0:00:01.863,0:00:05.905
What does it mean to spend our time well?

0:00:08.326,0:00:10.677
I spend a lot of my time

0:00:10.677,0:00:13.830
thinking about how to spend my time.

0:00:15.091,0:00:16.088
Probably too much.

0:00:16.088,0:00:17.521
I probably obsess over it --

0:00:17.521,0:00:18.941
my friends think I do.

0:00:18.941,0:00:22.202
But I feel like I kind of have to,

0:00:22.202,0:00:23.205
because these days,

0:00:23.205,0:00:27.216
it feels like little bits of my time[br]kind of slip away from me,

0:00:27.216,0:00:28.265
and when that happens,

0:00:28.265,0:00:32.131
it feels like parts of my life[br]are slipping away.

0:00:33.271,0:00:34.260
Specifically,

0:00:34.260,0:00:38.856
it feels like little bits of my time get[br]slipped away to various things like this.

0:00:38.856,0:00:39.897
Like technology --

0:00:39.897,0:00:41.721
I check things --

0:00:41.721,0:00:43.481
I'll give you an example.

0:00:43.825,0:00:45.908
If this email shows up --

0:00:45.908,0:00:48.600
how many of you have gotten[br]an email like this, right?

0:00:48.600,0:00:50.898
I've been tagged in a photo.

0:00:51.867,0:00:53.762
When this appears,

0:00:53.762,0:00:56.946
I can't help but click on it right now.

0:00:56.946,0:00:57.946
Right?

0:00:57.946,0:00:59.825
Because what if it's a bad photo?

0:00:59.825,0:01:01.931
So I have to click it right now.

0:01:01.931,0:01:04.341
But I'm not just going[br]to click "See photo,"

0:01:04.341,0:01:07.175
what I'm actually going to do[br]is spend the next 20 minutes.

0:01:07.175,0:01:08.177
(Laughter)

0:01:08.177,0:01:10.102
But the worst part

0:01:10.102,0:01:12.517
is that I know that this[br]is what's going to happen,

0:01:12.517,0:01:15.836
and even knowing that that's[br]what's going to happen

0:01:15.836,0:01:18.883
doesn't stop me from[br]doing it again the next time.

0:01:20.625,0:01:24.383
Or I find myself[br]in a situation like this ...

0:01:24.383,0:01:27.918
where I check my email[br]and I pull down to refresh,

0:01:27.918,0:01:28.940
right?

0:01:29.267,0:01:32.869
But the thing is that 60 seconds later,

0:01:32.869,0:01:36.246
I'll pull down to refresh again.

0:01:37.019,0:01:40.337
Like, why am I doing this?

0:01:40.337,0:01:42.283
This doesn't make any sense.

0:01:43.225,0:01:46.723
But I'll give you a hint[br]why this is happening.

0:01:48.565,0:01:53.627
What do you think makes more[br]money in the United States

0:01:53.627,0:01:59.515
than movies, game parks[br]and baseball combined?

0:02:01.925,0:02:03.417
Slot machines.

0:02:05.426,0:02:09.029
How can slot machines make all this money

0:02:09.029,0:02:13.986
when we play with such small[br]amounts of money?

0:02:14.229,0:02:15.910
We play with coins.

0:02:15.910,0:02:17.535
How is this possible?

0:02:18.383,0:02:21.681
Well, the thing is ...

0:02:21.681,0:02:25.535
my phone is a slot machine.

0:02:25.809,0:02:27.821
Every time I check my phone,

0:02:27.821,0:02:30.162
I'm playing the slot machine to see,

0:02:30.162,0:02:31.607
what am I going to get?

0:02:32.074,0:02:33.171
What am I going to get?

0:02:33.171,0:02:35.073
Every time I check my email,

0:02:35.073,0:02:36.719
I'm playing the slot machine

0:02:36.719,0:02:38.394
[to say], "What am I going to get?"

0:02:38.394,0:02:41.413
Every time I scroll a news feed,

0:02:41.413,0:02:43.522
I'm playing the slot machine to see,

0:02:43.522,0:02:45.128
what am I going to get next?

0:02:45.128,0:02:46.127
Right?

0:02:46.520,0:02:47.520
And the thing is

0:02:47.520,0:02:49.690
that again knowing[br]exactly how this works --

0:02:49.690,0:02:50.741
and I'm a designer,

0:02:50.741,0:02:53.100
I know exactly how[br]the psychology of this works,

0:02:53.100,0:02:55.062
I know exactly what's going on --

0:02:55.062,0:02:57.327
but it doesn't leave me with any choice,

0:02:57.327,0:02:59.608
I still just get sucked into it.

