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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.04,0:00:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most remarkable aspects\Nof the human brain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.02,0:00:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is its ability to recognize patterns\Nand describe them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.68,0:00:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among the hardest patterns\Nwe've tried to undestand
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.36,0:00:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the concept of\Nturbulent flow in fluid dynamics.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.79,0:00:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The German physicist\NWerner Heisenberg said,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.30,0:00:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"When I meet God, I'm going to ask him\Ntwo questions:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.38,0:00:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why relativity and why turbulence?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.84,0:00:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really believe he will have \Nan answer for the first."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.93,0:00:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As difficult as turbulence is to\Nunderstand mathematically,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.30,0:00:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can use art to depict the way it looks.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.19,0:00:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In June 1889, Vincent van Gogh painted\Nthe view just before sunrise
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.31,0:00:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the window of his room at the\NSaint-Paul-de Mausole asylum
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.66,0:00:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.59,0:00:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he'd admitted himself after\Nmutilating his own ear
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.84,0:00:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a psychotic episode.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.31,0:01:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In "The Starry Night,"\Nhis circular brushstrokes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.06,0:01:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,create a night sky filled with\Nswirling clouds and eddies of stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.83,0:01:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Van Gogh and other Impressionists\Nrepresented light in a different way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.75,0:01:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than their predecessors,\Nseeming to capture its motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.87,0:01:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for instance, across sun-dappled waters,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.86,0:01:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or here in star light that \Ntwinkles and melts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.53,0:01:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through milky waves of blue night sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.84,0:01:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The effect is caused my luminance,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.42,0:01:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the intensity of the light in the colors \Non the canvas.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.10,0:01:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more primitive part of our\Nvisual cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.63,0:01:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which sees light contrast and motion,\Nbut not color,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.58,0:01:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will blend two differently \Ncolored areas together
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.63,0:01:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they have the same luminance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.97,0:01:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our brains primate\Nsubdivision
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.35,0:01:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will see the contrasting colors\Nwithout blending.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.51,0:01:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With these two interpretations\Nhappening at once,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.46,0:01:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the light in many Impressionist works\Nseems to pulse, flicker and radiate oddly.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.90,0:02:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how this and other Impressionist\Nworks use quickly executed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.49,0:02:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prominent brushstrokes to capture\Nsomething strikingly real
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.16,0:02:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how light moves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.53,0:02:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,60 years later, Russian mathematician\NAndrey Kolmogorov
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.21,0:02:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,furthered our mathematical \Nunderstanding of turbulence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.79,0:02:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he proposed that energy in a\Nturbulent fluid at length R
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.16,0:02:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,varies in proportion to \Nthe 5/3rds power of R.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.49,0:02:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Experimental measurements\Nshow Kolmogorov
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.41,0:02:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was remarkably close to the \Nway turbulent flow works,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.80,0:02:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although a complete description of\Nturbulence remains
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.44,0:02:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the unsolved problems in physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.30,0:02:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A turbulent flow is self-similar\Nif there is an energy cascade.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.52,0:02:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In ther words, big eddies\Ntransfer their energy to smaller eddies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.12,0:02:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which do likewise at other scales.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.94,0:02:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Examples of this include Jupiter's\Ngreat red spot,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.50,0:02:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cloud formations and\Ninterstellar dust particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.41,0:02:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2004, using the Hubble Space Telescope,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.91,0:03:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists saw the eddies of a distant\Ncloud of dust and gas around a star,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.17,0:03:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it reminded them of Van Gogh's \N"Starry Night."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.84,0:03:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This motivated scientists from Mexico, \NSpain and England
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.19,0:03:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to study the luminence in Van Gogh's\Npaintings in detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.39,0:03:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They discovered that there is a distinct\Npattern of turbulent fluid structures
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.70,0:03:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to Kolmogorov's equation\Nhidden in many of Van Gogh's paintings.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.80,0:03:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The researchers digitized the paintings,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.22,0:03:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and measured how brightness varies between\Nany two pixels.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.97,0:03:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the curves measured for\Npixel separations,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.69,0:03:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they concluded that paintings from\NVan Gogh's period of psychotic agitation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.46,0:03:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behave remarkably similar \Nto fluid turbulence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.94,0:03:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His self-portait with a pipe, from\Na calmer period in Van Gogh's life,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.100,0:03:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showed no sign of this correspondence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.49,0:03:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And neither did other artists' work that\Nseemed equally turbulent at first glance,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.60,0:03:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Munch's 'The Scream."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.65,0:03:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While it's too easy to say Van Gogh's\Nturbulent genius
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.70,0:03:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enabled him to depict turbulence,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.09,0:04:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also far too difficult to accurately\Nexpress the rousing beauty of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.03,0:04:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in a period of intense suffering,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.48,0:04:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Van Gogh was somehow able to\Nperceive and represent
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.93,0:04:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most supremely \Ndifficult concepts
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.36,0:04:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nature has ever brought before mankind,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.62,0:04:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to unite his unique mind's eye
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.76,0:04:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the deepest mysteries\Nof movement, fluid and light.