0:00:00.506,0:00:04.705
[ Music ]

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>> [Background Music] A new generation on[br]a wild new frontier rising into the sky,

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gleaming towers of steel,[br]a bold new urban landscape

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and maybe America's greatest[br]invention, the modern vertical city.

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We are pioneers and trailblazers,[br]we fight for freedom.

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We transform our dreams into the truth,[br]our struggles will become a nation.

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America, land of invention, hot-dogs,[br]jazz, the elevator, skyscrapers.

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This is the story of the greatest[br]innovation of all, the modern vertical city.

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One world famous icon has come to symbolize it.

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Amazingly, we very nearly didn't have it.

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It's 1885 and New York City has a big problem.

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A magnificent gift but with[br]some assembly required.

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Scattered across Bedloe's Island[br]in New York harbor in 214 crates.

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They contain the largest[br]statue in the Western world.

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It's been donated by the people of[br]France to celebrate the centenary

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of the Declaration of Independence.

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Built in Paris, broken down[br]into 350 massive pieces

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for the journey to America, that's the problem.

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The cost of reassembling[br]it would be astronomical.

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Money, New York does not have.

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At least 6 other US cities are[br]jockeying to give it a home.

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New York City is in danger of[br]losing the Statue of Liberty.

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Not if this man can help it.

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Joseph Pulitzer, tenacious newspaper[br]magnate, immigrant, a self-made man.

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He owns the biggest paper in[br]the US, The New York World.

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And he's determined to keep[br]Liberty in New York harbor.

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Through his chain of newspapers,

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Pulitzer launches the biggest fund-raising[br]campaign ever seen in North America.

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>> It would be an irrevocable disgrace to[br]New York City and the American republic

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to have France send us this splendid[br]gift without our having provided even

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so much as a landing place for it.

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>> We must raise the money.

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>> More than a million people[br]read Pulitzer's papers every day.

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>> Enclosed please find 25[br]cents, is my contribution to--

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>> One dollar the content of our my[br]little savings bank which we treasure--

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>> -- resolved to send you the[br]contents of the first jackpot,

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you will find enclosed four dollars.

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>> The money we saved to go to the circus with.

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>> Donations flood in from all across the[br]country, rich and poor, East and West,

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pennies and nickels, five's and[br]ten's even thousands of dollars.

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In all, a staggering 121,000 donations,

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more than enough to keep this[br]iconic statue in New York.

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>> I think a statue is not just a statue.

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I think symbols really matter, I[br]think they signify, in a big way.

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In fact, maybe they do more than reams and reams[br]and reams of legislation and paper and print.

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>> Now, the real work begins.

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To hold a statue 150 feet high the pedestal will[br]be the biggest concrete structure in the world.

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Over 200 men work through a[br]grueling winter to complete it.

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As the last of the cement dries, workers toss[br]in their own silver dollars for good luck.

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[ Music ]

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[Background Music] Next,[br]Liberty's enormous iron skeleton.

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It's designed by Gustave Eiffel, who[br]will build famous Eiffel Tower in Paris.

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The skeleton is 151 feet[br]tall and with the pedestal,

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it's the height of a 30-story office block.

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[ Music ]

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[Background Music] Now, for the outer layer.

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Wrapping around the skeleton are[br]60,000 pounds of hand-sculpted copper.

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The sandal is 32 times bigger than a human[br]foot the equivalent of the size of 879 shoes.

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It's all on the job training[br]often at 300 feet in the air.

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It's as difficult as it is dangerous

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[ Music ]

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[Background Music] They need to[br]fix 300 pieces of copper shell

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to the framework with more than 300,000 rivets.

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Her robes have over 4,000[br]square yards of copper.

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Her outstretched arm is 42 feet long.

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A finger nail weighs three and a half pounds.

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The scale of Liberty is unimaginable.

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[ Music ]

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[Background Music] After 6 months of[br]hazardous construction there are no fatalities,

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the Liberties 17-feet face is[br]finally winched into position.

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It's bigger than Lincoln's on Mount Rushmore.

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It's said the sculptor Frederic Auguste[br]Bartholdi modeled the face on his own mother.

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[ Music ]

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[Background Music] It takes 25 years[br]for Liberty to oxidize and turn green,

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a functioning lighthouse until 1902.

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The statue's official name is[br]"Liberty, Enlightening the World."

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At first, the symbol of the alliance[br]and friendships between France

0:09:15.986,0:09:19.626
and the 13 colonies in the American Revolution.

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It will come to represent much more.

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At the entrance to New York Harbor,[br]The Statue of Liberty becomes a beacon

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to the world and a welcome to millions.

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Later, a poem by Emma Lazarus in her base[br]celebrates America as a land of refugees.