0:03:00.372,0:03:02.645
So what are we going to do?

0:03:03.082,0:03:04.165
Because it leaves us

0:03:04.165,0:03:07.806
with this all or nothing relationship[br]with technology, right?

0:03:08.623,0:03:10.748
You're either on,

0:03:10.748,0:03:13.146
and your connected[br]and distracted all the time,

0:03:13.146,0:03:15.019
or you're off,

0:03:15.019,0:03:16.299
but then you're wondering,

0:03:16.299,0:03:18.631
am I missing something important?

0:03:18.631,0:03:19.649
In other words,

0:03:19.649,0:03:21.729
you're either distracted

0:03:21.729,0:03:24.578
or you have Fear of Missing Out,

0:03:24.578,0:03:25.890
right?

0:03:27.029,0:03:31.131
So we need to restore choice.

0:03:32.093,0:03:34.761
We want to have[br]a relationship with technology

0:03:34.761,0:03:38.932
that gives us back choice[br]about how we spend time with it,

0:03:38.932,0:03:42.838
and we're going to need[br]help from designers

0:03:42.838,0:03:45.666
because knowing this stuff doesn't help.

0:03:45.666,0:03:47.845
We're going to need design help,

0:03:47.845,0:03:50.228
so what would that look like?

0:03:50.832,0:03:54.074
So let's take an example that we all face:

0:03:54.074,0:03:55.067
chat --

0:03:55.067,0:03:56.360
text messaging.

0:03:56.360,0:03:57.960
So let's say there's two people.

0:03:57.960,0:04:01.125
Nancy's on the left and she's[br]working on a document,

0:04:01.125,0:04:02.884
and John's on the right.

0:04:02.884,0:04:04.473
And John suddenly remembers,

0:04:04.473,0:04:09.009
"I need to ask Nancy for[br]that document before I forget!"

0:04:09.009,0:04:10.013
Right?

0:04:10.434,0:04:12.053
So when he sends her that message,

0:04:12.053,0:04:14.394
it blows away her attention.

0:04:14.949,0:04:15.810
Right?

0:04:15.810,0:04:17.829
And that's what we're doing all the time,

0:04:17.829,0:04:20.663
we're bulldozing each other's[br]attention left and right.

0:04:20.663,0:04:22.812
And there's serious cost to this,

0:04:22.812,0:04:27.073
because every time[br]we interrupt each other ...

0:04:27.073,0:04:30.121
it's takes us about 23 minutes on average

0:04:30.121,0:04:32.111
to refocus our attention.

0:04:32.111,0:04:35.482
We actually cycle through[br]two different projects

0:04:35.482,0:04:38.608
before we come back[br]to the original thing we were doing.

0:04:38.938,0:04:40.379
This is Gloria Mark's research

0:04:40.379,0:04:44.408
combined with Microsoft's[br]research that showed this.

0:04:44.800,0:04:48.637
And her research also shows[br]that it actually trains bad habits.

0:04:48.637,0:04:51.689
The more interruptions we get externally,

0:04:51.689,0:04:55.796
it's conditioning and training us[br]to interrupt ourselves.

0:04:56.573,0:05:00.743
We actually self-interrupt[br]every three and a half minutes.

0:05:01.295,0:05:02.296
This is crazy,

0:05:02.296,0:05:03.896
so how to fix this?

0:05:03.896,0:05:07.090
Because Nancy and John are in this[br]all-or-nothing relationship.

0:05:07.090,0:05:08.587
Nancy might want to disconnect,

0:05:08.587,0:05:09.967
but then she'd be worried --

0:05:09.967,0:05:12.239
what if I'm missing something important?

0:05:12.542,0:05:14.808
So design can fix this problem.

0:05:15.526,0:05:17.604
Let's say you have[br]Nancy again on the left,

0:05:17.604,0:05:18.786
John on the right,

0:05:18.786,0:05:19.798
and John remembers,

0:05:19.798,0:05:21.600
"I need to send Nancy that document,"

0:05:21.600,0:05:22.765
except this time,

0:05:22.765,0:05:24.677
Nancy can mark that she's focused.

0:05:24.677,0:05:26.605
Let's say she drags a slider and says,

0:05:26.605,0:05:28.655
"I want to be focused for 30 minutes,"

0:05:28.655,0:05:30.341
so "bam," she's focused.

0:05:30.970,0:05:33.526
Now when John wants the message her,

0:05:33.526,0:05:35.566
he can get the thought off of his mind --

0:05:35.566,0:05:36.953
because he has a need, right?

