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Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot of misinformation out there\Nabout what it means to be transgender,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but recently, scientists\Nhave begun to look more closely
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the neurology,\Nphysiology and psychology behind it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, we're going to break down\Nwhat science does know
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a respectful and educational way.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hey, guys, I'm Gigi Gorgeous
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and today I'm here with AsapSCIENCE
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to break down the science of being transgender.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before we get too deep into it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to look at your {\i1}genetic sex{\i0} or the chromosomes you have.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were determined right at fertilization,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the sperm cell from your father, which carries an X or a Y chromosome,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fused with the egg from your mother, which carries an X chromosome.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But until six or seven weeks after fertilization,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both XY and XX embyos have identical gonads.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around seven weeks, the male sex organs start to develop
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of a gene on the Y chromosome called {\i1}SRY{\i0}.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It causes cells to become more specialized
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these cells create testosterone,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn triggers the development of structures like the penis and scrotum,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while other cells block female development by degerating the female ducts.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, in female development,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there is no Y chromosome with the SRY gene,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these ducts stay intact and become the uterus, cervix,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,upper vagina and the oviduct,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the help of estrogen and chemicals secreted by the early kidney.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not always that simple.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are sometimes even rare combinations like XXY,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,XXX, XXYY, etcetera,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even people with XX chromosomes that develop male genitals and characteristics,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to a piece of the Y chromosome breaking off and switching places to an X chromosome.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sexual differentiation in the brain actually happens much later than gonadal differentiation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes, although controversial, male and female brains
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have structural and functional differences between each other.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Studies have found that males generally have a larger cerebrum,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cerebellum, and hippocampus,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while females have higher-density left frontal lobes
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and larger volumes in the right frontal lobes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what exactly do we see when we look at the brain of a transgender person?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Several studies have shown that transgender brains
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are both structurally and functionally more similar to their experienced gender identity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than their biological sex.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One study found that trans women who, despite being assigned male at birth,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a smaller female-sized structure in the hypothalamus.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MRI scans also show the brain structures of trans people
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be more similar in thickness to their experienced gender and not their sex.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, the pheromone androstadienone
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes different hypothalamic responses in male and female brains.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when individuals with gender dysphoria were exposed to it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hypothalamic response matched their perceived gender rather than their sex.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These studies help to highlight how masculinization or feminization of the gonads
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not always the same as the brain
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that there's a difference between your sex or your anatomy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your gender or how we perceive our own bodies.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There also seems to be a genetic component to transgender identity.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking at family histories, gender identity incongruence seems to run in the family,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning they may be inherited.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The CYP17 gene, which control the body's level of sex hormones,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a changed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is expressed frequently in trans men.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although more research could be done,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists are currently looking at over three million DNA markers for transgender identity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to investigate any genetic link for being trans.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though scientific studies validate the experience of transgender people,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're still suffering from more depression and anxiety
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the general public.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The risk of suicide is more prominent in transgender people
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have been rejected by their family,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discriminated in the workplace or in health care.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suicide risks seem to decrease after gender transitioning,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggesting that gender dysphoria can cause an extreme amount of emotional pain,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even to the point of suicide.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you, a family member or a friend is suffering from gender dysphoria,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are a few links in the description for more information.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much, Gigi, for being part of this video.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means so much, and we're happy that you were here to do this with us.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you guys for using your channel, your platform,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,validating transgender experiences with science,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which just brings us closer to equality.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolutely. If you guys want to check out Gigi's channel, we'll put links in the description or on the screen somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise, you can subscribe for more science here, every week, and we'll see you next time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Peace!