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>> Give me your tired, your poor, your[br]huddled masses, yearning to breathe free.

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The wretched refuse of your teeming shore,[br]send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me.

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I lift my lamp beside the golden door.

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[ Music ]

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>> [Background Music] Over the next two decades,[br]more than 12 million immigrants pass the statue

0:10:07.616,0:10:13.036
of Liberty on their way to Ellis Island,[br]the first stop for most new Americans.

0:10:14.126,0:10:23.326
>> Imagine what it took for someone to leave[br]eastern Poland or Lithuania or some village

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in the mountains of Northern Italy and come[br]all the way to this strange place with nothing.

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>> Today, more than 100 million[br]Americans can trace their roots back

0:10:37.906,0:10:43.126
to ancestors who came through Ellis Island.

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>> If you go back only 150 years in our 200--

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and almost 50 years history 95[br]percent of the people were not here.

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They are no roots, they all[br]came from someplace else.

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So, to me, America represents[br]the best of the human sprit.

0:11:11.296,0:11:15.556
>> A guidebook prepares arrivals[br]for a new life in a new world.

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>> "Forget your customs and ideals.

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Select a goal and pursue it with all your might.

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You will experience bad time but sooner[br]or later, you will achieve your goal.

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Don't take a moment's rest.

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Run."

0:11:31.946,0:11:39.836
>> And from Ellis Island, they[br]spread out across the continent.

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For the most part, Irish, Russians[br]and Italians to big cities,

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Germans to the Midwest, Scandinavians[br]to farmland.

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At the dawn of the 20th century eventually,

0:11:53.246,0:11:58.196
there will be more Italians[br]in New York than in Rome.

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From 1880 to 1930 nearly 24 million[br]new immigrants arrive in the US.

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A new era in US history is about to begin.

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By the early 20th century, new urban megacities[br]around America are bursting to the seams

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and look to expand in a new direction.

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Up. But building these great towers demands a[br]critical ingredient that's much too expensive,

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steel.

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One man will change all that[br]and with it the face of America.

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He'll risk everything, and almost lose it all.

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Its 1872, and Andrew Carnegie,

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A 5 foot 3 Scottish immigrant iron[br]millionaire is in Sheffield, England.

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He's looking at the future, a[br]revolutionary way to make steel.

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Steel has been around for[br]thousands of years but so expensive

0:13:19.736,0:13:22.426
to produce, it's always been a luxury item.

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2,000 years ago it's used in Oriental swords.

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It's even used in designer jewelry.

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But, America stands at the brink of a new age.

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To build it, they need steel and lots of it.

0:13:40.386,0:13:45.846
It's the only material strong enough[br]for the towers that will touch the sky.

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[ Music ]

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[Background Music] An English bullet[br]maker is showing Carnegie a new

0:13:54.936,0:13:56.826
but simple method of producing steel.

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He's stunned.

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Blast hot air through molten iron.

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Carbon impurities burn off.

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You get the wonder material, steel.

0:14:15.626,0:14:22.316
For the first time, it can be[br]produced quickly and inexpensively.

0:14:22.316,0:14:28.236
If Carnegie can use this Bessemer process[br]to mass-produce it, he'll own the future.

0:14:30.506,0:14:33.306
Carnegie returns to the states to Pittsburgh,

0:14:33.306,0:14:36.586
to start building the biggest[br]steel plant in the world.

0:14:37.806,0:14:39.966
It'll be larger than 80 football fields.

0:14:40.096,0:14:42.326
It's a massive gamble.

0:14:44.036,0:14:46.856
Carnegie risks everything[br]he's got on the new plant.

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But only months into construction, disaster,[br]a catastrophic stock market collapse.

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The economy is in free fall.

0:15:02.886,0:15:08.276
He has to borrow even more money[br]and barely scrapes through.

0:15:11.466,0:15:24.166
August 1875, against all odds Carnegie's[br]giant furnaces are ready to test.

0:15:26.286,0:15:28.886
Steel production is phenomenally dangerous.

0:15:30.176,0:15:43.066
Inside, 5 tons of molten metal, 3,000 degrees[br]hot enough to vaporize a man in seconds.

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If it works, it will make Carnegie one of the[br]richest men in the world but there's a lot more

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at stake skyscrapers, cars, washing[br]machines, airplanes, even space travel.

0:16:02.356,0:16:05.946
None of it can happen if[br]steel can't be mass-produced.

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[ Noise ]

0:16:28.016,0:16:31.000
[ Music ]

0:16:32.856,0:16:33.556
[Background Music] It's a success.

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[ Music]

0:16:45.806,0:16:48.816
[Background Music] Carnegie is the[br]first ever to mass-produce steel.

