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I'm a lexicographer.

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I make dictionaries.

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And my job as [br]a lexicographer

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is to try to put all the words[br]possible into the dictionary.

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My job is not to decide what a[br]word is, that is your job.

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Everybody who [br]speaks English

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decides together what's a word[br]and what's not a word.

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Every language is just a group of people[br]who agree to understand each other.

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Now sometimes when people[br]are trying to decide

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whether a word is[br]good or bad,

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they don't really[br]have a good reason.

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So they say something like,[br]"Because...grammar!"

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(Laughter).

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And I don't actually care [br]about grammar too much,

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don't tell anybody.

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But the word "grammar", actually[br]there are two kinds of grammar.

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There's the kind of grammar that [br]kind of lives inside your brain.

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and If you're a native speaker of a language [br]or a good speaker of a language,

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it's the unconscious rules that you follow[br]when you speak that language.

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And this is what you learn when[br]you learn language as a child.

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And here's an example:

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This is a Wug, right?

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It's a Wug.

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Now there is another one.

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There are two of these.

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there are two...

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(Audience): Wugs.

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Exactly! You know how to[br]make the plural of Wug.

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That rule lives[br]in your brain.

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You never had to be taught this[br]rule, you just understand it.

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This is a experiment [br]that was invented

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by a professor at Boston College[br]named Jean Berko Gleason

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back in 1958.

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So we've been talking [br]about this for a long time.

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Now these kinds of natural[br]rules that exist in your brain,

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they're not like traffic laws.

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They're more like[br]laws of nature.

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And nobody has to remind you[br]to obey a law of nature, right?[br]

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When you leave the house in[br]the morning, your mom doesn't say,

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"Hey honey, I think it's[br]going to be cold.

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Take a hoodie. Don't forget[br]to obey the law of gravity."

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Nobody says this.

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Now there are other rules

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that are more about manners [br]than they are about nature.

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So you can think of like,[br]a word like a hat.

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Once you know how hats work

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nobody has to tell you, [br]"Don't wear hats on your feet."

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What they have to tell you is, [br]"Can you wear hats inside?[br]

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Who gets to wear a hat?

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What are the kinds of [br]hats you get to wear?"

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Those are more of the [br]second kind of grammar

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that linguists often call usage,[br]as opposed to grammar.

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Now, sometimes people use[br]this kind of rules-based grammar

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to discourage people from[br]making up words.

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And I think that is, well, stupid.

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So, for example, people[br]are always telling you,

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"Be creative, make new [br]music, do art, invent things,

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science and technology."

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But when it comes to [br]words, they're like,

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"Don't! No. Creativity stops right here,[br]whipper-snappers. Give it a rest."

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(Laughter).

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But that makes no sense to me.

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Words are great.

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We should have more of them.

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I want you to make as many [br]new words as possible.

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And I'm going to tell you six ways

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that you can use to [br]make new words in English.

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The first way is the simplest way.

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Basically, steal them from[br]other languages.

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(Laughter).

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Linguists call this borrowing,

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but we never give the words back

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so I'm just going to be honest[br]and call it stealing.

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We usually take words[br]for things that we like,

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like delicious food.

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We took "cumquat" from Chinese.

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We took "caramel" from French.

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We also take words for cool things,[br]like "ninja", right?

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We took that from Japanese, which [br]is kind of a cool trick

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cause ninjas are [br]hard to steal from.

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(Laughter).

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So another way that [br]you can make

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words in English is by squishing[br]two other English words together.

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This is called compounding.

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Words in English are like Lego,[br]if you use enough force,

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you can put any two [br]of them together.

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(Laughter).

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We do this all the [br]time in English:

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words like "heartbroken", [br]"bookworm", "sandcastle"

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-- all are compounds.

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So go ahead and make[br]words like "duckface:,

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just don't make duckface.

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(Laughter).

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Another way you can [br]make words in English

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is kind of like compounding,

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but instead you use[br]so much force

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when you squish the words together[br]that some parts fall off.

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So these are blend words, [br]

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Like "Brunch" is a blend of[br]"breakfast" and" lunch".

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"Motel" is a blend of [br]"motor" and "hotel".

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Who here knew that "motel"[br]was a blend word?

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Yeah, that word is like so old[br]in English that lots of people

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don't know that there[br]are parts missing.

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"Edutainment" is a blend of[br]"education" and "entertainment".

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And of course "electrocute" is a[br]blend of "electric" and "execute".

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You can also make words by [br]changing how they operate.

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This is called functional shift.

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You take one word that act[br]as one part of speech,

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and you change it into[br]another part of speech.

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Okay, who here knew that "friend"[br]

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hasn't always been a verb?

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"Friend" used to be noun[br]and then we verbed it.

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Almost any word in [br]English can be verbed.

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You can also take adjectives[br]and make them into nouns.

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"Commercial" used to be an [br]adjective and now it's a noun.

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And of course, you can [br]"green" things.

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Another way to make words[br]in English is back-formation.

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You can take a word and you can[br]kind of squish it down a little bit.

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So for example, we had the word[br]"editor" before we had the word "edit".

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"Edit" was formed from "editor".

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Sometimes these back-formations [br]sound a little silly:

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bulldozers bulldoze,

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butlers butle

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and burglers burgle.

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(Laughter).

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Another way to make [br]words in English

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is to take the first letters of something[br]and squish them together.

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So National Aeronautics [br]and Space Administration

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becomes NASA.

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And of course you can do this[br]with anything--OMG!

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So it doesn't matter how [br]silly the words are.

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They can be really good [br]words of English.

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"Absquatulate" is a perfectly[br]good word of English

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"Mugwump" is a perfectly[br]good word of English.

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So the words don't have [br]have to sound normal,

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they can sound really silly.

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Why should you [br]make words?

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You should make words [br]because every word

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is a chance to express your idea

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and get your meaning across.

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And new words grab[br]people's attention.

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They get people to focus[br]on what you're saying

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and that gives you a better chance [br]to get your meaning across.

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A lot of people on the [br]stage today have said, [br]

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"In the future, you can do this,

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you can help with this,[br]you can help us explore,

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you can help us invent."

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You can make a new [br]word right now.

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English has no age limit.

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Go ahead, start making[br]words today.

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Send them to me,

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and I will put them in my [br]online dictionary word bank.

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Thank you so much.

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(Applause).