[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.51,0:00:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.21,0:00:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [Background Music] A new generation on\Na wild new frontier rising into the sky,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.70,0:00:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gleaming towers of steel,\Na bold new urban landscape
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.14,0:00:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe America's greatest\Ninvention, the modern vertical city.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.06,0:00:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are pioneers and trailblazers,\Nwe fight for freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.42,0:00:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We transform our dreams into the truth,\Nour struggles will become a nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.62,0:01:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America, land of invention, hot-dogs,\Njazz, the elevator, skyscrapers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.13,0:01:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the story of the greatest\Ninnovation of all, the modern vertical city.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.51,0:01:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One world famous icon has come to symbolize it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.79,0:01:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amazingly, we very nearly didn't have it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.91,0:01:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 1885 and New York City has a big problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.21,0:01:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A magnificent gift but with\Nsome assembly required.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.29,0:01:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scattered across Bedloe's Island\Nin New York harbor in 214 crates.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.05,0:01:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They contain the largest\Nstatue in the Western world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.33,0:01:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been donated by the people of\NFrance to celebrate the centenary
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.80,0:02:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Declaration of Independence.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.79,0:02:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Built in Paris, broken down\Ninto 350 massive pieces
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.47,0:02:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the journey to America, that's the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.02,0:02:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cost of reassembling\Nit would be astronomical.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.87,0:02:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Money, New York does not have.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.76,0:02:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least 6 other US cities are\Njockeying to give it a home.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.53,0:02:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New York City is in danger of\Nlosing the Statue of Liberty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.11,0:02:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not if this man can help it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.83,0:02:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Joseph Pulitzer, tenacious newspaper\Nmagnate, immigrant, a self-made man.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.11,0:02:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He owns the biggest paper in\Nthe US, The New York World.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.27,0:02:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's determined to keep\NLiberty in New York harbor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.37,0:02:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through his chain of newspapers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.43,0:03:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pulitzer launches the biggest fund-raising\Ncampaign ever seen in North America.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.97,0:03:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It would be an irrevocable disgrace to\NNew York City and the American republic
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.74,0:03:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have France send us this splendid\Ngift without our having provided even
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.77,0:03:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much as a landing place for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.63,0:03:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We must raise the money.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.33,0:03:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> More than a million people\Nread Pulitzer's papers every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.94,0:03:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Enclosed please find 25\Ncents, is my contribution to--
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.93,0:03:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> One dollar the content of our my\Nlittle savings bank which we treasure--
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.14,0:03:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> -- resolved to send you the\Ncontents of the first jackpot,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.42,0:03:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will find enclosed four dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.35,0:03:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The money we saved to go to the circus with.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.29,0:03:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Donations flood in from all across the\Ncountry, rich and poor, East and West,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.53,0:03:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pennies and nickels, five's and\Nten's even thousands of dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.90,0:04:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In all, a staggering 121,000 donations,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.04,0:04:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than enough to keep this\Niconic statue in New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.43,0:04:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I think a statue is not just a statue.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.07,0:04:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think symbols really matter, I\Nthink they signify, in a big way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.09,0:04:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, maybe they do more than reams and reams\Nand reams of legislation and paper and print.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.12,0:04:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Now, the real work begins.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.69,0:04:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To hold a statue 150 feet high the pedestal will\Nbe the biggest concrete structure in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.35,0:04:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over 200 men work through a\Ngrueling winter to complete it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.51,0:04:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the last of the cement dries, workers toss\Nin their own silver dollars for good luck.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.52,0:05:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.05,0:05:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] Next,\NLiberty's enormous iron skeleton.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.59,0:05:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's designed by Gustave Eiffel, who\Nwill build famous Eiffel Tower in Paris.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.06,0:05:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The skeleton is 151 feet\Ntall and with the pedestal,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.68,0:05:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the height of a 30-story office block.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.52,0:06:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.69,0:06:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] Now, for the outer layer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.03,0:06:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wrapping around the skeleton are\N60,000 pounds of hand-sculpted copper.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.77,0:06:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sandal is 32 times bigger than a human\Nfoot the equivalent of the size of 879 shoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.70,0:06:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all on the job training\Noften at 300 feet in the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.35,0:06:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as difficult as it is dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.52,0:06:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.77,0:06:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] They need to\Nfix 300 pieces of copper shell
