[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.77,0:00:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a lexicographer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.26,0:00:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I make dictionaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.99,0:00:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my job as \Na lexicographer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.37,0:00:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to try to put all the words\Npossible into the dictionary.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.84,0:00:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My job is not to decide what a\Nword is, that is your job.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.52,0:00:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody who \Nspeaks English
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.88,0:00:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decides together what's a word\Nand what's not a word.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.12,0:00:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every language is just a group of people\Nwho agree to understand each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.30,0:00:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now sometimes when people\Nare trying to decide
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.49,0:00:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether a word is\Ngood or bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.04,0:00:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't really\Nhave a good reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.81,0:00:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they say something like,\N"Because...grammar!"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.49,0:00:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.96,0:00:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't actually care \Nabout grammar too much,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.38,0:00:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't tell anybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.42,0:00:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the word "grammar", actually,\Nthere are two kinds of grammar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.56,0:00:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the kind of grammar that \Nkind of lives inside your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.78,0:00:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and If you're a native speaker of a language \Nor a good speaker of a language,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.60,0:00:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the unconscious rules that you follow\Nwhen you speak that language.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.83,0:00:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what you learn when\Nyou learn language as a child.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.88,0:00:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's an example:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.19,0:00:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a Wug, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.71,0:01:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a Wug.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.38,0:01:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there is another one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.95,0:01:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.90,0:01:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are two...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.92,0:01:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience): Wugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.11,0:01:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exactly! You know how to\Nmake the plural of Wug.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.03,0:01:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That rule lives\Nin your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.47,0:01:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You never had to be taught this\Nrule, you just understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.48,0:01:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a experiment \Nthat was invented
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.18,0:01:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a professor at Boston College\Nnamed Jean Berko Gleason
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.64,0:01:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back in 1958.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.10,0:01:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've been talking \Nabout this for a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.29,0:01:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these kinds of natural\Nrules that exist in your brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.56,0:01:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not like traffic laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.10,0:01:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're more like\Nlaws of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.78,0:01:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nobody has to remind you\Nto obey a law of nature, right?\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.82,0:01:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you leave the house in\Nthe morning, your mom doesn't say,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.64,0:01:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey honey, I think it's\Ngoing to be cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.14,0:01:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a hoodie. Don't forget\Nto obey the law of gravity."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.44,0:01:46.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody says this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.00,0:01:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there are other rules
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.16,0:01:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are more about manners \Nthan they are about nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.62,0:01:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can think of like,\Na word like a hat.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.50,0:01:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you know how hats work
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.51,0:02:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobody has to tell you, \N"Don't wear hats on your feet."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.16,0:02:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they have to tell you is, \N"Can you wear hats inside?\N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.51,0:02:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who gets to wear a hat?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.26,0:02:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the kinds of \Nhats you get to wear?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.02,0:02:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are more of the \Nsecond kind of grammar
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.82,0:02:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that linguists often call usage,\Nas opposed to grammar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.12,0:02:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, sometimes people use\Nthis kind of rules-based grammar
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.52,0:02:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discourage people from\Nmaking up words.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.04,0:02:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that is, well, stupid.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.17,0:02:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, people\Nare always telling you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.99,0:02:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Be creative, make new \Nmusic, do art, invent things,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.38,0:02:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,science and technology."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.62,0:02:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when it comes to \Nwords, they're like,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.14,0:02:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Don't! No. Creativity stops right here,\Nwhipper-snappers. Give it a rest."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.00,0:02:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.42,0:02:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that makes no sense to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.14,0:02:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Words are great.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.13,0:02:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should have more of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.64,0:02:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to make as many \Nnew words as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.70,0:02:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to tell you six ways
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.86,0:02:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can use to \Nmake new words in English.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.34,0:02:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first way is the simplest way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.64,0:02:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, steal them from\Nother languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.86,0:03:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.21,0:03:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linguists call this borrowing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.24,0:03:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we never give the words back
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.79,0:03:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'm just going to be honest\Nand call it stealing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.71,0:03:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We usually take words\Nfor things that we like,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.45,0:03:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like delicious food.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.57,0:03:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took "cumquat" from Chinese.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.47,0:03:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took "caramel" from French.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.34,0:03:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also take words for cool things,\Nlike "ninja", right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.16,0:03:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took that from Japanese, which \Nis kind of a cool trick
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.69,0:03:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cause ninjas are \Nhard to steal from.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.64,0:03:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.05,0:03:30.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So another way that \Nyou can make
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.07,0:03:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,words in English is by squishing\Ntwo other English words together.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.22,0:03:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is called compounding.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.69,0:03:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Words in English are like Lego,\Nif you use enough force,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.50,0:03:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can put any two \Nof them together.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.67,0:03:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.83,0:03:44.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do this all the \Ntime in English:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.100,0:03:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,words like "heartbroken", \N"bookworm", "sandcastle"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.96,0:03:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- all are compounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.34,0:03:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So go ahead and make\Nwords like "duckface:,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.44,0:03:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just don't make duckface.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.87,0:03:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.84,0:03:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another way you can \Nmake words in English
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.88,0:03:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is kind of like compounding,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.84,0:04:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead you use\Nso much force
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.06,0:04:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you squish the words together\Nthat some parts fall off.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.15,0:04:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are blend words, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.56,0:04:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like "Brunch" is a blend of\N"breakfast" and" lunch".
