[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.12,0:00:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Americans are compulsive communicators,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.92,0:00:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obviously, like this conference.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.50,0:00:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what strikes me\Nis you really get personal,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.28,0:00:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one to one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.68,0:00:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was once staying\Nin a farmhouse in Maryland,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.61,0:00:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was in the bathroom,\Nand I was cleaning my teeth,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.71,0:00:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I turn and look up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.59,0:00:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find it on the wall,\Nin the bathroom, communications:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.59,0:00:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Choose your partner in life with care.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.60,0:00:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,95% of your happiness or otherwise\Nwill follow from this one decision."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.52,0:00:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.38,0:00:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I have to put my toothbrush in.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.67,0:01:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was just before breakfast.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.01,0:01:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when my host\Ninvited me to speak here,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.16,0:01:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he very gallantly asked me\Nif I would be bringing my bride.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.18,0:01:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Sadly not."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.15,0:01:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this set me thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.39,0:01:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My wife Marie and I\Nhave six grandchildren.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.43,0:01:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our youngest son is over 16 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.19,0:01:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In England, the word "bride"\Nreally refers to the day of the wedding.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.62,0:01:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I am very honored\Nthat he recognized in Marie
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.82,0:01:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those wonderful bride-like qualities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.46,0:01:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that bring out so much\Nhappiness every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.76,0:01:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here she is, you see?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.08,0:01:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, we're all different,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.67,0:01:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the one ideal partner for each of us\Nis someone different,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.47,0:01:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there's scope for millions\Nof bride-quality wives
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.95,0:01:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hopefully lots\Nof groom-quality husbands.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.38,0:01:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's 95% of our pursuit of happiness\Nalready taken care of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.49,0:01:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.97,0:02:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so, turning to the other 5% -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.85,0:02:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I happen to be an artist.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.29,0:02:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My chosen art form is the maze.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.59,0:02:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an example of a design\Nwhich is now in the landscape in England.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.44,0:02:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's of Alice in Wonderland.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.21,0:02:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see Alice at the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.04,0:02:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as you rotate, standing\Non the middle of the mound,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.79,0:02:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see the Mad Hatter,\Nthe White Rabbit, the Cheshire Cat,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.01,0:02:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Red Queen, the Gryphon,\Nthe Mock Turtle and the Dodo.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.13,0:02:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's all happening around a tea party,\Nso you can see the teapot in the middle.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.44,0:02:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The marks of the clock, with the staircase\Nup and down the tower, denote 4:00,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.13,0:02:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, in England, tea time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.04,0:02:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a little\NDormouse in the handle
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.05,0:02:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and playing cards at the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.53,0:02:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So before you've even started\Nlooking at this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.63,0:02:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a physical puzzle\Nin the landscape to solve,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.55,0:02:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also got this wonderful,\Nrich symbolism.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.55,0:02:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I've got\Nthe best job in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.72,0:03:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, I've met several other people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.64,0:03:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who also claim to have\Nthe best job in the world - their job.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.11,0:03:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is great.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.77,0:03:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, there's scope\Nfor many people to claim this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.47,0:03:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since all our jobs\Nand all of us are different.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.58,0:03:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so maybe one way\Nfor mankind to pursue happiness
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.11,0:03:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to have as many people\Nas possible seeking,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.38,0:03:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for each of them, finding
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.21,0:03:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the best job in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.25,0:03:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's more happiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.04,0:03:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, back to mazes again.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.46,0:03:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a maze in Italy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.41,0:03:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a hedge maze in the background\Nand a tower in the middle
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.36,0:03:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and various people enjoying the maze.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.63,0:03:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blenheim Palace -\Nthis is for the Duke of Marlborough.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.15,0:03:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very finely clipped yew hedges\Nin a historic landscape.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.57,0:03:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Czech Republic,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.89,0:03:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is laid in the landscape\Nquite beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.05,0:03:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a single-thread path -\Nmore like a labyrinth, a path of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.68,0:04:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is one I created\Nin my own garden in England,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.51,0:04:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a turf maze.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.02,0:04:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It goes back many centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.04,0:04:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the children\Nare following the path of life:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.60,0:04:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the thread of time\Nfrom birth to death and resurrection.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.25,0:04:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one looks like\Nit's been there for centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.59,0:04:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the stone rings have been neglected,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.47,0:04:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saplings have taken root\Nand crept upwards,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.67,0:04:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually, it only went in\Na few years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.84,0:04:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deliberately leaving the trees\Nwhere they were
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.00,0:04:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make it feel that old,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.23,0:04:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the mood is great,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.48,0:04:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people do go there for meditation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.77,0:04:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,500 years old, we had\Na dynasty called the Tudors,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.68,0:04:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was the house of that period,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.96,0:04:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we created a Tudor Rose maze in 1985\Nto celebrate that historical event.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.77,0:04:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe your country\Nwas founded sometime later.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.86,0:04:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.93,0:04:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A water maze.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.17,0:04:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What fun if we have another dimension,\Nthe dimension of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.06,0:04:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The walls rise and fall with time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.13,0:04:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you go into a cell,\Nyour companion goes into the next cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.08,0:04:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the water rises between you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.54,0:05:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her future is different to your future.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.51,0:05:03.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can now go sideways; she can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.27,0:05:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She can go forward to the next cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.19,0:05:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.66,0:05:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, an interesting twist\Non the dimension of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.77,0:05:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Liverpool, in 1984, there was\Nan international garden festival,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.68,0:05:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was the Beatles maze\Nwe created, with a submarine,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.79,0:05:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Her Majesty the Queen\Ncame and opened the maze,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.44,0:05:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was great fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.32,0:05:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you go to Dubai,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.51,0:05:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a maze up the side of a building\Nthat goes up 600 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.31,0:05:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 55 floors of balconies and walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.01,0:05:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not to be attempted\Nunless you happen to be Spider Man.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.02,0:05:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.27,0:05:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indoors, you could have a mirror maze.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.58,0:05:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one's in Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.77,0:05:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have three babies,\Nyou can have the illusion of eighteen.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.08,0:05:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.84,0:05:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Designing a maze is rather like\Nplaying a game of chess with the public.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.94,0:05:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to make all my moves in advance,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.14,0:06:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet in the end, I have to let you win.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.74,0:06:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have to let you win\Njust before you've had enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.73,0:06:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a locomotive.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.21,0:06:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is actually in Pennsylvania,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.80,0:06:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Pennsylvania\NRailroad going under,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.51,0:06:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it looks like a steam engine.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.14,0:06:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all exciting; a [inaudible] puzzle.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.57,0:06:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fascination.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.37,0:06:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your maze journey can become an adventure.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.74,0:06:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fun of solving the puzzle
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.45,0:06:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is heightened by discovering\Nits hidden meanings;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.39,0:06:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its story gradually unfolds\Nlike the film "Pulp Fiction,"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.03,0:06:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the story is not told\Nin strict time order.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.36,0:06:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in a maze, you may come across\Nsome things more than once
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.30,0:06:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and miss other things altogether.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.77,0:06:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This actually is one of the ways\Na maze is fascinating,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.43,0:06:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because every visit is different.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.78,0:06:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the true artistic encounter
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.98,0:06:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what happens\Nwhen you engage with a maze -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.08,0:06:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like you come up to a piece of sculpture,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.03,0:06:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you engage with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.65,0:06:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You walk around it, you explore it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.87,0:06:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then as you go away,\Nyou turn your head,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.15,0:06:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can't get it out of your head,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.97,0:07:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you start telling your friends\Nwhen it's out of sight, and tomorrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.35,0:07:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that's a work of art,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.57,0:07:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I suggest to you\Nthat the maze is an art form.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.64,0:07:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, when you're solving a maze,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.57,0:07:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the world "solve"?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.86,0:07:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the Latin word "solvere," to sail.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.37,0:07:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As in life, it's the way\Nyou conduct the journey that is crucial,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.35,0:07:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not how fast you get to the end\Nand climb in the box.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.27,0:07:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how is it these seemingly simple\Nthree-dimensional puzzles,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.67,0:07:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which have been around\Nfor more than 4,000 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.07,0:07:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can make people so happy?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.80,0:07:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These two girls\Nare in a mirror maze in Spain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.50,0:07:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are really quite lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.86,0:07:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.53,0:08:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This girl's an incredibly loyal friend.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.10,0:08:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.97,0:08:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're making choices,\Nand they are truly lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.05,0:08:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, there, she's finally got it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.79,0:08:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's great.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.32,0:08:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we've seen here
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.17,0:08:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are three very powerful instances\Nof the maze experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.27,0:08:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is they're doing things together.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.38,0:08:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the second is they're making choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.53,0:08:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, thus, thirdly,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.57,0:08:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're exploring the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.24,0:08:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's look at those three, in turn.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.03,0:08:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doing things together.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.11,0:08:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individuals are happiest when they\Ndo things that lead to group success.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.91,0:08:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And groups make\Ntremendous efforts, socially,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.15,0:08:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create and maintain their cohesiveness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.77,0:08:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Boundaries are dissolved, equality rules
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.98,0:08:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people celebrate
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.04,0:08:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with people of totally different\Nbackgrounds and status.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.39,0:08:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of us have felt\Nsomething like that in our own lives;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.10,0:08:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've played a team sport,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.87,0:08:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've sung in a choir,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.14,0:09:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps we've worked closely with friends\Nto achieve a noble goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.90,0:09:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We lose ourselves\Nand forget our petty concerns.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.36,0:09:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're filled with energy and purpose.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.37,0:09:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such memories often stand out\Nat peak moments of happiness
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.99,0:09:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when people reflect on their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.69,0:09:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seeking experiences of intense joy\Nby doing things together with others
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.97,0:09:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a fundamental human need.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.55,0:09:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In mazes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.90,0:09:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often the first thing children do\Nis rush ahead and disappear out of sight.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.81,0:09:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The opportunity for the family\Nto enjoy solving it together
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.85,0:09:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be over before you've begun.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.36,0:09:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In America, in 1993, I designed\Nthe world's first corn maze.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.99,0:09:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.36,0:09:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some eight acres, four miles of pathways,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.40,0:09:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bridges, towers, lookouts -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.51,0:09:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all based on a fantasy castle,\Nactually, this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.98,0:09:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike hedge mazes, the corn stalks\Ngrow way above the height of your head,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.12,0:09:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no one can be seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.30,0:09:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we soon began to issue\Na flag to each visitor
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.57,0:10:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you could see hundreds of flags\Nfluttering around
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.12,0:10:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what was otherwise just a crop.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.99,0:10:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One day, I got a call\Nfrom our maze in Massachusetts,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.73,0:10:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they said the flags were running out;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.79,0:10:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was so popular that day.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.21,0:10:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I suggested they rationed it\Nto one flag for each family.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.08,0:10:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that evening,\NI got a second, very excited call.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.13,0:10:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"They're behaving completely differently;\Nfamilies were sticking together.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.62,0:10:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've been coming out happier\Nand feeling better about themselves."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.85,0:10:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, we deliberately\Nration flags to one for a family.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.04,0:10:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The children take it in turns,\Nin carrying the flag,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.02,0:10:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they hand it over\Nwhenever an adult suggests.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.86,0:10:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if I had a flag - here's a toothbrush.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.19,0:10:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, so you have\Nlittle Sophie here, you see?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.60,0:10:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she's saying, "Okay, everybody,\NI think we ought to go left.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.07,0:10:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Granddad, what do you think?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.67,0:10:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Um, yeah."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.27,0:10:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Okay, listen everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.47,0:10:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Granddad and I have decided\Nwe're going left. Follow me."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.18,0:10:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see little three-year-old,\Nprecocious Sophie
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.44,0:10:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leads her whole team forwards,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.52,0:11:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a bit later, her brother\Ngets to take the flag,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.56,0:11:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he makes other choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.45,0:11:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the whole family's completely committed\Nto this random set of choices
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.41,0:11:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these little ones are making.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.68,0:11:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keeping close to the person\Nbehind the flag
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.01,0:11:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an unremarked, but a very notable\Nlong-standing American tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.91,0:11:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as can be seen on this painting\Nof the arrival of Christopher Columbus
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.24,0:11:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the New World.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.16,0:11:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's the chap holding the flag.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.46,0:11:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.66,0:11:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not a maze cornstalk in sight.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.47,0:11:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next thing we noticed\Nwith our girls in the mirror maze
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.37,0:11:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was making choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.13,0:11:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We understand that the more\Nthere's choice, the happier we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.38,0:11:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But having too many choices\Ncan be a bad thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.38,0:11:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there's a classic experiment\Nby Professor Sheena Iyengar,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.37,0:11:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she presented shoppers\Nwith a gourmet choice of 24 jams.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.18,0:11:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she found that\Nthe more jams she put on,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.48,0:11:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more people were drawn to her display,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.50,0:11:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but very few people\Nactually bought anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.54,0:12:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She then set up another stand\Nwith only three or six.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.14,0:12:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fewer people came there,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.29,0:12:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nearly, well, a good third of them,\Nor more, actually bought.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.07,0:12:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does this work\Nwith designing mazes?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.19,0:12:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, actually, it helps quite a bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.58,0:12:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have a hedge maze -\Nthis one's in Scotland;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.94,0:12:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see it's sort of tartan weave\Nof green and copper hedges and things -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.41,0:12:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't really have\Nmore than two or three junctions
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.95,0:12:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at any little part of the maze.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.62,0:12:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, actually, it works quite well.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.40,0:12:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So luck would have it, really,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.88,0:12:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been designing mazes\Nwith two and three choices
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.62,0:12:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for many, many years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.09,0:12:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I've only recently discovered\Nwhy I was doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.87,0:12:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's the theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.12,0:12:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.35,0:12:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, exploring the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.20,0:12:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The compulsion is to see\Nwhat lies behind that ridge or that ocean;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.41,0:12:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's part of our identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.82,0:12:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is this sort of human madness\Nto just keep exploring?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.35,0:13:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The genome DRD4 is used\Nto control dopamine,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.63,0:13:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chemical brain messenger.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.31,0:13:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And researchers have found that DRD4-7R
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.54,0:13:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves increased\Ncuriosity and restlessness,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.57,0:13:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and studies have shown\Nthat people are more likely to take risks,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.67,0:13:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,explore new places,\Nideas, food and friendships,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.90,0:13:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in generally, embrace\Nmovement, change and adventure.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.10,0:13:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, with this in mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.31,0:13:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love ancient medieval cities\Nand their wonderful twisting streets,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.20,0:13:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,places like Jerusalem\Nor, in this case, Marrakesh,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.32,0:13:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I suppose one\Nof my favorites is Venice,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.42,0:13:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the alleys and footbridges\Ncross over each other
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.07,0:13:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above the network of canals.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.62,0:13:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're always wanting to know\Nwhat's out of sight and forbidden.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.12,0:13:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By her insatiable curiosity\Nin the Garden of Eden,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.53,0:13:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eve definitely showed signs of having 7R.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.65,0:13:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.33,0:14:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the action of eating\Nthe forbidden fruit,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.01,0:14:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eve and Adam brought mortality\Ndown on all mankind
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.32,0:14:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got banished from a really nice place.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.78,0:14:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mazes can have consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.19,0:14:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite this cautionary Biblical tale,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.24,0:14:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we cannot escape the fact\Nthat we are genetically wired
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.96,0:14:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to exploration with pleasure.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.80,0:14:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little children recognize this\Nas soon as they can walk.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.84,0:14:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For them, play is their life's work.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.52,0:14:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, as we get older,\Nwe lose that early playfulness.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.15,0:14:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I guess my single-handed task\Nas a maze designer
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.27,0:14:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to revive and awaken this primal urge,\Nto liberate more happiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.83,0:14:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are three principles
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.11,0:14:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been applying for 35 years\Nas a maze designer.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.98,0:14:44.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And each of them
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.100,0:14:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also a fundamental element\Nin the pursuit of happiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.81,0:14:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But do these work\Noutside the world of mazes?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.54,0:14:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In August, we went on holiday in Wales\Nwith my six grandchildren,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.62,0:15:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our daughters, our sons-in-law\Nand Figaro, the dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.23,0:15:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The premise is very simple\Non family holidays:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.38,0:15:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever keeps the grandchildren happy\Nkeeps the parents happy,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.13,0:15:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whatever keeps the grandchildren happy\Nkeeps the grandparents happy,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.23,0:15:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the dog's happy anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.78,0:15:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, my eldest grandson -\Nthis is Tom, here with that green hat -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.70,0:15:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is absolutely nuts about railways.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.20,0:15:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.33,0:15:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we ended up riding\Nthe highest funicular railway in Britain,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.67,0:15:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another funicular railway\Nand a narrow-gauge railway,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.04,0:15:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.17,0:15:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The choice was,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.23,0:15:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you take narrow-gauge\Nor do you take funicular?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.18,0:15:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the whole became two choices -\Nvery easy, fantastic holiday.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.49,0:15:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we made choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.55,0:15:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did this all together -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.83,0:15:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here's the whole family\Nin the narrow-gauge carriage -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.36,0:15:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we discovered things\Nwe never expected.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.99,0:15:54.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At one station, we drew into the platform,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.73,0:15:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here was a complete brass band\Nof Welshmen playing on the platform.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.06,0:16:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Magnificent.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.16,0:16:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we discovered something together\Nwe weren't expecting at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.18,0:16:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we have discovered three things:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.27,0:16:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making choices, doing things together\Nand discovering things.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.65,0:16:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've found that they work for mazes.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.07,0:16:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These principles also\Napply for steam railways,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.36,0:16:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps other ways will occur to you\Nnext time you are brushing your teeth.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.72,0:16:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.31,0:16:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)