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.53,0:06:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the framework with more than 300,000 rivets.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.66,0:07:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her robes have over 4,000\Nsquare yards of copper.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.86,0:07:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her outstretched arm is 42 feet long.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.61,0:07:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A finger nail weighs three and a half pounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.27,0:07:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scale of Liberty is unimaginable.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.52,0:07:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.05,0:07:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] After 6 months of\Nhazardous construction there are no fatalities,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.29,0:07:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Liberties 17-feet face is\Nfinally winched into position.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.86,0:07:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's bigger than Lincoln's on Mount Rushmore.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.90,0:08:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's said the sculptor Frederic Auguste\NBartholdi modeled the face on his own mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.52,0:08:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.01,0:09:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] It takes 25 years\Nfor Liberty to oxidize and turn green,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.99,0:09:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a functioning lighthouse until 1902.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.24,0:09:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The statue's official name is\N"Liberty, Enlightening the World."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.04,0:09:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, the symbol of the alliance\Nand friendships between France
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.99,0:09:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the 13 colonies in the American Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.63,0:09:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will come to represent much more.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.47,0:09:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the entrance to New York Harbor,\NThe Statue of Liberty becomes a beacon
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.20,0:09:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the world and a welcome to millions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.57,0:09:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later, a poem by Emma Lazarus in her base\Ncelebrates America as a land of refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.41,0:09:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Give me your tired, your poor, your\Nhuddled masses, yearning to breathe free.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.57,0:09:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore,\Nsend these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.41,0:09:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I lift my lamp beside the golden door.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.52,0:10:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.05,0:10:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [Background Music] Over the next two decades,\Nmore than 12 million immigrants pass the statue
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.62,0:10:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Liberty on their way to Ellis Island,\Nthe first stop for most new Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.13,0:10:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Imagine what it took for someone to leave\Neastern Poland or Lithuania or some village
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.44,0:10:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the mountains of Northern Italy and come\Nall the way to this strange place with nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.78,0:10:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Today, more than 100 million\NAmericans can trace their roots back
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.91,0:10:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ancestors who came through Ellis Island.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.13,0:10:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> If you go back only 150 years in our 200--
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.13,0:10:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and almost 50 years history 95\Npercent of the people were not here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.31,0:11:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are no roots, they all\Ncame from someplace else.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.97,0:11:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, to me, America represents\Nthe best of the human sprit.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.30,0:11:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> A guidebook prepares arrivals\Nfor a new life in a new world.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.56,0:11:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> "Forget your customs and ideals.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.44,0:11:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Select a goal and pursue it with all your might.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.78,0:11:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will experience bad time but sooner\Nor later, you will achieve your goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.23,0:11:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't take a moment's rest.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.06,0:11:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Run."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.95,0:11:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And from Ellis Island, they\Nspread out across the continent.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.14,0:11:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the most part, Irish, Russians\Nand Italians to big cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.81,0:11:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germans to the Midwest, Scandinavians\Nto farmland.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.01,0:11:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the dawn of the 20th century eventually,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.25,0:11:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will be more Italians\Nin New York than in Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.20,0:12:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From 1880 to 1930 nearly 24 million\Nnew immigrants arrive in the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.31,0:12:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A new era in US history is about to begin.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.33,0:12:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the early 20th century, new urban megacities\Naround America are bursting to the seams
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.59,0:12:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look to expand in a new direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.09,0:12:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up. But building these great towers demands a\Ncritical ingredient that's much too expensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.78,0:12:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,steel.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.68,0:12:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One man will change all that\Nand with it the face of America.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.03,0:12:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He'll risk everything, and almost lose it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.45,0:12:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its 1872, and Andrew Carnegie,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.05,0:12:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A 5 foot 3 Scottish immigrant iron\Nmillionaire is in Sheffield, England.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.83,0:13:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's looking at the future, a\Nrevolutionary way to make steel.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.76,0:13:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steel has been around for\Nthousands of years but so expensive
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.74,0:13:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce, it's always been a luxury item.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.07,0:13:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2,000 years ago it's used in Oriental swords.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.25,0:13:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's even used in designer jewelry.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.24,0:13:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, America stands at the brink of a new age.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.74,0:13:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To build it, they need steel and lots of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.39,0:13:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the only material strong enough\Nfor the towers that will touch the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.52,0:13:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.26,0:13:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] An English bullet\Nmaker is showing Carnegie a new
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.94,0:13:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but simple method of producing steel.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.98,0:13:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's stunned.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.67,0:14:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blast hot air through molten iron.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.16,0:14:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carbon impurities burn off.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.32,0:14:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get the wonder material, steel.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.63,0:14:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first time, it can be\Nproduced quickly and inexpensively.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.32,0:14:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If Carnegie can use this Bessemer process\Nto mass-produce it, he'll own the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.51,0:14:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carnegie returns to the states to Pittsburgh,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.31,0:14:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to start building the biggest\Nsteel plant in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.81,0:14:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll be larger than 80 football fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.10,0:14:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a massive gamble.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.04,0:14:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carnegie risks everything\Nhe's got on the new plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.60,0:15:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But only months into construction, disaster,\Na catastrophic stock market collapse.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.84,0:15:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The economy is in free fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.89,0:15:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has to borrow even more money\Nand barely scrapes through.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.47,0:15:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,August 1875, against all odds Carnegie's\Ngiant furnaces are ready to test.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.29,0:15:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steel production is phenomenally dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.18,0:15:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside, 5 tons of molten metal, 3,000 degrees\Nhot enough to vaporize a man in seconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.17,0:15:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it works, it will make Carnegie one of the\Nrichest men in the world but there's a lot more
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.98,0:16:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at stake skyscrapers, cars, washing\Nmachines, airplanes, even space travel.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.36,0:16:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of it can happen if\Nsteel can't be mass-produced.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.52,0:16:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.02,0:16:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.86,0:16:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] It's a success.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.52,0:16:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.81,0:16:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] Carnegie is the\Nfirst ever to mass-produce steel.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.75,0:16:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prices plummet by over 80 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.43,0:17:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Output rockets from a few thousand\Ntons in 1860 to 11 million by 1900.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.55,0:17:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So many American stories of\Nsuccess are diligence, perseverance
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.11,0:17:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's an awful lot of luck involved too.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.09,0:17:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> His timing couldn't have been better.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.96,0:17:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was steel that built American cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.22,0:17:22.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was steel that built American railroads.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.100,0:17:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was steel that built American shipping.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.84,0:17:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the beginning of the 20th century, he\Nwas one of the wealthiest men in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.41,0:17:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [Background Music] Pittsburgh\Ntransforms from a sleepy town
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.39,0:17:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the industrial heart of the nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.57,0:17:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its Population triples.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.97,0:17:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Driven by a new steel railroad millions of\Ntons of steel are transported across America,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.41,0:17:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the raw material to build the modern city.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.89,0:17:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the grandest of all is New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.21,0:18:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an era of obscene opulence.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.52,0:18:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New York is a playground for super\Nrich industrialists and financiers.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.70,0:18:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Widely extravagant, they smoke\Ncigars rolled in 100 dollar bills.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.39,0:18:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their wives hats studded with diamonds.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.36,0:18:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Gilded Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.62,0:18:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Land values are the highest in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.68,0:18:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's only one place to go, up.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.84,0:18:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1902, 65 skyscrapers are\Nbeing constructed in Manhattan.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.40,0:18:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.52,0:18:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.38,0:18:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called "Walking the Steel."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.96,0:18:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This man is 30 stories above the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.86,0:18:56.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His first time at this height.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.16,0:18:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No harness or safety rope.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.26,0:19:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One slip and he's dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.15,0:19:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Veterans are called "Fixers."
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.54,0:19:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The novices are "Snakes" because\Nworking with them can be deadly.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.35,0:19:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old hand know just how dangerous it can be.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.48,0:19:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The thing I hate worse than poison is\Nto take a new man when we're near the top.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.66,0:19:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all get used to it or get killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.52,0:19:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.25,0:19:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No hard hats, just a 280-foot drop.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.78,0:19:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A sudden gust of wind and it's all over.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.52,0:19:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.10,0:19:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're up here 8 hours a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.27,0:19:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meals when they can.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.06,0:19:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No bath room breaks
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.52,0:20:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.94,0:20:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're called "Roughnecks" European\Nimmigrants and Mohawk Indians.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.83,0:20:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many were sailors and bridge\Nworkers so they're used to heights.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.52,0:20:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.05,0:20:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The guys balancing on the beams.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.56,0:20:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it took a lot of bravery, I think\Nit took a lot of skill, a lot of, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.98,0:20:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physically-- physically challenging but\Nalso thinking, you had to be a little crazy
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.29,0:20:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [Background Music] The\Nstakes couldn't be higher.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.65,0:20:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a risk they're willing to take.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.19,0:20:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pay is 4 dollars a day, twice\Nthe going rate for manual labor.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.36,0:21:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Foreman William Starrett\Nsums up his dangerous job.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.74,0:21:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Building skyscrapers is the\Nnearest peacetime equivalent of war.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.77,0:21:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even to the occasional grim reality\Nof an accident or a maimed body.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.72,0:21:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even death, remind us that we are fighting a war\Nof construction against the forces of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.99,0:21:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> He makes it, many aren't so lucky.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.61,0:21:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two roughnecks out of five die\Nor are disabled on the job.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.52,0:21:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Whether it's a builder or an architect or\Nwhatever whoever had the imagination to design
Dialogue: 0,0:21:40.96,0:21:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and build some of the great\Nstructures of New York I'm inspired by.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:48.42,0:21:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [Background Music] In 1902, in New York,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.83,0:21:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what the future looks\Nlike, the Flatiron Building.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.40,0:22:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its triangular footprint determined by the\Nintersection of three streets, not two.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.23,0:22:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The steel frame means the outside can be\Nhung in sections like a suit of clothes.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.73,0:22:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the walls don't take\Nthe weight, the steel does.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.52,0:22:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.67,0:22:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's so radical, when people first see it\Nthey think it will blow over and kill them.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.66,0:22:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lawsuit is filed claiming, "Winds focused
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.14,0:22:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Flatiron's extreme\Nshape damage a nearby shop."
Dialogue: 0,0:22:41.98,0:22:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, it's one of our best loved buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.17,0:22:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside, the other breakthrough that lets\Ntowers rise into the clouds, the elevator.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.56,0:23:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before it, the tallest buildings stop\Nmostly at five floors no more walking
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.12,0:23:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up stairs now, so the sky is the limit.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.98,0:23:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first time, the higher\Nthe floor, the higher the rent.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.14,0:23:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> You think it's a fairly humble invention
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.70,0:23:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when Otis invented the first really\Nsafe elevator it enabled the growth
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.90,0:23:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the modern city where people could\Ncome in, build much taller buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:23.91,0:23:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get a much higher density of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.65,0:23:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And sure enough, by the end of the 19th\Ncentury the urban population has increased 87
Dialogue: 0,0:23:32.42,0:23:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,times over.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.46,0:23:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Chicago alone, in just 10 years,\Nthey built 50 steel-frame buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.83,0:23:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 20 years, it's population more\Nthan doubles to almost 1.7 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.89,0:23:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,American cities are exploding.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.52,0:23:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.03,0:23:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] But for\Nmany, living in the shadow
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.75,0:24:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these new towers will prove\Neven harder than building them.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.20,0:24:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In America in 1890, crime and\Npoverty are rife on the streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.51,0:24:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these mavericks are about\Nto make a difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:12.52,0:24:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.05,0:24:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gangsters, murders, thieves\Nand fear are on the streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.23,0:24:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New tabloid newspapers splash\Ncrime all over the front pages.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.42,0:24:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Chicago, you can rent a gun by the hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.02,0:24:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Sears Catalog, you\Ncan buy one for 12 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.89,0:24:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In New York, a policeman finds a list on a\Nmurdered gangster, his rate card, punches:
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.36,0:24:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2 dollars, nose and jaw broke:\N10 dollars, ear chewed off:
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.04,0:24:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15 dollars, the big job: 100 bucks and up.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.52,0:24:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.02,0:25:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.95,0:25:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] Detective Bureau Chief Thomas\NByrnes, a man who follows his own set of rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:09.52,0:25:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise and Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.13,0:25:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's shrewd.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.43,0:25:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's very tough.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.14,0:25:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among his methods is a technique his\Ndetectives call "The third degree."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.39,0:25:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First degree, persuasion.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.03,0:25:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second degree, intimidation.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.04,0:25:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third degree, pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.52,0:25:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.14,0:25:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 4 years, Byrnes claims\Nhe's arrested 3300 criminals.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.86,0:25:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He solved the biggest heist of the 19th\Ncentury nearly a 3 million dollar Manhattan
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.66,0:25:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bank robbery.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.07,0:26:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reporters called him the greatest\Ncrime buster in the history
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.26,0:26:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the New York City Police Force.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.52,0:26:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.48,0:26:10.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [Background Music] His\Nvery manner, the size of him,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.85,0:26:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his menacing shoulders and\Narms, the bark of his voice.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.30,0:26:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Pickpockets, forgers whoever\Ncracked the safe, unscrupulous rogues.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:21.95,0:26:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Crooks are now afraid of their shadows.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.29,0:26:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> They lead double lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:27.12,0:26:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> But tracking down criminals isn't easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.92,0:26:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no official ID, no birth\Ncertificates or driver's licenses.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:35.75,0:26:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a criminal is known in one\Ntown, he just moves to the next.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.86,0:26:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Criminals are anonymous.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.61,0:26:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Byrnes is tackling this problem head on\Nand bringing police work into a new age.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.40,0:26:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is his rogues gallery mug\Nshots of 7,000 known lawbreakers.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.66,0:27:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using photography to identify criminals\Nwill change detective work forever
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.89,0:27:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Annie Reilly, Alias Middle\NAnnie, deceitful servant.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.63,0:27:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The mug shots are distributed to\Npolice departments around the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.95,0:27:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these are more than just pictures.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.18,0:27:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Byrnes is also building psychological\Nprofiles of criminals.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.24,0:27:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Rufus Minor, he comes\Nfrom a very good family.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.52,0:27:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a pity he's a thief.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.02,0:27:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> This is the first attempt to\Ncreate a national crime register.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.96,0:27:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> A city as diverse as ours is going
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.10,0:27:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have a significant crime problem\Nthat you've got to be on top of.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.16,0:27:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [Background Music] Even today,\Nmug shot still catch criminals.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.17,0:27:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12 million are taken every year nation wide.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.14,0:27:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's more than the entire population of Ohio.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.30,0:28:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it all began with the rogue's\Ngallery over 120 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.52,0:28:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.96,0:28:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Any questions?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.07,0:28:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> But crime isn't the only\Nproblem plaguing urban streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.23,0:28:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many cities, slums are\Nreaching epidemic proportions.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.98,0:28:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Multiple families crammed into one small room.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.91,0:28:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human waste pours into the\Nstreets, alleys and open courtyards.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:35.22,0:28:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> People were crowded in,\Nthere were windowless tenements.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.90,0:28:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes you had no internal plumbing just\Nprovides in the basement, in the backyard
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.27,0:28:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the lower east side during these years
Dialogue: 0,0:28:45.25,0:28:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the single most crowded\Nplace in the entire world.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.46,0:28:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Jacob Riis, Danish immigrant,\Ncrime reporter, photographer.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:58.86,0:29:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He gets leads for stories\Nfrom Chief Inspector Byrnes.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.20,0:29:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, he's about to expose the hell of tenements.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.32,0:29:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jacob Riis knows what it's like to be poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.14,0:29:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15 years ago, he lost his\Njob in a stock market crash.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:20.35,0:29:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's midnight, but Riis has a new technology\Nthat will change the public perception
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.87,0:29:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of poverty forever, an explosive powder that\Nproduces enough light to photograph in the dark.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:33.52,0:29:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.39,0:29:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] This is one of the\Nfirst-ever photographs of slum life.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.11,0:29:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Go.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.52,0:29:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.27,0:29:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It shocks millions.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.58,0:30:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Ladies and gentlemen,\Nmy name is Jacob A. Riis.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.09,0:30:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is how the other half\Nlive and die in New York City.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.05,0:30:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Magazines refuse to print his work.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.51,0:30:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Riis puts on his own "Magic lantern" shows.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.18,0:30:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His mission, to show the nation's wealthy\Nsomething they've never seen before,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.22,0:30:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filth and desperation on their doorstep.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:23.26,0:30:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In this block, nine dead were\Ncarried out this year alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:29.53,0:30:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Five in baby coffins.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.74,0:30:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What he demonstrated was that\Nthere is another reality that all
Dialogue: 0,0:30:40.27,0:30:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that prosperity didn't trickle\Ndown all the way to the bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.29,0:30:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there was some deplorable living conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.74,0:30:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this country was not just\Nforced to confront those conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.66,0:30:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then was moved to begin to deal all of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:55.81,0:31:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Riis publishes his pictures in a\Nbook called "How the Other Half Lives."
Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.61,0:31:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will sell more than 28 million copies.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.04,0:31:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within 2 decades, the worst of\NNew York's slums are torn down.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:12.35,0:31:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tenements sell at auction\Nfor as a little as a dollar.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.100,0:31:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Riis' campaigning forces all New York\Nschools to build playgrounds and landlords
Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.17,0:31:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to install toilets inside\Napartments, not outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.13,0:31:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the first step in tackling the slums.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:33.02,0:31:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as cities keep on growing and\Neven bigger challenge remains.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.38,0:31:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In New York alone, nearly 40,000 die in one\Nyear from diseases because of this, filth.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.80,0:31:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one clean crusader is\Nabout to change everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.85,0:32:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1895, our major cities are drowning in filth.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:04.19,0:32:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,120,000 horses dump half a million pounds of\Nmanure into the New York streets every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.44,0:32:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wagons are blocked by 3 foot-high\Npiles of human and animal waste.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.56,0:32:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Into this world steps a man on a white horse.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:22.65,0:32:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Colonel George Waring, Civil War veteran,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.06,0:32:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,legendary sewer engineer,\N"Apostle of Cleanliness."
Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.95,0:32:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's the Head of New York Sanitation Department
Dialogue: 0,0:32:39.24,0:32:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The city's stinks with the\Nemanations of putrefying organic matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.02,0:32:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Black rottenness is seen\Nand smelled on every hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:49.87,0:32:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The crowded streets are a veritable hell.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.87,0:33:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Wearing recruits an army of 2,000\Nsanitation workers in white uniforms.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.41,0:33:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some dismiss him as a crank.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:07.66,0:33:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They called his men "White\NDucks" but Waring means business.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.31,0:33:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tons of garbage, normally dumped\Ninto the river is recycled.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.16,0:33:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ash becomes land fill on Rikers Island.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:22.41,0:33:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Organic waste boiled into oil and grease.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.21,0:33:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Waring is America's first "Eco-warrior."
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.20,0:33:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His men clean 433 miles of street.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.18,0:33:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Death rates decline, water quality improves.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:39.04,0:33:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Waring save the lives of thousands.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.80,0:33:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] The measure\Nspread across America.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.71,0:33:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just 16 years after Colonel Waring, half
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.61,0:33:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all cities have waste\Ncollection, and it's not just waste.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:55.61,0:34:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1907, every large city\Nin the nation has sewers.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.09,0:34:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1909, there are 42,040\Nmiles of sewers in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:08.46,0:34:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The battle against filth,\Ncrime and poverty has begun.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.75,0:34:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one of the city's greatest\Ninnovations is still in its infancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.11,0:34:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One man will change the urban landscape forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.72,0:34:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Menlo Park, New Jersey, 1879.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.93,0:34:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thomas Edison, inventor, entrepreneur, showman.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:38.78,0:34:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was taken out of school as a boy but\Nthat won't stop him from becoming synonymous
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.38,0:34:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with inventions that define the modern era.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.32,0:34:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He pushes his team hard, 24/7 in\None of the world's first R&D labs.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:55.86,0:34:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will generate more than 1,000 patents.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.48,0:35:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America still lights the night in the\Ndangerous flicker of candles, gas and kerosene.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.13,0:35:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Edison thinks he has a better idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:12.12,0:35:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If he can get a filament to burn slowly\Nin a vacuum, the electric light bulb.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.66,0:35:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Platinum.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:23.52,0:35:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:35:35.42,0:35:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Edison locks himself in his\Nlab, doesn't sleep for days.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.52,0:35:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.21,0:35:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stakes are high.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.94,0:35:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His backers have sunk 130,000 dollars into\Nhis research, millions in today's money.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.17,0:36:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> He claimed to have gone through 6,000\Nmaterials from the plant world alone
Dialogue: 0,0:36:00.25,0:36:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his search for the perfect filament.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.64,0:36:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Toward the lamp, Jack.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.52,0:36:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.60,0:36:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] Spruce, beard, fish line,\Nthread, teak, boxwood, celluloid, parchment.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.52,0:36:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:36:41.20,0:36:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Then something extraordinary happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:44.52,0:36:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.12,0:36:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Cardboard.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.52,0:36:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise and Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.94,0:37:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [Background Music] A piece of\Ncarbonized cardboard burns for 300 hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.34,0:37:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to change the\Nway people live forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:12.39,0:37:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What Edison does is nothing\Nless than to banish the darkness.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.46,0:37:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, think of the meaning of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:21.33,0:37:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of what that means to daily life.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:25.49,0:37:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> New Year's Eve 1879, Edison\Nshows off his new invention.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:31.61,0:37:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thousands of people flock to his\Nlab to see the future take shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.63,0:37:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Pennsylvania Railroad arranges\Nspecial trains to accommodate the crowds.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:43.87,0:37:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> When Thomas Edison invented that\Nlight bulb, that electric light bulb.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.87,0:37:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a-- how magical that must have been, you\Nknow, to sit there and just all of a sudden
Dialogue: 0,0:37:56.51,0:38:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like without a match, without kerosene\Nor gas and just flip a switch and light.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:04.66,0:38:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In just 2 years, Edison builds more than\N5,000 power plants generating electricity
Dialogue: 0,0:38:10.47,0:38:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for cities like New York, Boston, Chicago,\NDetroit, St. Louis and New Orleans.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:18.31,0:38:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the next 5 years, he\Nbuilds over 127,000 more.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:23.35,0:38:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1902, 18 million light bulbs are in use.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:30.21,0:38:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The impact is massive.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:32.59,0:38:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sports, entertainment, factories,\Nstores, all can now operate at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.52,0:38:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:38:47.08,0:38:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] And as electricity comes to\Nthe cities more and more people arrive with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.82,0:38:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1900, nearly four million\Nwomen are working in US cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.33,0:39:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In just 40 years, that figure\Nhas more than quadrupled.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:03.62,0:39:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Urban factories are pounding out 75\Npercent of all consumer products in the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.52,0:39:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Places like this, modern steel-frame buildings\Nequipped with all the latest technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:16.92,0:39:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otis electric elevators, Bell\Ntelephones, Singer sewing machines.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.59,0:39:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But packing so many people into tall\Nbuildings is a disaster waiting to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:32.52,0:39:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.85,0:39:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United States is hurtling\Ninto the modern age symbolized
Dialogue: 0,0:39:42.94,0:39:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by megacities rising up all\Nacross the continent.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.46,0:39:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1909, Americans are spending nearly 23\NBillion dollars a year on ready-made clothes.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:54.94,0:39:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This factory is producing 12,000\Ngarments a week known as shirtwaists,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:59.99,0:40:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're the latest fashion\Nfor the working woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:03.52,0:40:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:40:08.05,0:40:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New York City, March 25, 1911, 4:45 p.m.\Nthe Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, 8th floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.27,0:40:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,260 girls work here, most of them teenagers.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.52,0:40:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.26,0:40:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Someone, we don't know who tosses a match\Nor maybe a cigarette into the scrap bin.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:39.52,0:40:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:40:44.13,0:40:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eva Harris, a seamstress, smells burning.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.17,0:40:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Fire. There's a fire, Mr. Bernstein.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.39,0:41:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Production manager Samuel Bernstein\Ngrabs one of the three fire pails.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:02.68,0:41:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the fire is already spreading.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:09.97,0:41:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] There's a mad dash\Nfor the exit, but it is too narrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.25,0:41:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only one at a time can pass through.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.15,0:41:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been designed that way so their\Nbags can be checked for stolen fabric.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.16,0:41:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a fire hose but it's not working.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.31,0:41:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No water!
