[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.94,0:00:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Male: In the last video\Nwe left off in 1922
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.74,0:00:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in October where you have several hundreds
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.80,0:00:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of thousands of fascists march on Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.94,0:00:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which causes the King\Nto put Benito Mussolini
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.02,0:00:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in power and this picture\Nright over here is
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.08,0:00:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Mussolini coming to power from the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.54,0:00:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,march on Rome and not\Nonly does he get appointed
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.02,0:00:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Prime Minister, but\Nhe has dictatorial powers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.47,0:00:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for one year.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.21,0:00:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those dictatorial powers\Nare also backed up
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.54,0:00:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Blackshirts,this\Nloose band, kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.69,0:00:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a paramillitary group.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.80,0:00:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he uses his powers\Nand the fact that he has
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.61,0:00:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his own force so to\Nspeak to continue to just
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.48,0:00:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,secure more and more power under him
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.14,0:00:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the next few years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.03,0:00:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1923 he makes the\NBlackshirts actually become
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.81,0:01:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a formal national militia, essentially
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.54,0:01:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the volunteer militia\Nfor national security.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.47,0:01:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Italian the acronym is the MVSN.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.28,0:01:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the Blackshirts become formalized
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.61,0:01:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the MVSN.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.28,0:01:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He also gets Parliament\Nor gets the legislature
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.14,0:01:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pass what's known as the Acerbo Law
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.69,0:01:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Acerbo Law.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.74,0:01:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure I'm mispronouncing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.28,0:01:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Acerbo Law.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.86,0:01:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an interesting\None because this is a law
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.80,0:01:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allowed whichever majority party,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.03,0:01:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever the largest party\Nin the Deputy of Ministers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.07,0:01:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever the largest\Nparty in Parliament is
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.94,0:01:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that party, as long as they\Nget more than 25% of the vote,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.36,0:01:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will get 2/3s of\Nthe seats in Parliament.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.46,0:01:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is strange because traditionally
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.65,0:02:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a Parliamentary system if you got ...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.85,0:02:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say you were the largest party
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.98,0:02:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you got 26% of the\Nvote, you still would not
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.45,0:02:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have enough seats to govern properly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.79,0:02:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would have to form a coalition with
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.05,0:02:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several other parties so that you could
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.05,0:02:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially form a government.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.05,0:02:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is saying whoever\Ngets the plurality of votes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.25,0:02:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whoever gets the most\Nvotes without necessarily
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.12,0:02:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being a majority, they will be by default
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.38,0:02:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become a majority.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.13,0:02:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you could imagine why the\Nfascists wanted this to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.05,0:02:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They felt that they could\Nget 25% of the votes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.04,0:02:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one maybe through popular support
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.87,0:02:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also with the help\Nof the coercive tactics
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.25,0:02:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Blackshirts and\Nthen that would give
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.65,0:02:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them stronger control in the legislature.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.38,0:02:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the big question is is why would the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.18,0:02:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,legislature pass this?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.05,0:02:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because at this point\Nthe fascists were not
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.32,0:02:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dominant party.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.72,0:02:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They did not have a\Nmajority in the legislature.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.70,0:02:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, this was why\Nthey wanted to pass a law
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.39,0:02:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they didn't have a majority.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.99,0:03:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once again it's one of those questions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.12,0:03:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of history.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.78,0:03:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some would say that people were enamored
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.32,0:03:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the fascists.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.25,0:03:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were enamored with Mussolini.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.45,0:03:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were eager to have strong leadership.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.70,0:03:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't want this\Ngovernment of coalitions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.05,0:03:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They wanted one government to be able
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.41,0:03:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take action.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.52,0:03:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other side when\Nthe votes were happening
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.25,0:03:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you actually had Blackshirts in the room.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.25,0:03:21.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One argument is that there was also
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.100,0:03:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an element of pure intimidation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.73,0:03:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But needless to say the\NAcerbo Law actually passed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.25,0:03:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is irony here\Nbecause it was unnecessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.86,0:03:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1924 when you actually have elections
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.52,0:03:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have the fascists\Ngetting 2/3s of the vote.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.46,0:03:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fascists get 2/3 of the vote.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.59,0:03:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, many today and many\Nin Italy at the time felt
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.79,0:03:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this was a fraudulent election.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.67,0:03:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They felt the reason why the fascists were
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.79,0:03:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to get so many votes is because
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.52,0:03:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were able to intimidate folks.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.66,0:03:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were able to commit\Nfraud during the election.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.76,0:04:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were able to kind\Nof throw other votes out,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.72,0:04:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the most outspoken individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.17,0:04:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it came to criticizing the fascists
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.45,0:04:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their tactics of coming to power was
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.66,0:04:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Giacomo Matteotti.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.00,0:04:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wrote a book about the fascists.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.41,0:04:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He gave two really strong speeches
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.59,0:04:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Deputy of Ministers\Nwhere he talks about
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.46,0:04:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the Chamber of Deputies I should say,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.42,0:04:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he talks about the corruption
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.58,0:04:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the violence of the fascists.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.50,0:04:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few days after giving\Nthose speeches he gets
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.99,0:04:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killed by Blackshirts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.85,0:04:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, he gets actually\Nquite violently murdered
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.92,0:04:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Blackshirts, and this puts Mussolini
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.19,0:04:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least initially in a bit of a bind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.34,0:04:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He doesn't want to look like a thug,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.13,0:04:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone who goes out\Nand just murders people.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.00,0:04:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not clear that he\Nactually, Mussolini,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.46,0:04:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was involved in this in any way,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.26,0:05:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but his followers had committed this act.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.86,0:05:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To protest against the\Nmurder of Giacomo Matteotti
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.12,0:05:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you actually have the\Nentire socialist party
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.92,0:05:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boycotts Parliament.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.75,0:05:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was known as the Aventine Secession
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.72,0:05:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least the 20th\Ncentury Aventine Secession.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.100,0:05:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aventine Secession.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.13,0:05:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called the Aventine\NSecession because if you go
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.67,0:05:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back to Roman times 2500 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.45,0:05:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you had the Plebeians\Nsecede out of protest
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.33,0:05:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from harsh rule and they\Ngo to the Aventine Hill.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.58,0:05:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it was named after that same idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.25,0:05:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whole reason why the\Nsocialists did this is they
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.73,0:05:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hoped that by boycotting Parliament
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.100,0:05:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that that would convince\Nthe King to get rid
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.60,0:05:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Benito Mussolini.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.53,0:05:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mussolini, as I say, he's also in a bind.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.26,0:05:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He doesn't know quite what to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.76,0:05:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on top of all of this the Blackshirts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.40,0:05:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are telling him, "Look, if you don't take
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.33,0:05:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control of the situation,\Nif you don't become
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.46,0:05:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a strong ruler we're going\Nto do it without you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.60,0:06:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We might even overthrow\Nyou Mr. Mussolini."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.46,0:06:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1925, early 1925,\NMussolini makes his famous
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.93,0:06:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,January speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.93,0:06:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1925, his famous January speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.85,0:06:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is normally viewed\Nas the formal start
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.67,0:06:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of his absolute dictatorship.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.20,0:06:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this Mussolini, instead\Nof the Aventine Secession
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.53,0:06:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somehow undermining Mussolini's power
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.01,0:06:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the King did not dismiss Mussolini
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.60,0:06:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it actually strengthened\NMussolini's power.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.47,0:06:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He used that as a pretext.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.93,0:06:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Look, all of\Nthese deputies they've
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.01,0:06:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided not to show up at Parliament.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.60,0:06:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've essentially given up their seats,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.80,0:06:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he bans, he bans the\NItalian Socialist party.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.13,0:06:44.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He embraces the Blackshirts.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.100,0:06:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He takes responsibility for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.67,0:06:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He doesn't take responsibility directly
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.20,0:06:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Giacomo Matteotti's murder,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.01,0:06:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he takes responsibility\Nfor the Blackshirts,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.01,0:06:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he gives in kind of\Nclassic Mussolini style
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.73,0:06:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a somewhat convoluted\Nargument about how strength
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.43,0:07:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and violence is going to give\Nstability to the Italian people.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.87,0:07:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously he is an amazing orator.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.74,0:07:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's very charismatic.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.34,0:07:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This essentially gives\Nhim the control he needs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.20,0:07:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by the end of 1925 you\Nhave the Christmas Eve Law
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.60,0:07:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's passed by Parliament\Nthat esentially puts
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.51,0:07:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no checks on Mussolini's power,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.35,0:07:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as you go then into 1926 they more,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.40,0:07:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more, the fascists\Nunder Mussolini take
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.33,0:07:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,absolute control, absolute power of Italy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.67,0:07:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in 1926 they're banning other parties.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.93,0:07:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, other parties are banned.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.76,0:07:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're starting to force people to become
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.52,0:07:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,members of the fascist party if they want
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.26,0:07:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roles in the government or even\Nin any type of institution.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.14,0:07:52.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're starting to take\Ncontrol of the press.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.100,0:07:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're starting to have a very strong
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.01,0:07:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,state police architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.35,0:07:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this looks familiar\Nbased on what we studied
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.68,0:08:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the Nazis it's not a coincidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.34,0:08:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler, he admired Mussolini.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.20,0:08:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, Mussolini's\Nmarch on Rome inspired
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.40,0:08:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler to attempt his\NBeer Hall Putsch in 1923.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.60,0:08:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of these tactics\Nthat brought Mussolini
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.40,0:08:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to power you see kind of\Na parallel in what brought
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.53,0:08:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler to power only\Nabout seven years later.