[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.14,0:00:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi, everybody!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.32,0:00:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am a comparative anatomist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.12,0:00:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A comparative anatomist is someone\Nwho studies the structure of the body
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.61,0:00:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of lots of different animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.02,0:00:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my favorite animals are whales.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.93,0:00:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like to study whales\Nbecause they're so interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.49,0:00:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've adapted to a unique environment\Nof living in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.48,0:00:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I'm going to tell you\Nabout is how whales make sounds
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.80,0:00:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by basically farting with their face.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.87,0:00:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know that they do this farting thing\Nwith their blowhole;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.77,0:00:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they blow out air like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.13,0:00:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they also use air\Nin lots of other ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.22,0:00:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They use it for sound production,\Nwhich is what I'll focus on,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.16,0:00:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I also study other things\Nthey do with air,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.39,0:00:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like keep it out of their bloodstream\Nso they don't get bubbles,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.42,0:00:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what happens\Nto human scuba divers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.45,0:00:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they get decompression sickness.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.24,0:00:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'd like to start with the story
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.100,0:00:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how these animals make\Nthese farting noises,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.22,0:00:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that story begins with understanding\Nhow hard it is to look at whales,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.74,0:00:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they live underwater\Nand they're really big,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.39,0:00:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they're hard animals to study.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.23,0:01:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this picture --\Nyou see that animal in the middle?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.94,0:01:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a baby whale\Nand it's already the size of a bus!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.85,0:01:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you look at whales,\Nstart with the top of their head
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.57,0:01:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because their nose\Nis on the top of their head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.88,0:01:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like a built-in snorkel.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.44,0:01:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They breathe through that\Nbecause they're mammals
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.77,0:01:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mammals breathe air.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.05,0:01:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their nose can be opened and closed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.89,0:01:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if you were to pinch it like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.70,0:01:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see it's open in the bottom frame,\Nwhere the red arrows are.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.93,0:01:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not all whales have two nostrils.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.01,0:01:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whales include the groups\Nof dolphins and porpoises,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.85,0:01:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dolphins and porpoises,\Nthe small whales,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.100,0:01:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have only one nostril\Non the top of their head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.36,0:01:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they open and close that nostril
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.36,0:01:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by taking what is essentially\Nan upper lip, like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.63,0:01:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turning it back\Nover their nose, like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.90,0:01:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how they open and close their nose.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.08,0:01:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when they make sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.31,0:01:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they're basically\Ndoing is a raspberry,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.47,0:01:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Makes raspberry sound)\Nwhich is kind of like a fart, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.71,0:01:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or up in New York,\Nwe call it a Bronx cheer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.90,0:01:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way they do that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.25,0:01:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by taking that big,\Nfatty structure of a big fat lip,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.20,0:01:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, as you can see\Nhere in this picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.22,0:01:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a cut through the middle\Nof a dolphin's head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.77,0:02:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that big fat lip is that big\Nyellow portion there,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.18,0:02:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they roll it back and forth\Nover the top of their nose
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.47,0:02:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they vibrate it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.78,0:02:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like when you let\Nthe air out of a balloon
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.15,0:02:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it makes that weird vibration sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.11,0:02:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what it sounds like\Nwhen they make their noise:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.88,0:02:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Vibration noise)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.92,0:02:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hear it? He'll do it again\Nwhen he faces the camera.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.40,0:02:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Vibration noise)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.43,0:02:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds like it's farting underwater.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.18,0:02:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What that dolphin is actually doing,\Nthough, is echolocation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.30,0:02:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is making these series of pulses,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.41,0:02:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it uses it like a bat uses sonar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.73,0:02:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, a bat uses radar,\Nbut when it's underwater it's sonar,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.58,0:02:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this animal is using sonar\Nto see its world in sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.27,0:02:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trying to understand how this works,\Nyou have to look at it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.11,0:02:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if you were looking at the amplifier\Nspeakers of a sound system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.31,0:02:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The small-toothed whales\Nare basically the "tweeters,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.89,0:02:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the sound is coming\Nfrom that little nose
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.02,0:02:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's moving back and forth\Nand coming out of their forehead.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.97,0:02:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the big whales\Nare kind of like the "woofers,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.62,0:02:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the big speakers that you have\Nin an amplifier system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.20,0:02:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's happening is their sound\Nis coming out of the throat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.26,0:02:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you tried to make\Nsound like a whale --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.40,0:03:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a sound right now, and go, "ahhhhhh."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.81,0:03:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, now put your hand on your throat,\Non your Adam's apple.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.92,0:03:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You feel that vibration right there?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.07,0:03:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is lost energy for you,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's not\Nhow you communicate to everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.46,0:03:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You do it out of the mouth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.94,0:03:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you open your mouth underwater,\Nno one will hear you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.78,0:03:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to be able to take this energy\Nand amplify it through the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.27,0:03:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what whales do.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.48,0:03:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you hear their sound --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.08,0:03:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Squeaking sound)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.42,0:03:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's kind of like when you squeak\Nthe air out of a balloon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.23,0:03:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they get a lot of squeaky noises,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.13,0:03:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they also have this sound:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.63,0:03:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Vibrating sound)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.57,0:03:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds like it's farting, doesn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.64,0:03:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like it's got this giant\Nwhoopee cushion in its throat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.04,0:03:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how do you know\Nthat's what a whale is doing?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.40,0:03:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we study whales that come\Nto us from strandings.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.97,0:03:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are animals that die on the beach.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.92,0:03:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Small whales like dolphins\Nand porpoises are easy;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.36,0:03:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can take them to the lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.74,0:03:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the big whales -- we've got\Nto bring the lab to the whale.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.67,0:03:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what that looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.38,0:03:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm the one in the middle\Nwith the red hat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.14,0:03:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not a very tall person,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.59,0:03:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can see how big\Nthis whale was compared to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.11,0:03:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whale is 65 feet long.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.39,0:04:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my scalpel is this little tool\Non the side here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.15,0:04:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It basically looks like a hockey stick\Nwith a blade on the end of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.54,0:04:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And doing a dissection of a whale\Nis a very difficult process.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.53,0:04:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You literally have to get into your work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.52,0:04:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of like a giant\Nbloody construction zone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.26,0:04:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're wearing a hard hat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.58,0:04:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're working with heavy machinery.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.56,0:04:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.92,0:04:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's just the voice box of a blue whale.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.76,0:04:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just the voice box.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.94,0:04:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm only five feet tall --\Nyou can see it's like 12 feet long.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.89,0:04:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we know what's going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.40,0:04:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we look at the voice box, or larynx,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.48,0:04:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we see -- this is from a baby\Nwhale so it's much smaller.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.45,0:04:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see this little u-shaped thing\NI've outlined in blue.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.15,0:04:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the part that's vibrating.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.75,0:04:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of like our vocal folds.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.40,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I put my hand in there,\Nwhere that blue sleeve is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.03,0:04:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see there's a sack underneath it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.01,0:04:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the whoopee cushion.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.34,0:04:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the air bubble or the balloon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.37,0:04:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what these animals are doing --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.03,0:04:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see, there's this big\Nblack balloon in the throat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.02,0:04:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the digestive tract,\Nwhich is in blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.12,0:04:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meets the breathing tract,\Nwhich is in light blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.95,0:04:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right in the middle\Nis that black sack.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.98,0:04:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These animals are using\Nthat sack to make these sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.59,0:05:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they vibrate that and send it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.81,0:05:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Small-toothed whales also have air sacks;\Nthey're all over their heads,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.20,0:05:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's like they're airheads.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.67,0:05:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They use this to capture\Nas much air as they can
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.95,0:05:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take down with them\Nwhen they're diving,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.98,0:05:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when you dive, pressures increase,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.04,0:05:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that decreases the volume\Nof air you have available.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.78,0:05:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.96,0:05:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having that sack allows them\Nto recycle the air that they're using,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.28,0:05:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because air is a precious commodity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.03,0:05:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't want to have to go\Nback up to the surface to get more.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.07,0:05:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when you make a sound underwater,\Nif you're a whale --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.79,0:05:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's hear you start making\Na sound, go "ahhhh."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.36,0:05:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But whales keep their mouths\Nclosed, so go "ahhhmm."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.84,0:05:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience makes noise)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.92,0:05:35.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're all humming, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.21,0:05:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But whales keep their nose\Nclosed and go, "mmmm."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.54,0:05:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Makes noise)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.86,0:05:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.41,0:05:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't make the sound anymore\Nonce you close your nose
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.11,0:05:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you've pressurized the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.96,0:05:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whales, by having air sacks, keep\Nthemselves from pressurizing the system,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.59,0:05:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means the air continues to flow,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.69,0:05:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so if you had a bag\Non the end of your nose,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.100,0:05:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd be able to make\Nair continue to flow.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.03,0:05:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I hope you've enjoyed that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.63,0:05:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what a comparative anatomist\Ndoes for a living.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.20,0:06:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We study the structure of these animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.14,0:06:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We try to mimic it; we apply it\Nback to the human situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.99,0:06:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe making new technologies\Nfor protective devices
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.00,0:06:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe even making\Nnew treatments for medicines
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.34,0:06:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people's diseases who mimic\Nthese weird environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.30,0:06:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I hope you enjoyed that. Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.17,0:06:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)