0:05:36.953,0:05:38.007
He has this thought

0:05:38.007,0:05:40.744
and he needs to dump it out[br]before he forgets,

0:05:40.744,0:05:42.557
except this time

0:05:42.557,0:05:46.785
it holds the messages so[br]that Nancy can still focus

0:05:46.785,0:05:50.626
but John can get the thought[br]off of his mind, right?

0:05:51.114,0:05:54.336
But this only works[br]if one last thing is true,

0:05:54.336,0:05:59.731
which is that Nancy needs to know[br]that if something is truly important

0:05:59.731,0:06:02.179
that John can still interrupt.

0:06:02.179,0:06:08.461
But instead of having constant[br]accidental or mindless interruptions,

0:06:08.461,0:06:11.454
we're now only creating[br]conscious interruptions,

0:06:11.454,0:06:12.488
right?

0:06:13.132,0:06:14.664
So we're doing two things here.

0:06:14.664,0:06:18.569
We're creating a new choice[br]for both Nancy and John,

0:06:18.569,0:06:21.375
but there's second, subtle thing[br]we're doing here, too.

0:06:22.174,0:06:25.779
And that's that we're changing[br]the question that we're answering.

0:06:26.113,0:06:31.344
Instead of the goal of chat[br]being let's design it

0:06:31.344,0:06:33.439
so that it's easy to send a message --

0:06:33.439,0:06:34.731
that's the goal of chat,

0:06:34.731,0:06:38.087
it should be really easy to send[br]a message to someone --

0:06:38.087,0:06:41.425
we change the goal to something[br]deeper and a human value,

0:06:41.425,0:06:45.393
which is let's create the highest[br]possible quality communication

0:06:45.393,0:06:47.903
and relationship between two people.

0:06:48.345,0:06:51.012
So we upgraded the goal.

0:06:52.118,0:06:54.922
Now, do designers[br]actually care about this?

0:06:54.922,0:06:59.951
Do we want to have conversations[br]about what these deeper human goals are?

0:07:00.761,0:07:02.493
Well I'll tell you one story

0:07:02.493,0:07:04.145
which is about a year ago,

0:07:04.145,0:07:05.750
a little over a year ago,

0:07:05.750,0:07:08.871
I got to help organize a meeting

0:07:08.871,0:07:13.999
between some of technology's[br]leading designers and Thich Nhat Han.

0:07:14.505,0:07:19.281
Thich Nhat Hanh is an international[br]spokesperson for mindfulness meditation,

0:07:19.281,0:07:21.020
and it was the most amazing meeting.

0:07:21.020,0:07:22.167
You have to imagine --

0:07:22.167,0:07:23.169
picture a room --

0:07:23.169,0:07:27.045
on one side of the room you have[br]a bunch of tech geeks;

0:07:27.045,0:07:28.603
on the other side of the room,

0:07:28.603,0:07:33.528
you have a bunch of long brown robes,[br]shaved heads, Buddhist monks.

0:07:34.688,0:07:37.942
And the questions were about[br]the deepest human values,

0:07:37.942,0:07:40.235
like what does the future[br]of technology look like

0:07:40.235,0:07:42.529
when you're designing[br]for the deepest questions

0:07:42.529,0:07:44.572
and the deepest human values?

0:07:44.572,0:07:50.350
And our conversation centered on listening[br]more deeply to what those values might be.

0:07:51.114,0:07:52.927
He joked in our conversation

0:07:52.927,0:07:55.917
that what if instead of a spell check

0:07:55.917,0:07:57.877
you had a compassion check?

0:07:57.877,0:08:02.184
Meaning you might highlight a word[br]that might be accidentally abrasive --

0:08:02.184,0:08:04.469
perceived as abrasive by someone else.

0:08:05.067,0:08:09.061
So does this kind of conversation[br]happen in the real world,

0:08:09.061,0:08:11.217
not just in these design meetings?

0:08:12.025,0:08:13.139
Well the answer is yes,

0:08:13.139,0:08:15.821
and one of my favorites is Couchsurfing.

0:08:16.500,0:08:17.501
If you didn't know,

0:08:17.501,0:08:19.131
Couchsurfing is a website

0:08:19.131,0:08:24.019
that matches people who are looking[br]for a place to stay with a free couch,

0:08:24.019,0:08:26.134
from someone who's trying to offer it.

0:08:26.352,0:08:28.092
So, great service --

0:08:28.092,0:08:29.772
what would there design goal be?

0:08:29.772,0:08:32.521
What are you designing for[br]if you work at Couchsurfing?

0:08:32.521,0:08:37.252
Well you would think[br]it's to match guests with hosts.

0:08:37.714,0:08:38.763
Right?