0:16:50.746,0:16:53.116
Prices plummet by over 80 percent.

0:16:55.426,0:17:01.366
Output rockets from a few thousand[br]tons in 1860 to 11 million by 1900.

0:17:04.546,0:17:13.076
>> So many American stories of[br]success are diligence, perseverance

0:17:14.106,0:17:16.796
but there's an awful lot of luck involved too.

0:17:17.086,0:17:18.646
>> His timing couldn't have been better.

0:17:18.965,0:17:21.146
It was steel that built American cities.

0:17:21.215,0:17:22.996
It was steel that built American railroads.

0:17:22.996,0:17:24.876
It was steel that built American shipping.

0:17:26.836,0:17:33.276
By the beginning of the 20th century, he[br]was one of the wealthiest men in America.

0:17:33.406,0:17:35.896
>> [Background Music] Pittsburgh[br]transforms from a sleepy town

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to the industrial heart of the nation.

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Its Population triples.

0:17:42.966,0:17:48.406
Driven by a new steel railroad millions of[br]tons of steel are transported across America,

0:17:49.406,0:17:51.886
the raw material to build the modern city.

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And the grandest of all is New York.

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It's an era of obscene opulence.

0:18:03.516,0:18:07.276
New York is a playground for super[br]rich industrialists and financiers.

0:18:08.696,0:18:15.386
Widely extravagant, they smoke[br]cigars rolled in 100 dollar bills.

0:18:15.386,0:18:21.356
Their wives hats studded with diamonds.

0:18:21.356,0:18:22.616
This is the Gilded Age.

0:18:22.616,0:18:24.626
Land values are the highest in the world.

0:18:24.676,0:18:27.876
There's only one place to go, up.

0:18:29.836,0:18:36.396
By 1902, 65 skyscrapers are[br]being constructed in Manhattan.

0:18:36.396,0:18:37.976
This is one of them.

0:18:38.516,0:18:45.876
[ Noise ]

0:18:46.376,0:18:47.946
It's called "Walking the Steel."

0:18:48.956,0:18:52.736
This man is 30 stories above the street.

0:18:53.856,0:18:56.346
His first time at this height.

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No harness or safety rope.

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One slip and he's dead.

0:19:08.146,0:19:10.016
Veterans are called "Fixers."

0:19:10.536,0:19:15.126
The novices are "Snakes" because[br]working with them can be deadly.

0:19:16.346,0:19:19.256
The old hand know just how dangerous it can be.

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>> The thing I hate worse than poison is[br]to take a new man when we're near the top.

0:19:26.656,0:19:28.846
They all get used to it or get killed.

0:19:29.516,0:19:34.746
[ Noise ]

0:19:35.246,0:19:38.186
>> No hard hats, just a 280-foot drop.

0:19:38.776,0:19:43.936
A sudden gust of wind and it's all over.

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[ Noise ]

0:19:49.096,0:19:51.946
They're up here 8 hours a day.

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Meals when they can.

0:19:56.056,0:19:56.976
No bath room breaks

0:19:57.516,0:20:00.436
[ Noise ]

0:20:00.936,0:20:05.316
They're called "Roughnecks" European[br]immigrants and Mohawk Indians.

0:20:06.826,0:20:10.976
Many were sailors and bridge[br]workers so they're used to heights.

0:20:11.516,0:20:32.546
[ Noise ]

0:20:33.046,0:20:37.156
>> The guys balancing on the beams.

0:20:37.556,0:20:41.826
I think it took a lot of bravery, I think[br]it took a lot of skill, a lot of, you know,

0:20:41.976,0:20:47.416
physically-- physically challenging but[br]also thinking, you had to be a little crazy

0:20:49.286,0:20:50.656
>> [Background Music] The[br]stakes couldn't be higher.

0:20:51.646,0:20:53.156
It's a risk they're willing to take.

0:20:54.186,0:20:59.226
The pay is 4 dollars a day, twice[br]the going rate for manual labor.

0:20:59.356,0:21:02.856
Foreman William Starrett[br]sums up his dangerous job.

0:21:04.736,0:21:08.936
>> Building skyscrapers is the[br]nearest peacetime equivalent of war.

0:21:09.766,0:21:13.616
Even to the occasional grim reality[br]of an accident or a maimed body.

0:21:13.716,0:21:20.116
Even death, remind us that we are fighting a war[br]of construction against the forces of nature.

0:21:20.986,0:21:26.576
>> He makes it, many aren't so lucky.

0:21:26.606,0:21:30.516
Two roughnecks out of five die[br]or are disabled on the job.

0:21:30.516,0:21:40.956
>> Whether it's a builder or an architect or[br]whatever whoever had the imagination to design

0:21:40.956,0:21:46.146
and build some of the great[br]structures of New York I'm inspired by.

0:21:48.416,0:21:50.376
>> [Background Music] In 1902, in New York,

0:21:50.826,0:21:54.716
this is what the future looks[br]like, the Flatiron Building.

0:21:55.396,0:22:00.506
Its triangular footprint determined by the[br]intersection of three streets, not two.

0:22:04.226,0:22:08.506
The steel frame means the outside can be[br]hung in sections like a suit of clothes.

0:22:09.726,0:22:12.976
Now, the walls don't take[br]the weight, the steel does.

0:22:13.516,0:22:21.166
[ Music ]

0:22:21.666,0:22:29.246
It's so radical, when people first see it[br]they think it will blow over and kill them.

0:22:30.656,0:22:34.136
A lawsuit is filed claiming, "Winds focused

0:22:34.136,0:22:37.576
by the Flatiron's extreme[br]shape damage a nearby shop."

0:22:41.976,0:22:48.166
Today, it's one of our best loved buildings.

0:22:48.166,0:22:55.156
Inside, the other breakthrough that lets[br]towers rise into the clouds, the elevator.

0:22:57.556,0:23:03.086
Before it, the tallest buildings stop[br]mostly at five floors no more walking

0:23:03.116,0:23:05.726
up stairs now, so the sky is the limit.

0:23:06.976,0:23:10.856
For the first time, the higher[br]the floor, the higher the rent.

0:23:12.136,0:23:14.436
>> You think it's a fairly humble invention

0:23:14.696,0:23:19.896
but when Otis invented the first really[br]safe elevator it enabled the growth

0:23:19.896,0:23:23.656
of the modern city where people could[br]come in, build much taller buildings,

0:23:23.906,0:23:25.306
get a much higher density of people.

0:23:26.646,0:23:32.336
>> And sure enough, by the end of the 19th[br]century the urban population has increased 87

0:23:32.416,0:23:33.036
times over.

0:23:34.456,0:23:39.826
In Chicago alone, in just 10 years,[br]they built 50 steel-frame buildings.

0:23:39.826,0:23:45.886
And in 20 years, it's population more[br]than doubles to almost 1.7 million.

0:23:45.886,0:23:48.976
American cities are exploding.

0:23:49.516,0:23:53.526
[ Music ]

0:23:54.026,0:23:56.746
[Background Music] But for[br]many, living in the shadow

0:23:56.746,0:24:01.196
of these new towers will prove[br]even harder than building them.

0:24:01.196,0:24:05.826
In America in 1890, crime and[br]poverty are rife on the streets.

0:24:08.506,0:24:11.976
But these mavericks are about[br]to make a difference.

0:24:12.516,0:24:15.546
[ Noise ]

0:24:16.046,0:24:21.396
Gangsters, murders, thieves[br]and fear are on the streets.

0:24:22.226,0:24:26.696
New tabloid newspapers splash[br]crime all over the front pages.

0:24:27.416,0:24:30.626
In Chicago, you can rent a gun by the hour.

0:24:32.016,0:24:35.866
In the Sears Catalog, you[br]can buy one for 12 dollars.

0:24:36.886,0:24:43.356
In New York, a policeman finds a list on a[br]murdered gangster, his rate card, punches:

0:24:43.356,0:24:48.416
2 dollars, nose and jaw broke:[br]10 dollars, ear chewed off:

0:24:49.036,0:24:53.976
15 dollars, the big job: 100 bucks and up.

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[ Noise ]

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[ Music ]

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[Background Music] Detective Bureau Chief Thomas[br]Byrnes, a man who follows his own set of rules.

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[ Noise and Music ]

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He's shrewd.

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And he's very tough.

0:25:20.136,0:25:24.826
Among his methods is a technique his[br]detectives call "The third degree."

0:25:26.386,0:25:28.306
First degree, persuasion.

0:25:29.026,0:25:31.786
Second degree, intimidation.

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Third degree, pain.

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[ Music ]

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In 4 years, Byrnes claims[br]he's arrested 3300 criminals.

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He solved the biggest heist of the 19th[br]century nearly a 3 million dollar Manhattan

0:25:56.656,0:25:57.286
bank robbery.

0:25:58.066,0:26:01.256
Reporters called him the greatest[br]crime buster in the history

0:26:01.256,0:26:02.976
of the New York City Police Force.

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[ Music ]

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>> [Background Music] His[br]very manner, the size of him,

0:26:11.846,0:26:15.746
his menacing shoulders and[br]arms, the bark of his voice.

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>> Pickpockets, forgers whoever[br]cracked the safe, unscrupulous rogues.

0:26:21.946,0:26:23.956
>> Crooks are now afraid of their shadows.

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>> They lead double lives.

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>> But tracking down criminals isn't easy.

0:26:29.916,0:26:35.746
There's no official ID, no birth[br]certificates or driver's licenses.

0:26:35.746,0:26:38.876
If a criminal is known in one[br]town, he just moves to the next.

0:26:39.856,0:26:41.686
Criminals are anonymous.

0:26:42.606,0:26:50.026
Byrnes is tackling this problem head on[br]and bringing police work into a new age.

0:26:50.396,0:26:56.146
This is his rogues gallery mug[br]shots of 7,000 known lawbreakers.

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Using photography to identify criminals[br]will change detective work forever

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>> Annie Reilly, Alias Middle[br]Annie, deceitful servant.

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>> The mug shots are distributed to[br]police departments around the country.

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But these are more than just pictures.

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Byrnes is also building psychological[br]profiles of criminals.

0:27:22.236,0:27:26.226
>> Rufus Minor, he comes[br]from a very good family.

0:27:26.516,0:27:28.326
It's a pity he's a thief.

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>> This is the first attempt to[br]create a national crime register.

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>> A city as diverse as ours is going

0:27:38.096,0:27:42.696
to have a significant crime problem[br]that you've got to be on top of.

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>> [Background Music] Even today,[br]mug shot still catch criminals.

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12 million are taken every year nation wide.

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That's more than the entire population of Ohio.

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And it all began with the rogue's[br]gallery over 120 years ago.

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[ Noise ]

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>> Any questions?

0:28:10.066,0:28:15.916
>> But crime isn't the only[br]problem plaguing urban streets.

0:28:18.226,0:28:21.896
In many cities, slums are[br]reaching epidemic proportions.

0:28:22.976,0:28:26.296
Multiple families crammed into one small room.

0:28:27.906,0:28:35.216
Human waste pours into the[br]streets, alleys and open courtyards.

0:28:35.216,0:28:37.846
>> People were crowded in,[br]there were windowless tenements.

0:28:37.896,0:28:43.066
Sometimes you had no internal plumbing just[br]provides in the basement, in the backyard

0:28:43.266,0:28:45.246
and the lower east side during these years

0:28:45.246,0:28:49.096
with the single most crowded[br]place in the entire world.

0:28:51.456,0:28:56.826
>> Jacob Riis, Danish immigrant,[br]crime reporter, photographer.

0:28:58.856,0:29:01.946
He gets leads for stories[br]from Chief Inspector Byrnes.

0:29:04.196,0:29:08.266
Now, he's about to expose the hell of tenements.

0:29:10.316,0:29:12.816
Jacob Riis knows what it's like to be poor.

0:29:14.136,0:29:17.866
15 years ago, he lost his[br]job in a stock market crash.

0:29:20.346,0:29:24.866
It's midnight, but Riis has a new technology[br]that will change the public perception

0:29:24.866,0:29:32.346
of poverty forever, an explosive powder that[br]produces enough light to photograph in the dark.

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[ Music ]

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[Background Music] This is one of the[br]first-ever photographs of slum life.

0:29:46.106,0:29:46.206
>> Go.

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[ Noise ]

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>> It shocks millions.

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>> Ladies and gentlemen,[br]my name is Jacob A. Riis.

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And this is how the other half[br]live and die in New York City.

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>> Magazines refuse to print his work.

0:30:08.506,0:30:11.116
So, Riis puts on his own "Magic lantern" shows.

0:30:11.176,0:30:17.546
His mission, to show the nation's wealthy[br]something they've never seen before,

0:30:18.216,0:30:20.886
filth and desperation on their doorstep.

0:30:23.256,0:30:29.306
>> In this block, nine dead were[br]carried out this year alone.

0:30:29.526,0:30:31.736
Five in baby coffins.

0:30:31.736,0:30:40.266
>> What he demonstrated was that[br]there is another reality that all

0:30:40.266,0:30:44.286
that prosperity didn't trickle[br]down all the way to the bottom

0:30:44.286,0:30:47.736
and there was some deplorable living conditions.

0:30:47.736,0:30:52.216
And this country was not just[br]forced to confront those conditions

0:30:52.656,0:30:54.776
but then was moved to begin to deal all of them.

0:30:55.806,0:31:00.656
>> Riis publishes his pictures in a[br]book called "How the Other Half Lives."

0:31:01.606,0:31:04.416
It will sell more than 28 million copies.

0:31:07.036,0:31:10.776
Within 2 decades, the worst of[br]New York's slums are torn down.

0:31:12.346,0:31:15.006
Tenements sell at auction[br]for as a little as a dollar.

0:31:16.996,0:31:22.876
Riis' campaigning forces all New York[br]schools to build playgrounds and landlords

0:31:23.166,0:31:26.086
to install toilets inside[br]apartments, not outside.

0:31:28.126,0:31:30.936
It is the first step in tackling the slums.

0:31:33.016,0:31:37.376
But as cities keep on growing and[br]even bigger challenge remains.

0:31:37.376,0:31:49.916
In New York alone, nearly 40,000 die in one[br]year from diseases because of this, filth.

0:31:51.796,0:31:56.396
But one clean crusader is[br]about to change everything.

0:31:56.846,0:32:04.186
1895, our major cities are drowning in filth.

0:32:04.186,0:32:12.336
120,000 horses dump half a million pounds of[br]manure into the New York streets every day.

0:32:12.436,0:32:17.446
Wagons are blocked by 3 foot-high[br]piles of human and animal waste.

0:32:17.556,0:32:21.716
Into this world steps a man on a white horse.

0:32:22.646,0:32:27.056
Colonel George Waring, Civil War veteran,

0:32:27.056,0:32:34.726
legendary sewer engineer,[br]"Apostle of Cleanliness."

0:32:34.946,0:32:39.236
He's the Head of New York Sanitation Department

0:32:39.236,0:32:43.376
>> The city's stinks with the[br]emanations of putrefying organic matter.

0:32:45.016,0:32:48.266
Black rottenness is seen[br]and smelled on every hand.

0:32:49.866,0:32:53.876
The crowded streets are a veritable hell.

0:32:56.866,0:33:01.386
>> Wearing recruits an army of 2,000[br]sanitation workers in white uniforms.

0:33:04.406,0:33:07.156
Some dismiss him as a crank.

0:33:07.656,0:33:12.446
They called his men "White[br]Ducks" but Waring means business.

0:33:14.306,0:33:18.126
Tons of garbage, normally dumped[br]into the river is recycled.

0:33:19.156,0:33:21.476
Ash becomes land fill on Rikers Island.

0:33:22.406,0:33:25.506
Organic waste boiled into oil and grease.

0:33:26.206,0:33:29.336
Waring is America's first "Eco-warrior."

0:33:30.196,0:33:33.296
His men clean 433 miles of street.

0:33:35.176,0:33:38.316
Death rates decline, water quality improves.

0:33:39.036,0:33:42.056
Waring save the lives of thousands.

0:33:43.796,0:33:45.716
[Background Music] The measure[br]spread across America.

0:33:46.706,0:33:49.376
Just 16 years after Colonel Waring, half

0:33:49.606,0:33:53.786
of all cities have waste[br]collection, and it's not just waste.

0:33:55.606,0:34:00.556
By 1907, every large city[br]in the nation has sewers.

0:34:01.086,0:34:05.756
By 1909, there are 42,040[br]miles of sewers in America.

0:34:08.456,0:34:12.235
The battle against filth,[br]crime and poverty has begun.

0:34:13.746,0:34:17.116
But one of the city's greatest[br]innovations is still in its infancy.

0:34:19.106,0:34:22.235
One man will change the urban landscape forever.

0:34:26.716,0:34:31.045
Menlo Park, New Jersey, 1879.

0:34:31.926,0:34:36.286
Thomas Edison, inventor, entrepreneur, showman.

0:34:38.775,0:34:44.096
He was taken out of school as a boy but[br]that won't stop him from becoming synonymous

0:34:44.376,0:34:46.856
with inventions that define the modern era.

0:34:48.315,0:34:54.815
He pushes his team hard, 24/7 in[br]one of the world's first R&D labs.

0:34:55.856,0:34:58.286
It will generate more than 1,000 patents.

0:35:02.476,0:35:07.866
America still lights the night in the[br]dangerous flicker of candles, gas and kerosene.

0:35:09.126,0:35:11.196
Edison thinks he has a better idea.

0:35:12.116,0:35:21.206
If he can get a filament to burn slowly[br]in a vacuum, the electric light bulb.

0:35:21.656,0:35:22.546
>> Platinum.

0:35:23.516,0:35:34.916
[ Music ]

0:35:35.416,0:35:39.016
>> Edison locks himself in his[br]lab, doesn't sleep for days.

0:35:40.516,0:35:43.706
[ Noise ]

0:35:44.206,0:35:45.036
The stakes are high.

0:35:46.936,0:35:55.166
His backers have sunk 130,000 dollars into[br]his research, millions in today's money.

0:35:55.166,0:36:00.246
>> He claimed to have gone through 6,000[br]materials from the plant world alone

0:36:00.246,0:36:05.636
in his search for the perfect filament.

0:36:05.636,0:36:06.976
>> Toward the lamp, Jack.

0:36:07.516,0:36:16.096
[ Noise ]

0:36:16.596,0:36:28.796
[Background Music] Spruce, beard, fish line,[br]thread, teak, boxwood, celluloid, parchment.

0:36:29.516,0:36:40.696
[ Noise ]

0:36:41.196,0:36:43.976
>> Then something extraordinary happens.

0:36:44.516,0:36:49.616
[ Noise ]

0:36:50.116,0:36:50.756
>> Cardboard.

0:36:51.516,0:36:59.436
[ Noise and Music ]

0:36:59.936,0:37:03.936
>> [Background Music] A piece of[br]carbonized cardboard burns for 300 hours.

0:37:07.336,0:37:09.986
It's going to change the[br]way people live forever.

0:37:12.386,0:37:17.266
>> What Edison does is nothing[br]less than to banish the darkness.

0:37:17.456,0:37:21.146
Now, think of the meaning of that.

0:37:21.326,0:37:22.956
Think of what that means to daily life.

0:37:25.486,0:37:31.606
>> New Year's Eve 1879, Edison[br]shows off his new invention.

0:37:31.606,0:37:35.316
Thousands of people flock to his[br]lab to see the future take shape.

0:37:36.626,0:37:42.506
The Pennsylvania Railroad arranges[br]special trains to accommodate the crowds.

0:37:43.866,0:37:50.866
>> When Thomas Edison invented that[br]light bulb, that electric light bulb.

0:37:50.866,0:37:56.506
What a-- how magical that must have been, you[br]know, to sit there and just all of a sudden

0:37:56.506,0:38:03.216
like without a match, without kerosene[br]or gas and just flip a switch and light.

0:38:04.656,0:38:10.466
>> In just 2 years, Edison builds more than[br]5,000 power plants generating electricity

0:38:10.466,0:38:17.336
for cities like New York, Boston, Chicago,[br]Detroit, St. Louis and New Orleans.

0:38:18.306,0:38:22.496
Over the next 5 years, he[br]builds over 127,000 more.

0:38:23.346,0:38:30.086
By 1902, 18 million light bulbs are in use.

0:38:30.206,0:38:32.586
The impact is massive.

0:38:32.586,0:38:39.166
Sports, entertainment, factories,[br]stores, all can now operate at night.

0:38:40.516,0:38:46.576
[ Noise ]

0:38:47.076,0:38:52.066
[Background Music] And as electricity comes to[br]the cities more and more people arrive with it.

0:38:52.816,0:38:56.816
By 1900, nearly four million[br]women are working in US cities.

0:38:58.326,0:39:02.586
In just 40 years, that figure[br]has more than quadrupled.

0:39:03.616,0:39:08.776
Urban factories are pounding out 75[br]percent of all consumer products in the US.

0:39:10.516,0:39:15.986
Places like this, modern steel-frame buildings[br]equipped with all the latest technology,

0:39:16.916,0:39:22.146
Otis electric elevators, Bell[br]telephones, Singer sewing machines.

0:39:26.586,0:39:31.916
But packing so many people into tall[br]buildings is a disaster waiting to happen.

0:39:32.516,0:39:37.346
[ Noise ]

0:39:37.846,0:39:42.896
The United States is hurtling[br]into the modern age symbolized

0:39:42.936,0:39:45.666
by megacities rising up all[br]across the continent.

0:39:47.456,0:39:53.456
By 1909, Americans are spending nearly 23[br]Billion dollars a year on ready-made clothes.

0:39:54.936,0:39:59.986
This factory is producing 12,000[br]garments a week known as shirtwaists,

0:39:59.986,0:40:02.766
they're the latest fashion[br]for the working woman.

0:40:03.516,0:40:07.546
[ Noise ]

0:40:08.046,0:40:21.266
New York City, March 25, 1911, 4:45 p.m.[br]the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, 8th floor,

0:40:21.266,0:40:25.876
260 girls work here, most of them teenagers.

0:40:26.516,0:40:32.756
[ Noise ]

0:40:33.256,0:40:38.956
Someone, we don't know who tosses a match[br]or maybe a cigarette into the scrap bin.

0:40:39.516,0:40:43.626
[ Noise ]

0:40:44.126,0:40:47.856
Eva Harris, a seamstress, smells burning.

0:40:52.166,0:40:53.836
>> Fire. There's a fire, Mr. Bernstein.

0:40:55.386,0:41:00.116
>> Production manager Samuel Bernstein[br]grabs one of the three fire pails.

0:41:02.676,0:41:08.676
But the fire is already spreading.

0:41:09.966,0:41:15.246
[Background Music] There's a mad dash[br]for the exit, but it is too narrow.

0:41:15.246,0:41:17.986
Only one at a time can pass through.

0:41:18.146,0:41:22.436
It's been designed that way so their[br]bags can be checked for stolen fabric.

0:41:23.156,0:41:29.256
There's a fire hose but it's not working.

0:41:29.306,0:41:31.136
>> No water!

0:41:33.316,0:41:35.656
>> The only way to warn the floors above is

0:41:35.656,0:41:42.046
through the switchboard two[br]floors up on the 10th floor.

0:41:42.116,0:41:45.106
>> Hello, switchboard?

0:41:45.946,0:41:46.656
>> 10th floor.

0:41:47.456,0:41:49.056
>> Fire, there is a fire.

0:41:49.856,0:41:53.086
>> Put me through to the 9th floor.

0:41:53.086,0:41:54.916
>> She drops the phone and runs to get help.

0:41:57.276,0:42:00.386
The message never reaches the 9th floor.

0:42:01.296,0:42:06.456
Samuel Bernstein races up the main stairs[br]to help the 160 workers trapped there.

0:42:07.986,0:42:11.776
But blocking the front door,[br]there's a barrel of motor oil.

0:42:12.516,0:42:18.276
[ Noise ]

0:42:18.776,0:42:22.826
On the 9th floor, flames are already[br]shooting through the walls and windows.

0:42:23.516,0:42:28.476
[ Noise & Music ]

0:42:28.976,0:42:32.196
[Background Music] The girls on 9th rush[br]to the fire escape, but it's locked.

0:42:34.726,0:42:41.286
Only 2 escape routes are left on the 9th[br]floor, the elevator and the metal fire escape.

0:42:44.236,0:42:47.896
Kate Weiner makes it to the elevator[br]door but she's lost her sister.

0:42:49.326,0:42:53.156
>> Everyone was knocking and[br]crying for the elevator to come up.

0:42:53.216,0:42:59.776
Suddenly the elevator came and the[br]girls rushed in I was searching

0:42:59.776,0:43:02.916
for my sister, Rose, but I couldn't find her.

0:43:03.516,0:43:06.506
[ Noise ]

0:43:07.006,0:43:10.156
The flames were coming toward[br]me and I was being left behind.

0:43:10.746,0:43:16.106
I felt the elevator was leaving[br]the 9th floor for the last time.

0:43:16.606,0:43:19.306
>> She's the last person to[br]get to the last elevator.

0:43:20.516,0:43:29.376
[ Noise ]

0:43:29.876,0:43:33.156
More than 100 girls are left behind to die.

0:43:36.276,0:43:41.186
The only escape route left is the[br]metal fire escape but it collapses.

0:43:45.236,0:43:53.806
Firemen arrived with the biggest ladder in[br]New York City but its 30 feet too short.

0:43:54.516,0:43:58.446
[ Music ]

0:43:58.946,0:44:04.946
[Background Music] 4:58 p.m., the girls[br]trapped on the 9th floor are out of options.

0:44:05.516,0:44:14.566
[ Noise ]

0:44:15.066,0:44:19.626
In desperation, they jump.

0:44:20.516,0:44:28.656
[ Noise ]

0:44:29.156,0:44:39.486
5.15 p.m., the entire blaze is[br]over in less than half an hour.

0:44:39.486,0:44:43.896
146 people die in the Triangle[br]Shirtwaist factory fire.

0:44:44.036,0:44:49.006
There's trial but the owners walk free.

0:44:52.306,0:45:00.876
It remains the deadliest workplace disaster in[br]New York City history until September 11, 2001.

0:45:00.876,0:45:03.476
But some good does come out of it.

0:45:04.276,0:45:07.536
>> This dramatic tragedy[br]sparks a wave of reform.

0:45:07.536,0:45:13.546
So, you begin to get new restrictions[br]and a new conversation about what to do

0:45:13.546,0:45:16.196
to prevent this kind of tragedy from happening.

0:45:16.476,0:45:19.976
But it did not stop of course[br]that tragedy itself.

0:45:20.516,0:45:22.526
[ Bell ringing ]

0:45:23.026,0:45:24.936
>> [Background Music] Unions force management

0:45:25.046,0:45:27.396
to take responsibility for[br]the lives of their workers.

0:45:28.986,0:45:34.536
The Life Safety Code now used in all 50[br]States is a direct result of this fire.

0:45:35.046,0:45:41.076
It's why doors now open outwards in public[br]buildings why automatic sprinkler systems

0:45:41.516,0:45:43.736
or multiple exits are now the law.

0:45:48.026,0:45:54.726
The US and the modern city grew up together[br]typically new, enormous and fast paced.

0:45:55.536,0:45:59.456
The megacity is one of America's[br]greatest inventions.

0:46:00.516,0:46:04.840
[ Music ]