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(Rainforest noises)

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In the summer of 2011,[br]as a tourist,

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I visited the rainforests of Borneo[br]for the very first time,

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and as you might imagine,

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it was the overwhelming sounds[br]of the forest that struck me the most.

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There's this constant cacophony of noise.

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Some things actually do stick out.

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For example, this here is a big bird,[br]a rhinoceros hornbill.

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This buzzing is a cicada.

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This is a family of gibbons.

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It's actually singing to each other[br]over a great distance.

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The place where this was recorded[br]was in fact a gibbon reserve,

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which is why you can hear so many of them,

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but in fact the most important noise that [br]was coming out of the forest that time

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was one that I didn't notice,

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and in fact nobody there[br]had actually noticed it.

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So, as I said, this was a gibbon reserve.

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They spend most of their time[br]rehabilitating gibbons,

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but they also have[br]to spend a lot of their time

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protecting their area from illegal logging[br]that takes place on the side.

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And so if we take the sound of the forest

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and we actually turn down the gibbons,[br]the insects, and the rest,

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in the background, the entire time,[br]in recordings you heard,

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was the sound of a chainsaw[br]at great distance.

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They had three full-time guards[br]who were posted around this sanctuary

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whose job was in fact[br]to guard against illegal logging,

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and one day, we went walking,[br]again as tourists, out into the forest,

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and within five minutes' walk,

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we stumbled upon somebody[br]who was just sawing a tree down,

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five minutes' walk, a few hundred meters[br]from the ranger station.

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They hadn't been able[br]to hear the chainsaws,

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because as you heard,[br]the forest is very, very loud.

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It struck me as quite unacceptable[br]that in this modern time,

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just a few hundred meters away [br]from a ranger station in a sanctuary,

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that in fact nobody could hear it when[br]someone who has a chainsaw gets fired up.

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It sounds impossible,[br]but in fact, it was quite true.

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So how do we stop illegal logging?

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It's really tempting, as an engineer,[br]always to come up with a high-tech,

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super-crazy high-tech solution,

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but in fact, you're in the rainforest.

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It has to be simple,[br]it has to be scalable,

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and so what we also noticed[br]while were there was that

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everything we needed was already there.

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We could build a system[br]that would allow us to stop this

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using what's already there.

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Who was there? What was [br]already in the forest?

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Well, we had people.

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We had this group there that was [br]dedicated, three full-time guards,

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that was dedicated to go and stop it,

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but they just needed to know[br]what was happening out in the forest.

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The real surprise, this is the big one,

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was that there was connectivity[br]out in the forest.

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There was cell phone service[br]way out in the middle of nowhere.

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We're talking hundreds of kilometers[br]from the nearest road,

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there's certainly no electricity,[br]but they had very good cell phone service,

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these people in the towns[br]were on Facebook all the time,

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they're surfing the web on their phones,

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and this sort of got me thinking[br]that in fact it would be possible

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to use the sounds of the forest,

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pick up the sounds [br]of chainsaws programmatically,

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because people can't hear them,

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and send an alert.

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But you have to have a device[br]to go up in the trees.

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So if we can use some device[br]to listen to the sounds of the forest,

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connect to the cell phone[br]network that's there,

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and send an alert to people on the ground,

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perhaps we could have a solution[br]to this issue for them.

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But let's take a moment[br]to talk about saving the rainforest,

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because it's something that we've[br]definitely all heard about forever.

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People in my generation[br]have heard about saving the rainforest

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since we were kids,

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and it seems that the message[br]has never changed:

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We've got to save the rainforest,[br]it's super urgent,

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this many football fields[br]have been destroyed yesterday.

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and yet here we are today,[br]about half of the rainforest remains,

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and we have potentially more urgent [br]problems like climate change.

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But in fact, this is the little-known fact[br]that I didn't realize at the time:

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Deforestation accounts [br]for more greenhouse gas

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than all of the world's planes,[br]trains, cars, trucks and ships combined.

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It's the second highest contributor[br]to climate change.

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Also, according to Interpol,

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as much as 90 percent of the logging[br]that takes place in the rainforest

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is illegal logging,[br]like the illegal logging that we saw.

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So if we can help people in the forest[br]enforce the rules that are there,

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then in fact we could eat heavily[br]into this 17 percent

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and potentially have a major impact[br]in the short term.

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It might just be the cheapest,[br]fastest way to fight climate change.

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And so here's the system that we imagine.

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It looks super high tech.

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The moment a sound of a chainsaw[br]is heard in the forest,

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the device picks up the sound[br]of the chainsaw,

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it sends an alert through the standard[br]GSM network that's already there

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to a ranger in the field

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who can in fact show up in real time[br]and stop the logging.

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It's no more about going out[br]and finding a tree that's been cut.

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It's not about seeing [br]a tree from a satellite

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in an area that's been clear cut,

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it's about real-time intervention.

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So I said it was the cheapest[br]and fastest way to do it,

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but in fact, actually, as you saw,[br]they weren't able to do it,

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so it may not be so cheap and fast.

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But if the devices in the trees[br]were actually cell phones,

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it could be pretty cheap.

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Cell phones are thrown away[br]by the hundreds of millions every year,

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hundreds of millions in the U.S. alone,

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not counting the rest of the world,[br]which of course we should do,

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but in fact, cell phones are great.

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They're full of sensors.

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They can listen[br]to the sounds of the forest.

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We do have to protect them.

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We have to put them in this box[br]that you see here,

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and we do have to power them.

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Powering them is one of the greater[br]engineering challenges

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that we had to deal with,

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because powering a cell phone[br]under a tree canopy,

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any sort of solar power[br]under a tree canopy,

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was an as-yet-unsolved problem,

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and that's this unique[br]solar panel design that you see here,

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which in fact is built also from recycled[br]byproducts of an industrial process.

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These are strips that are cut down.

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So this is me putting it all together

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in my parents' garage, actually.

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Thanks very much to them[br]for allowing me to do that.

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As you can see,[br]this is a device up in a tree.

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What you can see from here, perhaps,[br]is that they are pretty well obscured

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up in the tree canopy at a distance.

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That's important, because although[br]they are able to hear chainsaw noises

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up to a kilometer in the distance,

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allowing them to cover[br]about three square kilometers,

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if someone were to take them,[br]it would make the area unprotected.

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So does it actually work?

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Well, to test it,[br]we took it back to Indonesia,

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not the same place, but another place,

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to another gibbon reserve

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that was threatened daily[br]by illegal logging.

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On the very second day, it picked up[br]illegal chainsaw noises.

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We were able to get a real-time alert.

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I got an email on my phone.

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Actually, we had just climbed the tree.[br]Everyone had just gotten back down.

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All these guys are smoking cigarettes,

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and then I get an email,[br]and they all quiet down,

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and in fact you can hear the chainsaw

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really, really faint in the background,

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but no one had noticed it [br]until that moment.

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And so then we took off[br]to actually stop these loggers.

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I was pretty nervous.

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This is the moment where we've actually[br]arrived close to where the loggers are.

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This is the moment where you can see[br]where I'm actually regretting

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perhaps the entire endeavor.

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I'm not really sure what's on[br]the other side of this hill.

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That guy's much braver than I am.

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But he went, so I had to go, walking up,

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and in fact, he made it over the hill,

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and interrupted the loggers in the act.

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For them, it was such a surprise --

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they had never, ever[br]been interrupted before --

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that it was such an impressive[br]event for them,

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that we've heard from our partners[br]they have not been back since.

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They were, in fact, great guys.

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They showed us how[br]the entire operation works,

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and what they really convinced us[br]on the spot was that

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if you can show up[br]in real time and stop people,

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it's enough of a deterrent[br]they won't come back.

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So --

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Thank you. (Applause)

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Word of this spread, possibly[br]because we told a lot of people,

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and in fact, then some really[br]amazing stuff started to happen.

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People from around the world[br]started to send us emails, phone calls.

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What we saw was that people[br]throughout Asia,

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people throughout Africa,[br]people throughout South America,

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they told us that they could use it too,

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and what's most important,

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what we'd found that[br]we thought might be exceptional,

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in the forest there was[br]pretty good cell phone service.

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That was not exceptional, we were told,

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and that particularly is on the periphery[br]of the forests that are most under threat.

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And then something [br]really amazing happened,

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which was that people started sending us[br]their own old cell phones.

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So in fact what we have now is a system

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where we can use people on the ground,[br]people who are already there,

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who can both improve[br]and use the existing connectivity,

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and we're using old cell phones[br]that are being sent to us

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by people from around the world

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that want their phones to be doing [br]something else in their afterlife,

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so to speak.

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And if the rest of the device[br]can be completely recycled,

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then we believe it's[br]an entirely upcycled device.

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So again, this didn't come[br]because of any sort of high-tech solution.

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It just came from using[br]what's already there,

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and I'm thoroughly convinced[br]that if it's not phones,

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that there's always[br]going to be enough there

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that you can build similar solutions

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that can be very effective[br]in new contexts.

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Thank you very much.

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(Applause)