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I know that you know

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that people are living longer
and societies are getting grayer.

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You hear about it all the time.

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You read about it in your newspapers.

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You hear about it on your television sets.

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Sometimes, I'm concerned

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that we hear about it so much
that we've come to accept longer lives

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with a kind of a complacency, even unease.

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But make no mistake, longer lives can...

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And, I believe, will improve
quality of life at all ages.

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Now to put this in perspective,
let me just zoom out for a minute.

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and put the changes
that we're living through

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in kind of a perspective.

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More years were added to average
life expectancy in the 20th century

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than all years added
across all prior millennia

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of human evolution combined.

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In the blink of an eye,

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we nearly doubled the length of time
that we're living.

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So if you ever feel like you don't have
this aging thing quite pegged,

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don't kick yourself.

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It's brand new.

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And because fertility rates fell
across that very same period

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that life expectancy was going up,

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that pyramid that has always represented
the distribution of age in the population,

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with many young ones at the bottom
winnowed to a tiny peak of older people

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who make it and survive to old age,

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is being reshaped into a rectangle.

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And now, if you're the kind of person

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who can get chills
from population statistics,

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(Laughter)

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these are the ones that should do it.

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Because what that means

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is that for the first time
in the history of the species,

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the majority of babies born
in the developed world

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are having the opportunity to grow old.

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How did this happen?

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Well, we're no genetically hardier
than our ancestors were 10,000 years ago.

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This increase in life expectancy
is the remarkable product of culture...

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The crucible that holds
science and technology

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and wide-scale changes in behavior
that improve health and well-being.

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Through cultural changes, our ancestors
largely eliminated early death

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so that people can now
live out their full lives.

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Now there are problems
associated with aging...

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Diseases, poverty, loss of social status.

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It's hardly time to rest on our laurels.

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But the more we learn about aging,

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the clearer it becomes
that a sweeping downward course

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is grossly inaccurate.

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Aging brings some rather
remarkable improvements...

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Increased knowledge, expertise...

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And emotional aspects of life improve.

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That's right, older people are happy.

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They're happier than middle-aged people,
and younger people, certainly.

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(Laughter)

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Study after study
is coming to the same conclusion.

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The CDC recently conducted a survey

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where they asked respondents
simply to tell them

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whether they experienced
significant psychological distress

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in the previous week.

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And fewer older people
answered affirmatively to that question

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than middle-aged people,
and younger people as well.

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And a recent Gallup poll
asked participants

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how much stress and worry and anger
they had experienced the previous day.

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And stress, worry, anger

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all decrease with age.

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Now social scientists call this
the paradox of aging.

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I mean, after all,
aging is not a piece of cake.

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So we've asked all sorts of questions
to see if we could undo this finding.

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We've asked whether it may be that
the current generations of older people

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are and always have been
the greatest generations.

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That is that younger people today
may not typically experience

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these improvements as they grow older.

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We've asked,

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well, maybe older people
are just trying to put a positive spin

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on an otherwise depressing existence.

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(Laughter)

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But the more we've tried
to disavow this finding,

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the more evidence we find to support it.

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Years ago, my colleagues
and I embarked on a study

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where we followed the same group
of people over a 10-year period.

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Originally, the sample was aged 18 to 94.

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And we studied whether and how
their emotional experiences changed

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as they grew older.

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Our participants would carry
electronic pagers

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for a week at a time,

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and we'd page them throughout the day
and evenings at random times.

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And every time we paged them,

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we'd ask them to answer
several questions...

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"On a one to seven scale,
how happy are you right now?"

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"How sad are you right now?"

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"How frustrated are you right now?"...

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So that we could get a sense of the kinds
of emotions and feelings they were having

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in their day-to-day lives.

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And using this intense study
of individuals,

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we find that it's not
one particular generation

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that's doing better than the others,

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but the same individuals over time

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come to report relatively greater
positive experience.

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Now you see this slight downturn
at very advanced ages.

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And there is a slight downturn.

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But at no point does it return
to the levels we see in early adulthood.

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Now it's really too simplistic
to say that older people are "happy."

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In our study, they are more positive.

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But they're also more likely
than younger people

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to experience mixed emotions...

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Sadness at the same time
you experience happiness;

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you know, that tear in the eye
when you're smiling at a friend.

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And other research has shown that
older people seem to engage with sadness

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more comfortably.

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They're more accepting of sadness
than younger people are.

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And we suspect
that this may help to explain

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why older people are better
than younger people

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at solving hotly charged
emotional conflicts and debates.

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Older people can view injustice
with compassion,

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but not despair.

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And all things being equal,

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older people direct their cognitive
resources, like attention and memory,

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to positive information
more than negative.

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If we show older, middle-aged,
younger people images,

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like the ones you see on the screen,

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and we later ask them
to recall all the images that they can,

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older people, but not younger people,

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remember more positive images
than negative images.

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We've asked older and younger people
to view faces in laboratory studies,

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some frowning, some smiling.

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Older people look toward the smiling faces
and away from the frowning, angry faces.

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In day-to-day life, this translates
into greater enjoyment and satisfaction.

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But as social scientists, we continue
to ask about possible alternatives.

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We've said, well, maybe older people
report more positive emotions

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because they're cognitively impaired.

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(Laughter)

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We've said, could it be

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that positive emotions are simply easier
to process than negative emotions,

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and so you switch
to the positive emotions?

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Maybe our neural centers in our brain

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are degraded such that we're unable
to process negative emotions anymore.

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But that's not the case.

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The most mentally sharp older adults

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are the ones who show
this positivity effect the most.

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And under conditions
where it really matters,

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older people do process
the negative information

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just as well as the positive information.

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So how can this be?

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Well, in our research,

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we've found that these changes
are grounded fundamentally

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in the uniquely human
ability to monitor time...

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Not just clock time
and calendar time, but lifetime.

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And if there's a paradox of aging,

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it's that recognizing
that we won't live forever

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changes our perspective on life
in positive ways.

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When time horizons are long and nebulous,
as they typically are in youth,

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people are constantly preparing,

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trying to soak up all the information
they possibly can,

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taking risks, exploring.

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We might spend time with people
we don't even like

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because it's somehow interesting.

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We might learn something unexpected.

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(Laughter)

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We go on blind dates.

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(Laughter)

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You know, after all,

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if it doesn't work out,
there's always tomorrow.

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People over 50 don't go on blind dates.

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(Laughter)

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Not so much.

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As we age, our time horizons grow shorter
and our goals change.

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When we recognize that we don't have
all the time in the world,

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we see our priorities most clearly.

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We take less notice of trivial matters.

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We savor life.

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We're more appreciative,

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more open to reconciliation.

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We invest in more emotionally
important parts of life,

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and life gets better,

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so we're happier day-to-day.

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But that same shift in perspective

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leads us to have less tolerance
than ever for injustice.

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By 2015,

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there will be more people
in the United States

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over the age of 60 than under 15.

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What will happen to societies
that are top-heavy with older people?

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The numbers won't determine the outcome.

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Culture will.

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If we invest in science and technology

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and find solutions for the real problems
that older people face

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and we capitalize on the very real
strengths of older people,

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then added years of life can dramatically
improve quality of life at all ages.

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Societies with millions of talented,
emotionally stable citizens

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who are healthier and better educated
than any generations before them,

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armed with knowledge
about the practical matters of life

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and motivated to solve the big issues

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can be better societies
than we have ever known.

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My father, who is 92, likes to say,

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"Let's stop talking
only about how to save the old folks

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and start talking about
how to get them to save us all."

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Thank you.

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(Applause)