionaries,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.68,0:00:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my job as a lexicographer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.12,0:00:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to try to put all the words possible \Ninto the dictionary.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.84,0:00:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My job is not to decide what a word is, \Nthat is your job.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.83,0:00:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody who speaks English \Ndecides together
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.82,0:00:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's a word and what's not a word.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.15,0:00:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every language is just a group of people\Nwho agree to understand each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.30,0:00:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now sometimes when people are trying \Nto decide whether a word is good or bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.91,0:00:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't really have a good reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.68,0:00:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they say something like,\N"Because...grammar!"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.49,0:00:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.96,0:00:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't actually care about grammar \Ntoo much, don't tell anybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.42,0:00:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the word "grammar", actually,\Nthere are two kinds of grammar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.56,0:00:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the kind of grammar that \Nkind of lives inside your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.78,0:00:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and If you're a native speaker of a language \Nor a good speaker of a language,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.60,0:00:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the unconscious rules that you follow\Nwhen you speak that language.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.83,0:00:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what you learn when\Nyou learn language as a child.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.52,0:00:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's an example:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.19,0:00:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a Wug, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.71,0:01:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a Wug.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.78,0:01:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there is another one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.47,0:01:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.63,0:01:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are two...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.92,0:01:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience): Wugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.11,0:01:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exactly! You know how to make the plural \Nof Wug.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.03,0:01:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That rule lives in your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.47,0:01:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You never had to be taught this rule, \Nyou just understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.05,0:01:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an experiment that was invented\Nby a professor at Boston College
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.88,0:01:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named Jean Berko Gleason back in 1958.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.02,0:01:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've been talking about this \Nfor a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.05,0:01:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these kinds of natural rules \Nthat exist in your brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.56,0:01:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not like traffic laws,\Nthey're more like laws of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.78,0:01:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nobody has to remind you to obey \Na law of nature, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.14,0:01:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you leave the house in the morning, \Nyour mom doesn't say,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.18,0:01:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey honey, I think it's going to be cold,\Ntake a hoodie,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.97,0:01:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't forget to obey the law of gravity."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.44,0:01:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody says this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.32,0:01:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there are other rules that are more\Nabout manners than they are about nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.18,0:01:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can think of a word as like a hat.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.05,0:01:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you know how hats work
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.30,0:02:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobody has to tell you, \N"Don't wear hats on your feet."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.16,0:02:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they have to tell you is, \N"Can you wear hats inside?\N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.51,0:02:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who gets to wear a hat?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.26,0:02:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the kinds of hats you get \Nto wear?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.40,0:02:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are more of the second kind \Nof grammar,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.82,0:02:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which linguists often call usage, \Nas opposed to grammar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.12,0:02:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, sometimes people use this kind of \Nrules-based grammar
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.26,0:02:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discourage people from making up words.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.04,0:02:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that is, well, stupid.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.73,0:02:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, \Npeople are always telling you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.99,0:02:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Be creative, make new music, do art, \Ninvent things, science and technology."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.70,0:02:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when it comes to \Nwords, they're like,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.14,0:02:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Don't! No. Creativity stops right here,\Nwhipper-snappers. Give it a rest."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.00,0:02:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.42,0:02:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that makes no sense to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.14,0:02:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Words are great, we should have \Nmore of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.47,0:02:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to make as many new words \Nas possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.53,0:02:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to tell you six ways that\Nyou can use to make new words in English.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.55,0:02:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first way is the simplest way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.64,0:02:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, steal them from other \Nlanguages.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.86,0:03:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.94,0:03:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linguists call this borrowing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.99,0:03:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we never give the words back \Nso I'm just going to be honest
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.61,0:03:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and call it stealing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.78,0:03:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We usually take words for things \Nthat we like, like delicious food.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.15,0:03:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took "cumquat" from Chinese,\Nwe took "caramel" from French.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.94,0:03:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also take words for cool things \Nlike "ninja", right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.85,0:03:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took that from Japanese,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.30,0:03:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is kind of a cool trick because \Nninjas are hard to steal from.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.57,0:03:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.68,0:03:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So another way that you can make words \Nin English
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.94,0:03:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by squishing two other English words \Ntogether,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.88,0:03:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is called compounding.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.57,0:03:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Words in English are like Lego,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.08,0:03:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you use enough force, you can put any two \Nof them together.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.45,0:03:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.83,0:03:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do this all the time in English:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.63,0:03:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,words like "heartbroken", "bookworm", \N"sandcastle",
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.66,0:03:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- all are compounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.10,0:03:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So go ahead and make words like\N"duckface", just don't make duckface.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.61,0:03:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.84,0:03:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another way you can make words \Nin English is kind of like compounding,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.85,0:04:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead you use so much force\Nwhen you squish the words together
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.90,0:04:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that some parts fall off.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.53,0:04:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are blend words, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.22,0:04:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like "Brunch" is a blend of "breakfast" \Nand" lunch".