0:08:38.763,0:08:40.121
That's a pretty good goal.

0:08:40.121,0:08:43.074
But that would kind of be like[br]our goal with messaging before,

0:08:43.074,0:08:45.614
where we're just trying[br]to deliver a mesasge.

0:08:45.614,0:08:47.936
So what's the deeper, human goal?

0:08:48.303,0:08:50.393
Well, they set their goal

0:08:50.393,0:08:55.949
as the need to create lasting, positive[br]experiences and relationships

0:08:55.949,0:08:58.813
between people who have never met before.

0:08:59.465,0:09:01.233
And the most amazing thing about this

0:09:01.233,0:09:02.237
was in 2007,

0:09:02.237,0:09:04.615
they introduced a way to measure this,

0:09:04.615,0:09:05.922
which is incredible.

0:09:06.206,0:09:07.529
I'll tell you how it works.

0:09:07.529,0:09:09.094
Every design goal that you have,

0:09:09.094,0:09:12.726
you have to have a corresponding[br]measurement to know how you're doing --

0:09:12.726,0:09:14.137
a way of measuring success.

0:09:14.137,0:09:15.447
So what they do

0:09:15.447,0:09:20.120
is let's say you take[br]two people who meet up

0:09:20.120,0:09:23.945
and they take the number of days[br]those two people spent together,

0:09:23.945,0:09:24.908
right?

0:09:25.145,0:09:28.918
And then they estimate how many[br]hours were in those days.

0:09:29.438,0:09:32.191
How many hours did those two[br]people spend together?

0:09:32.191,0:09:34.225
And then after they[br]spend that time together,

0:09:34.225,0:09:35.768
they ask both of them:

0:09:35.768,0:09:37.749
how positive was your experience?

0:09:37.749,0:09:40.388
Did you have a good experience[br]with this person that you met?

0:09:41.178,0:09:44.563
And they subtract[br]form those positive hours

0:09:44.563,0:09:48.711
the amount of time[br]people spent on the website,

0:09:48.711,0:09:51.617
because that's a cost to people's lives.

0:09:51.876,0:09:53.641
Why should we value that as success?

0:09:54.241,0:09:55.861
And what you were left with

0:09:55.861,0:10:00.472
is something they refer to as net[br]"Orchestrated Conviviality,"

0:10:00.472,0:10:03.522
or really just a net "Good Times" created.

0:10:03.522,0:10:08.049
The net hours that would have never[br]existed had Couchsurfing not existed.

0:10:08.950,0:10:11.457
Can you imagine how inspiring it would be

0:10:11.457,0:10:13.057
to come to work every day

0:10:13.057,0:10:17.500
and measure your success[br]in the actual net new contribution

0:10:17.500,0:10:20.314
of hours in people's lives[br]that are positive,

0:10:20.314,0:10:21.978
that would have never existed

0:10:21.978,0:10:24.979
if you didn't do what you were[br]about to do at work today?

0:10:25.915,0:10:30.895
Can you imagine a whole world[br]that worked this way?

0:10:31.859,0:10:34.637
Can you imagine a social network that --

0:10:34.637,0:10:36.106
let's you care about cooking

0:10:36.106,0:10:39.418
and it measured its success[br]in terms of cooking nights organized

0:10:39.418,0:10:42.288
and the cooking articles[br]that you were glad you read,

0:10:42.288,0:10:44.844
and subtracted from that the articles[br]you weren't glad you read

0:10:44.844,0:10:47.403
or the time you spent scrolling[br]that you didn't like.

0:10:48.192,0:10:51.766
Imagine a professional social network,

0:10:51.766,0:10:53.598
that instead of measuring its success

0:10:53.598,0:10:57.332
in terms of connections created[br]or messages sent,

0:10:57.332,0:11:01.667
instead measured its success in terms[br]of the job offers that people got

0:11:01.667,0:11:03.520
that they were excited to get.

0:11:03.520,0:11:04.520
Right?

0:11:04.520,0:11:08.158
And subtracted the amount of time[br]people spent on the website.

0:11:08.803,0:11:11.966
Or imagine dating services,

0:11:11.966,0:11:13.808
like maybe Tinder or something,

0:11:13.808,0:11:17.277
where instead of measuring the number[br]of swipes left and right people did,

0:11:17.277,0:11:19.267
which is how they measure success today,

0:11:19.267,0:11:21.095
and instead measured

0:11:21.095,0:11:26.915
the deep, romantic, fulfilling[br]connections people created --

0:11:26.915,0:11:29.471
whatever that was for them, by the way.

0:11:32.123,0:11:35.271
But can you imagine a whole world[br]that worked this way,

0:11:35.271,0:11:38.195
that was helping you spend your time well?

0:11:39.191,0:11:41.245
Now to do this you also need a new system,

0:11:41.245,0:11:42.946
because you're probably thinking,

0:11:42.946,0:11:44.524
today's Internet economy --

0:11:44.524,0:11:45.954
today's economy in general --

0:11:45.954,0:11:47.286
is measured in time spent.

0:11:47.286,0:11:49.356
The more users you have,

0:11:49.356,0:11:50.757
the more usage you have,

0:11:50.757,0:11:52.047
the more time people spend,

0:11:52.047,0:11:54.214
that's how we measure success.

0:11:54.657,0:11:56.589
But we've solved this problem before.

0:11:57.534,0:12:00.242
We solved it with organic,

0:12:00.242,0:12:02.882
when we said we need[br]to value things a different way.

0:12:03.161,0:12:06.097
We said this is a different kind of food.

0:12:07.189,0:12:09.234
So we can't compare it [br]just based on price;

0:12:09.234,0:12:11.266
this is a different category of food.

0:12:11.266,0:12:14.022
We solved it with Leed Certification,

0:12:14.022,0:12:17.568
where we said this is[br]a different kind of building

0:12:17.568,0:12:21.878
that stood for different values[br]of environmental sustainability.

0:12:22.756,0:12:26.804
What if we had something [br]like that for technology?

0:12:28.042,0:12:33.262
What if we had something whose[br]entire purpose and goal

0:12:33.262,0:12:37.535
was to help create net new positive[br]contributions to human life?

0:12:39.186,0:12:42.564
And what if we could[br]value it a different way,

0:12:42.564,0:12:44.522
so it would actually work?

0:12:44.825,0:12:48.454
Imagine you gave this different[br]premium shelf space on app stores.

0:12:48.851,0:12:51.202
Imagine you had web browsers[br]that helped route you

0:12:51.202,0:12:53.700
to these kinds of design products.

0:12:53.700,0:12:54.920
Right?

0:12:55.570,0:13:00.268
Can you imagine how exciting it would be[br]to live and create that world?

0:13:01.358,0:13:04.517
We can create this world today.

0:13:05.077,0:13:06.232
Company leaders,

0:13:06.232,0:13:08.027
all you have to do --

0:13:08.027,0:13:11.422
only you can prioritize a new metric,

0:13:11.422,0:13:15.489
which is your metric for net positive[br]contribution to human life.

0:13:15.718,0:13:17.792
And have an honest[br]conversation about that.

0:13:17.792,0:13:19.913
Maybe you're not[br]doing so well to start with,

0:13:19.913,0:13:22.047
but let's start that conversation.

0:13:23.205,0:13:24.363
Designers,

0:13:24.363,0:13:27.219
you can redefine success,

0:13:27.219,0:13:29.183
you can redefine design.

0:13:29.183,0:13:32.975
Arguably, you have more power[br]than many people in your organization

0:13:32.975,0:13:35.821
to create the choices[br]that all of us live by.

0:13:36.470,0:13:37.894
Maybe like in medicine,

0:13:37.894,0:13:39.775
where we have a Hippocratic oath

0:13:39.775,0:13:43.920
to recognize the responsibilty[br]and this higher value

0:13:43.920,0:13:45.645
that we have to treat patients,

0:13:45.645,0:13:49.853
what if designers had something like that[br]in terms of this new kind of design?

0:13:50.840,0:13:51.842
And users,

0:13:51.842,0:13:52.978
for all of us,

0:13:52.978,0:13:56.607
we can demand technology[br]that works this way.

0:13:57.373,0:13:58.585
Now it may seem hard,

0:13:58.585,0:14:03.108
but McDonald's didn't have salads[br]until the consumer demand was there.

0:14:04.797,0:14:09.048
Walmart didn't have organic food[br]until the consumer demand was there.

0:14:09.048,0:14:13.452
We have to demand[br]this new kind of technology.

0:14:14.417,0:14:16.307
And we can do that.

0:14:16.307,0:14:17.842
And doing that

0:14:17.842,0:14:19.466
would amount to shifting

0:14:19.466,0:14:25.302
from a world that's driven and run[br]entirely on time spent ...

0:14:25.302,0:14:30.241
to world that's driven by time well spent.

0:14:31.752,0:14:33.855
I want to live in this world

0:14:33.855,0:14:36.236
and I want this conversation to happen.

0:14:36.801,0:14:38.767
Let's start that conversation now.

0:14:39.774,0:14:40.771
Thank you.

0:14:40.771,0:14:41.773
(Applause)