Dialogue: 0,0:41:33.32,0:41:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The only way to warn the floors above is
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.66,0:41:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the switchboard two\Nfloors up on the 10th floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.12,0:41:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Hello, switchboard?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.95,0:41:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> 10th floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:47.46,0:41:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Fire, there is a fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.86,0:41:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Put me through to the 9th floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:53.09,0:41:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> She drops the phone and runs to get help.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.28,0:42:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The message never reaches the 9th floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.30,0:42:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Samuel Bernstein races up the main stairs\Nto help the 160 workers trapped there.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:07.99,0:42:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But blocking the front door,\Nthere's a barrel of motor oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:12.52,0:42:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:42:18.78,0:42:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the 9th floor, flames are already\Nshooting through the walls and windows.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:23.52,0:42:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise & Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:42:28.98,0:42:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] The girls on 9th rush\Nto the fire escape, but it's locked.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:34.73,0:42:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only 2 escape routes are left on the 9th\Nfloor, the elevator and the metal fire escape.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.24,0:42:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kate Weiner makes it to the elevator\Ndoor but she's lost her sister.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.33,0:42:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Everyone was knocking and\Ncrying for the elevator to come up.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.22,0:42:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly the elevator came and the\Ngirls rushed in I was searching
Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.78,0:43:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for my sister, Rose, but I couldn't find her.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:03.52,0:43:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:43:07.01,0:43:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The flames were coming toward\Nme and I was being left behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:10.75,0:43:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I felt the elevator was leaving\Nthe 9th floor for the last time.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.61,0:43:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> She's the last person to\Nget to the last elevator.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:20.52,0:43:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:43:29.88,0:43:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than 100 girls are left behind to die.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.28,0:43:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only escape route left is the\Nmetal fire escape but it collapses.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:45.24,0:43:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firemen arrived with the biggest ladder in\NNew York City but its 30 feet too short.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.52,0:43:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.95,0:44:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Background Music] 4:58 p.m., the girls\Ntrapped on the 9th floor are out of options.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:05.52,0:44:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:44:15.07,0:44:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In desperation, they jump.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:20.52,0:44:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Noise ]
Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.16,0:44:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5.15 p.m., the entire blaze is\Nover in less than half an hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:39.49,0:44:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,146 people die in the Triangle\NShirtwaist factory fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.04,0:44:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's trial but the owners walk free.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:52.31,0:45:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It remains the deadliest workplace disaster in\NNew York City history until September 11, 2001.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:00.88,0:45:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some good does come out of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.28,0:45:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> This dramatic tragedy\Nsparks a wave of reform.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:07.54,0:45:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you begin to get new restrictions\Nand a new conversation about what to do
Dialogue: 0,0:45:13.55,0:45:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prevent this kind of tragedy from happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.48,0:45:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it did not stop of course\Nthat tragedy itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:20.52,0:45:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Bell ringing ]
Dialogue: 0,0:45:23.03,0:45:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> [Background Music] Unions force management
Dialogue: 0,0:45:25.05,0:45:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take responsibility for\Nthe lives of their workers.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:28.99,0:45:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Life Safety Code now used in all 50\NStates is a direct result of this fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:35.05,0:45:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's why doors now open outwards in public\Nbuildings why automatic sprinkler systems
Dialogue: 0,0:45:41.52,0:45:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or multiple exits are now the law.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.03,0:45:54.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US and the modern city grew up together\Ntypically new, enormous and fast paced.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.54,0:45:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The megacity is one of America's\Ngreatest inventions.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.52,0:46:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Music ]