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.06,0:04:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Motel" is a blend of "motor" and "hotel".
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.80,0:04:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who here knew that "motel" \Nwas a blend word?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.74,0:04:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, that word is so old in English
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.58,0:04:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lots of people don't know that \Nthere are parts missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.69,0:04:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Edutainment" is a blend of "education" and \N"entertainment".
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.99,0:04:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course "electrocute" is a\Nblend of "electric" and "execute".
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.98,0:04:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also make words by changing \Nhow they operate,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.52,0:04:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is called functional shift.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.49,0:04:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take one word that act as one part \Nof speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.14,0:04:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you change it into another \Npart of speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.05,0:04:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, who here knew that "friend"\Nhasn't always been a verb?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.88,0:04:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Friend" used to be noun \Nand then we verbed it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.08,0:04:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost any word in English can be verbed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.68,0:04:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also take adjectives and make them \Ninto nouns.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.98,0:05:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Commercial" used to be an adjective \Nand now it's a noun.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.70,0:05:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, you can "green" things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.15,0:05:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another way to make words\Nin English is back-formation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.62,0:05:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can take a word and you can\Nkind of squish it down a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.75,0:05:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, in English we had the word\N"editor" before we had the word "edit".
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.57,0:05:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Edit" was formed from "editor".
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.32,0:05:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes these back-formations \Nsound a little silly:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.06,0:05:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bulldozers bulldoze, butlers butle \Nand burglers burgle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.45,0:05:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.76,0:05:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another way to make words in English
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.58,0:05:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to take the first letters of something\Nand squish them together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.06,0:05:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So National Aeronautics and Space \NAdministration becomes NASA.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.25,0:05:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course you can do this \Nwith anything, OMG!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.96,0:05:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it doesn't matter how silly \Nthe words are.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.60,0:05:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can be really good words of English.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.61,0:05:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Absquatulate" is a perfectly good word \Nof English
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.63,0:05:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Mugwump" is a perfectly good word \Nof English.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.49,0:05:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the words don't have have to sound \Nnormal, they can sound really silly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.07,0:06:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should you make words?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.26,0:06:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should make words because every word
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.40,0:06:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a chance to express your idea and get \Nyour meaning across.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.92,0:06:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And new words grab people's attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.51,0:06:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They get people to focus on what \Nyou're saying
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.16,0:06:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that gives you a better chance to get \Nyour meaning across.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.43,0:06:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of people on this stage today \Nhave said,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.38,0:06:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"In the future, you can do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.09,0:06:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can help with this, you can help us explore, \Nyou can help us invent."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.92,0:06:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can make a new word right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.10,0:06:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English has no age limit.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.43,0:06:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go ahead, start making words today,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.86,0:06:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,send them to me, and I will put them \Nin my online dictionary word bank.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.55,0:06:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.84,0:06:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause).