[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.52,0:00:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,大家好，欢迎来到Langfocus频道
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.19,0:00:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,我叫做Paul
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.02,0:00:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,今天的话题是：语言消亡
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.63,0:00:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,通常在此频道，当我聊起语言
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.20,0:00:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,那通常是一门活着的语言
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.89,0:00:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,一门今日依然被母语人士所使用的语言
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.77,0:00:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,并且持续地成长和演化
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.20,0:00:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,但“死语言”和“绝迹语言”同样存在
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.09,0:00:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,语言在完全没有母语者时成为死语言
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.83,0:00:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,即使它们可能仍然以某些方式被使用
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.76,0:00:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,举例来说，拉丁语是死语言
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.51,0:00:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,但它仍然为宗教目的服务
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.01,0:00:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,以及一些在梵蒂冈的行政目的
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.64,0:00:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,有些人使用它，但不像母语那般自然
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.08,0:00:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,并且它不像母语那样被传承
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.63,0:00:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,另一个例子是希伯来语
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.49,0:00:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,在被复兴成现代希伯来语之前,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.02,0:00:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,它就是一门死语言
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.92,0:00:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,在很长一段时间里它没有母语使用者
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.22,0:00:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,但它持续出于宗教目的被使用
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.02,0:00:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,并且作为一种书面文学语言
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.28,0:00:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,相对的，语言被认为绝迹
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.07,0:01:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,当没有活着的人能使用它
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.22,0:01:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,举个例子，如果最后一个
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.52,0:01:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,说美国原住民语的人死去了
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.58,0:01:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,并且没有人学习过它，把他作为第二语言
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.94,0:01:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,那么这个语言就绝迹了
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.08,0:01:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,相似地，古代语言，如苏美尔语，已经绝迹了
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.51,0:01:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,有些人或许能阅读古代语言文本
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.75,0:01:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,但没有人能在今天实际使用它
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.75,0:01:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,语言死去或绝迹
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.22,0:01:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,是由于“语言消亡”的现象
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.73,0:01:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,语言消亡的类型
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.51,0:01:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,语言不总以相同的方式消亡
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.74,0:01:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,有多种语言消亡的类型
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.12,0:01:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,语言消逝最常见的方式
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.37,0:01:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,是“渐进式语言消亡”
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.25,0:01:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,这通常在一种语言的使用者
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.85,0:01:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,与一种强势语言产生接触时发生
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.12,0:01:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,一种被一个主宰的，更强势的人群使用的语言
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.06,0:01:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,语言社群可能在很长时间里使用双语
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.03,0:01:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,但随着世代更替
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.85,0:01:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,越来越少的年轻人说他们的传统语言
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.34,0:01:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,且说的人掌握程度更低
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.44,0:01:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,因为他们选择使用强势语言
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.51,0:01:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,直到某一天，再也没有人说社群的传统语言
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.32,0:01:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,一个例子是康沃尔语
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.95,0:02:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,它在19世纪末停止被使用
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.97,0:02:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,由于英语不断增长的影响
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.45,0:02:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,也由于感到康沃尔语是一种低级阶层的语言
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.48,0:02:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,即使对于当时它本身的使用者而言
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.72,0:02:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,但康沃尔语并没有绝迹
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.05,0:02:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,因为有语言振兴的努力
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.11,0:02:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,来鼓励人们继续使用这门语言
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.86,0:02:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,其次：“自下而上式语言消亡”
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.61,0:02:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,在自下而上式语言消亡中
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.44,0:02:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,一种语言停止作为母语被使用
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.45,0:02:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,但持续在某些情境中被使用
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.46,0:02:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,通常在正式的宗教情境中，或在典礼场合中
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.08,0:02:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,又或者为了文学目的
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.93,0:02:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,在渐进式语言消亡中
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.46,0:02:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,语言一般首先在正式情境中消失
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.87,0:02:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,因为它由强势语言所替代
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.03,0:02:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,但它长时间地继续在日常情境中被使用
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.32,0:02:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,而在自下而上式语言消亡中，
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.02,0:02:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,语言首先在“下层”消亡
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.80,0:02:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,也就是在日常情境中消亡
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.78,0:02:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,但它继续在正式情境中被使用
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.57,0:02:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,一个例子是拉丁语
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.99,0:03:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,它基本上不再在宗教范围之外被使用
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.73,0:03:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,或是典礼情境之外，又或是文学情境之外
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.70,0:03:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,其次：“突发式语言消亡”
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.14,0:03:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,突发式语言消亡出现时
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.24,0:03:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,所有或几乎所有该语言的使用者
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.39,0:03:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,由于灾难或暴力突然死亡
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.23,0:03:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,一个例子在1830年代的塔斯马尼亚发生
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.52,0:03:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,当时几乎所有岛上的原住民
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.12,0:03:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,被欧洲殖民者在“黑色战争”中消灭
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.98,0:03:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,其次：变革式语言消亡
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.55,0:03:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,和突发式语言消亡很相似，
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.39,0:03:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,变革式语言消亡通常发生得非常迅猛
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.42,0:03:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,且通常是出于政治压迫
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.31,0:03:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,或出于暴力威胁
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.37,0:03:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,两者的区别在于，语言的使用者没有被消灭
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.53,0:03:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,但他们突然停止了他们语言的使用
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.89,0:03:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,作为避免被迫害的手段
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.69,0:03:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,一个例子在萨尔瓦多发生过
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.94,0:03:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,在1930年代的一场起义中
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.10,0:03:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,许多原住民突然不再说他们的母语
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.86,0:03:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,以此避免被认出是原住民
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.87,0:03:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,从而被杀害
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.94,0:04:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,两种突然消亡的语言是
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.02,0:04:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,伦卡语和卡考佩拉语
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.93,0:04:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,案例分析
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.22,0:04:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.76,0:04:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.71,0:04:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.26,0:04:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.79,0:04:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.04,0:04:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.48,0:04:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.20,0:04:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.25,0:04:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.64,0:04:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.83,0:04:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.92,0:04:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.78,0:04:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.20,0:04:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.93,0:04:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.18,0:04:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.16,0:04:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.89,0:04:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.33,0:04:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.20,0:05:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.68,0:05:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.16,0:05:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.14,0:05:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.00,0:05:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.62,0:05:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.84,0:05:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.72,0:05:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.78,0:05:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.26,0:05:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.75,0:05:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.40,0:05:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.49,0:05:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.16,0:05:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.18,0:05:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.16,0:05:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.45,0:05:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.17,0:05:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.07,0:05:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.96,0:05:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.67,0:05:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.82,0:05:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.06,0:06:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.44,0:06:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.82,0:06:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.08,0:06:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.86,0:06:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.86,0:06:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.97,0:06:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.51,0:06:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.36,0:06:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.09,0:06:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.27,0:06:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.85,0:06:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.12,0:06:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.76,0:06:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.61,0:06:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.52,0:06:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.04,0:06:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.12,0:06:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.56,0:06:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.03,0:06:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.41,0:06:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.98,0:06:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.21,0:06:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.74,0:06:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.57,0:07:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.30,0:07:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.73,0:07:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.36,0:07:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.56,0:07:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.78,0:07:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.66,0:07:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.96,0:07:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.06,0:07:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.26,0:07:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.43,0:07:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.05,0:07:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.58,0:07:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.63,0:07:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.92,0:07:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.08,0:07:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.58,0:07:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.03,0:07:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.79,0:07:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.94,0:07:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.94,0:07:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.76,0:07:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.02,0:07:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.17,0:08:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.68,0:08:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.15,0:08:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.26,0:08:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.69,0:08:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.12,0:08:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.84,0:08:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.24,0:08:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.35,0:08:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.91,0:08:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.22,0:08:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.74,0:08:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.55,0:08:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.87,0:08:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.74,0:08:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.74,0:08:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.63,0:08:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.07,0:08:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.90,0:08:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.67,0:08:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.21,0:08:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.46,0:09:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.12,0:09:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.40,0:09:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.27,0:09:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.42,0:09:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.39,0:09:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.82,0:09:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.89,0:09:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.45,0:09:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.34,0:09:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.84,0:09:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
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Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.20,0:09:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.20,0:09:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,