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.45,0:04:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Motel" is a blend of \N"motor" and "hotel".
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.11,0:04:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who here knew that "motel"\Nwas a blend word?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.74,0:04:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, that word is like so old\Nin English that lots of people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.69,0:04:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't know that there\Nare parts missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.17,0:04:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Edutainment" is a blend of\N"education" and "entertainment".
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.99,0:04:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course "electrocute" is a\Nblend of "electric" and "execute".
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.52,0:04:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also make words by \Nchanging how they operate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.86,0:04:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is called functional shift.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.49,0:04:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take one word that act\Nas one part of speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.14,0:04:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you change it into\Nanother part of speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.05,0:04:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, who here knew that "friend"\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.21,0:04:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hasn't always been a verb?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.10,0:04:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Friend" used to be noun\Nand then we verbed it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.83,0:04:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost any word in \NEnglish can be verbed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.36,0:04:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also take adjectives\Nand make them into nouns.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.98,0:05:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Commercial" used to be an \Nadjective and now it's a noun.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.70,0:05:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, you can \N"green" things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.54,0:05:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another way to make words\Nin English is back-formation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.62,0:05:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can take a word and you can\Nkind of squish it down a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.16,0:05:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, we had the word\N"editor" before we had the word "edit".
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.88,0:05:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Edit" was formed from "editor".
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.53,0:05:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes these back-formations \Nsound a little silly:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.06,0:05:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bulldozers bulldoze,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.78,0:05:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,butlers butle
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.80,0:05:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and burglers burgle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.42,0:05:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter).
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.81,0:05:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another way to make \Nwords in English
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.58,0:05:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to take the first letters of something\Nand squish them together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.13,0:05:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So National Aeronautics \Nand Space Administration
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.32,0:05:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes NASA.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.43,0:05:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course you can do this\Nwith anything--OMG!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.96,0:05:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it doesn't matter how \Nsilly the words are.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.60,0:05:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can be really good \Nwords of English.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.61,0:05:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Absquatulate" is a perfectly\Ngood word of English
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.63,0:05:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Mugwump" is a perfectly\Ngood word of English.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.34,0:05:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the words don't have \Nhave to sound normal,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.60,0:05:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can sound really silly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.37,0:06:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should you \Nmake words?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.46,0:06:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should make words \Nbecause every word
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.80,0:06:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a chance to express your idea
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.07,0:06:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get your meaning across.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.92,0:06:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And new words grab\Npeople's attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.05,0:06:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They get people to focus\Non what you're saying
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.49,0:06:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that gives you a better chance \Nto get your meaning across.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.75,0:06:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of people on the \Nstage today have said, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.71,0:06:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"In the future, you can do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.09,0:06:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can help with this,\Nyou can help us explore,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.66,0:06:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can help us invent."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.18,0:06:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can make a new \Nword right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.48,0:06:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English has no age limit.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.43,0:06:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go ahead, start making\Nwords today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.86,0:06:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Send them to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.82,0:06:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I will put them in my \Nonline dictionary word bank.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.47,0:06:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.84,0:06:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause).