WEBVTT
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Hello everyone, welcome
to the Langfocus Channel
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and my name is Paul.
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Today's topic is: language death.
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Normally on this channel,
when I talk about a language,
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it's usually a living language:
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a language that's still spoken
by native speakers today
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and continues to grow and evolve.
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But there are also dead languages
and extinct languages.
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Languages are considered dead when
they simply have no more native speakers,
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even though they may continue
to be used in some way.
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Latin is dead for example,
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but it continues to be used
for religious purposes
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and for some administrative
purposes in the Vatican.
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Some people can speak it,
but not naturally like a native language,
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and it's not passed down
as a native language.
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Another example is Hebrew,
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which was a dead language
before its revival
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in the form of modern Hebrew.
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Nobody spoke it natively for a long time
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but it continued to be used
for religious purposes
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and as a written literary language.
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In contrast,
languages are considered extinct
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when no living person can speak them.
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For example, if the last remaining speaker
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of a Native American language dies
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and nobody has learned it
as a second language,
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then that language becomes extinct.
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Likewise, ancient languages,
like Sumerian, are extinct.
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Some people might be able to read
ancient texts in that language,
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but nobody really uses it today.
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Languages become either dead or extinct
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as a result of language death.
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Types of language death.
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Languages don't always
die in the same way.
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There are various types of language death.
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The most common way
that languages disappear
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is through gradual language death.
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This normally happens
when speakers of one language
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come into contact
with a language of higher prestige:
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the language of a dominant,
more powerful group of people.
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That community may remain bilingual
for quite a long time.
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But with each successive generation,
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fewer young people speak
their traditional language
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and with lower levels of proficiency,
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as they opt to use
the prestige language instead--
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until one day, their community's
traditional language is no longer spoken.
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An example of this is Cornish,
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which ceased to be spoken
by the late 19th century
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as a result of
the growing influence of English
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and also as a result of the perception
of Cornish as a lower class language,
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even amongst its own speakers at the time.
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But Cornish is actually not extinct
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because there are revitalization efforts
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to encourage people to continue
to use that language.
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Next: bottom-to-top language death.
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In bottom-to-top language death,
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a language ceases to be used
as a native spoken language
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but continues to be used
in certain contexts:
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normally in a formal religious context,
or ceremonial context,
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or perhaps for literary purposes.
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In gradual language death,
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the language normally disappears
first in more formal contexts
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as its replaced by the prestige language.
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But it continues to be spoken in more
casual contexts for a longer time.
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In bottom-to-top language death,
on the other hand,
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the language dies out at the bottom,
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in other words, in casual contexts,
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but it continues to be used
in more formal contexts.
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An example of this is Latin,
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which is basically no longer used
outside of religious
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or ceremonial contexts,
or perhaps literary contexts.
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Next: sudden language death.
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Sudden language death occurs when all
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or almost all the speakers of a language
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suddenly die as a result
of a disaster or violence.
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An example of this took place
in the 1830s in Tasmania,
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when virtually all of the island´s
native inhabitants
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were wiped out by European colonists
during the "Black War."
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Next: radical language death.
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Similar to sudden language death,
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radical language death
normally happens very rapidly
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and normally happens
as a result of political repression
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or under threat of violence.
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The difference is that the language's
speakers are not wiped out,
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but suddenly stop using their own language
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as a way to avoid persecution.
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An example of this occurred in El Salvador
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during an uprising in the 1930s,
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when many aboriginals abruptly
stopped speaking their native languages
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as a way to avoid being identified
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as aboriginals and potentially killed.
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Two languages that suddenly died out
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were Lenca and Cacaopera.
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Case studies.
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Let's look at a few languages
that have already died
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and see if we can figure out
how they ceased to be spoken.
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Old Church Slavonic
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Old Church Slavonic
is the first attested Slavic language,
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which was spoken and written
between the 9th and 11th centuries.
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It was a standardized variety of Slavic
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that was understood by speakers
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of the various Slavic dialects
of that time,
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which were still
quite similar to each other.
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Those Slavic dialects,
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which were basically the colloquial form
of the same language,
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gradually developed into
the different Slavic languages of today.
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Because it's still used in some churches
for religious purposes today,
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it's a liturgical language,
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so it fits in with the category
of bottom-to-top language death.
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The newly developing Slavic languages
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replaced the old Slavonic dialects
as the languages of daily life.
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But Old Church Slavonic continued
to be used for religious purposes
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and for a certain amount of time,
for political purposes.
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It's worth noting that some
dead languages never actually died.
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In both the case
of Latin and of Old Slavonic,
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the language never stopped being spoken,
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it just continued to evolve
into different languages,
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leaving the codified
literary language behind
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as a separate dead language
that was no longer spoken.
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The Mandan language.
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In 2016, a man named Edwin Benson,
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the last remaining speaker
of the Mandan language, passed away.
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Mandan was a Native American language
of the Siouan language family,
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which was spoken
in the state of North Dakota.
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The population of Mandan speakers
was nearly wiped out
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by an outbreak of smallpox
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in the 1780s and again in the 1830s.
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The cohesion of the remaining population
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was limited by government relocation
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and the construction of dams,
which separated villages from each other,
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while the influence of English grew.
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The fact that most of the population
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was wiped out
in tragic outbreaks of smallpox
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would place this in the category
of sudden language death,
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even though some speakers
of the language continued to live on.
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Among the remaining speakers,
we can also say that there was an element
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of gradual language death, as more
and more members of that community
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began to speak the prestige language,
English, until one day,
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Mandan was no longer spoken.
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Gaulish.
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Up until the 6th century CE,
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a Celtic language called Gaulish
was spoken in what's now France.
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When the Romans conquered the area,
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they made Latin the official
language of the state,
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and being able to speak Latin became a way
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to gain status and economic opportunity.
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For a number of centuries,
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it was common to be bilingual
in Gaulish vernacular
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and the prestige language Latin,
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until Latin finally
replaced Gaulish entirely.
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This is a clear case
of gradual language death,
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as a population gradually gave up
their traditional language
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in favor of the prestige language.
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Ajawa.
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Between 1920 and 1940,
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the Ajawa language died out in Nigeria
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because its entire community
of speakers switched to Hausa
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for economic and practical reasons.
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The entire community very rapidly
stopped using their traditional language
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and it was not passed down
to the next generation.
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This is an example
of radical language death,
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when a language dies
because all of its speakers
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suddenly switch to another language.
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In many cases of radical language death,
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the community gives up
their language for survival
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in the face of violence.
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But in this particular case,
they gave up the Ajawa language
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because it was more beneficial
for their community to speak Hausa.
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Why should we care about language death?
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Some people think
that language death is a good thing,
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that less language diversity
is a good thing.
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For example, the leaders of some countries
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want one language to be dominant
and to replace all of the others,
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because they think that will
promote the unity of their country.
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On the other hand,
a language is part of a culture,
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so when a language dies,
part of that culture dies,
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and a unique way of seeing
the world dies with it.
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For example, let's look at the endangered
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Kallawaya language, of Bolivia.
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Kallawaya is used
by a sect of medicine men,
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who learn the language,
not only to understand the ritual practice
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and oral tradition of their ancestors,
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but also to understand the thousands
upon thousands of plant names
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specific to the Kallawaya language
that explain the medicinal uses
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of different plants in the local region.
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If Kallawaya disappears,
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then all of that culture and secret
knowledge will disappear with it.
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Linguistic diversity
has been on a steady decline,
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and of the present,
nearly 7,000 languages on Earth,
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nearly half are endangered.
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And the top 100 most spoken languages
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are spoken by 85%
of the world's population.
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Some endangered languages
are finding new life
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through revitalization efforts,
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which require that the language
first be recorded and documented,
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then learned by new speakers,
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and also used by an enthusiastic
and motivated community.
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And having some political influence
wouldn't hurt either.
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The Question of the Day:
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In your country, or in your region,
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are there languages that are in danger
of dying or becoming extinct?
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How would you feel about
those languages disappearing?
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Would something important be lost?
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Be sure to follow Langfocus
on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
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And once again, thank you to all
of my wonderful Patreon supporters,
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especially my top tier Patreon supporters,
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whose names are on the screen right now.
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Very many thanks to them.
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By the way, on the last video
about Toki Pona,
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some of you asked why Toki Pona
was listed on the page of patrons.
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That's because the creator
of the Toki Pona language
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has been a patron since last summer,
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but preferred not to appear on the list.
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But upon request, I've begun
listing the name of the language instead.
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Thank you for watching,
and have a nice day!
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♪ (music) ♪
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♪ (music) ♪
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♪ (music) ♪
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♪ (music) ♪