WEBVTT

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大家好，欢迎来到Langfocus频道

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我叫做Paul

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今天的话题是：语言消亡

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通常在此频道，当我聊起语言

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那通常是一门活着的语言

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一门今日依然被母语人士所使用的语言

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并且持续地成长和演化

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但“死语言”和“绝迹语言”同样存在

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语言在完全没有母语者时成为死语言

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即使它们可能仍然以某些方式被使用

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举例来说，拉丁语是死语言

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但它仍然为宗教目的服务

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以及一些在梵蒂冈的行政目的

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有些人使用它，但不像母语那般自然

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并且它不以母语的方式被传承

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另一个例子是希伯来语

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在被复兴成现代希伯来语之前,

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它就是一门死语言

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在很长一段时间里它没有母语使用者

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但它持续出于宗教目的被使用

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并且被用作一种成文的书面语言

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相对的，语言被认为绝迹

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当没有活着的人能使用它

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举个例子，如果最后一个

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说美国原住民语的人死去了

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并且没有人学习过它，把他作为第二语言

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那么这个语言就绝迹了

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相似地，古代语言，如苏美尔语，已经绝迹了

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有些人或许能阅读古代语言文本

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但没有人能在今天实际使用它

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语言死去或绝迹

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是由于“语言消亡”的现象

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语言消亡的类型

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语言不总以相同的方式消亡

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有多种语言消亡的类型

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语言消逝最常见的方式

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是“渐进式语言消亡”

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这通常在一种语言的使用者

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与一种强势语言产生接触时发生

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一种被一个主宰的，更强势的人群使用的语言

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语言社群可能在很长时间里使用双语

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但随着世代更替

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越来越少的年轻人说他们的传统语言

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且说的人掌握程度更低

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因为他们选择使用强势语言

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直到某一天，再也没有人说社群的传统语言

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一个例子是康沃尔语

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它在19世纪末停止被使用

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由于英语不断增长的影响

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也由于感到康沃尔语是一种低级阶层的语言

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即使对于当时它本身的使用者而言

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但康沃尔语并没有绝迹

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因为有语言振兴的努力

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来鼓励人们继续使用这门语言

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其次：“自下而上式语言消亡”

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在自下而上式语言消亡中

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一种语言停止作为母语被使用

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但持续在某些情境中被使用

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通常在正式的宗教情境中，或在典礼场合中

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又或者为了书面的目的

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在渐进式语言消亡中

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语言一般首先在正式情境中消失

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因为它由强势语言所替代

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但它长时间地继续在日常情境中被使用

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而在自下而上式语言消亡中，

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语言首先在“下层”消亡

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也就是在日常情境中消亡

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但它继续在正式情境中被使用

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一个例子是拉丁语

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它基本上不再在宗教范围之外被使用

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或是典礼情境之外，又或是书面情境之外

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其次：“突发式语言消亡”

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突发式语言消亡出现时

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所有或几乎所有该语言的使用者

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由于灾难或暴力突然死亡

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一个例子在1830年代的塔斯马尼亚发生

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当时几乎所有岛上的原住民

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被欧洲殖民者在“黑色战争”中消灭

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其次：变革式语言消亡

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和突发式语言消亡很相似，

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变革式语言消亡通常发生得非常迅猛

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且通常是出于政治压迫

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或出于暴力威胁

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两者的区别在于，语言的使用者没有被消灭

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但他们突然停止了他们语言的使用

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作为避免被迫害的手段

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一个例子在萨尔瓦多发生过

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在1930年代的一场起义中

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许多原住民突然不再说他们的母语

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以此避免被认出是原住民

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从而被杀害

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两种突然消亡的语言是

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伦卡语和卡考佩拉语

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案例分析

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让我们看看几种消亡的语言

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再看看我们能否辨别它们是如何消亡的

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古教会斯拉夫语

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古教会斯拉夫语是被证实的第一种斯拉夫语

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它在9至11世纪被言说和书写

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它曾是斯拉夫语系中的标准语

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在当时被诸多

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斯拉夫方言的使用者所理解

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方言彼此间彼时仍非常相近

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那些斯拉夫方言

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基本上是同一种语言的口语化形式

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逐渐演变为今日不同的斯拉夫语

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由于它（古教会斯拉夫语）仍在某些教堂中为宗教服务

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它是一种礼仪语言

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所以它适用于自下而上式语言消亡的类型

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新发展的斯拉夫语

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取代了古教会斯拉夫语成为了日常交流的语言

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但古教会斯拉夫语继续被用于宗教目的

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并且在一段时间内，被用于政治目的

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值得注意的是，一些死语言从未实际消亡

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在拉丁语和古教会斯拉夫语的两个案例中

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语言从未停止被言说

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它只是继续演化成为不同的语言

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把标准化了的书面语抛在后面

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把它变作一种无人言说的死语言

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曼丹语

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2016年，一位名叫Edwin Benson的人

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最后一位说曼丹语的人，去世了

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曼丹语是西乌安语系的美国本土语言

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