[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.26,0:00:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi everybody. I am a comparative anatomist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.30,0:00:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a comparative anatomist is someone who studies
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.03,0:00:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the structure of the body of lots of different animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.06,0:00:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my favorite animals are whales,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.02,0:00:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I like to study whales because they are so interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.44,0:00:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've adapted to a unique environment
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.01,0:00:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of living in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.37,0:00:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I'm going to tell you about is
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.99,0:00:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how whales make sounds by
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.98,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically farting with their face.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you know that they do this farting thing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.57,0:00:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their blowhole; they blow out air like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.74,0:00:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they also use air in lots of other ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.70,0:00:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They use it for sound production,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.14,0:00:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what I'm going to focus on,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.70,0:00:38.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I also study other things they do with air,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.41,0:00:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like how they keep it out of their blood streams
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.41,0:00:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they don't get bubbles,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.53,0:00:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what happens to human scuba divers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.47,0:00:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they dive and they get decompression sickness.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.02,0:00:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I'd like to do is start with the story
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.80,0:00:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how these animals make these farting noises,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.03,0:00:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that story begins with understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.73,0:00:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how hard it is to look at whales
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.63,0:00:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they live underwater and they're really big,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.52,0:00:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they're hard animals to study.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.40,0:01:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just in this picture, you see that animal in the middle?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.76,0:01:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a baby whale and it's already the size of a bus.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.100,0:01:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you look at whales, you have to start
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.43,0:01:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the top of their head, because their nose
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.11,0:01:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is on the top of their head.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.75,0:01:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of like a built-in snorkel.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.29,0:01:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they breathe through that because they're mammals
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.50,0:01:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mammals breathe air.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.14,0:01:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And their nose can actually be opened and closed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.07,0:01:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of as if you were to pinch it like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.78,0:01:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can see, it's open in the bottom frame there
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.38,0:01:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the red arrows are.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.81,0:01:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not all whales have two nostrils.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.14,0:01:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whales includes the groups of dolphins and porpoises,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.97,0:01:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the dolphins and porpoises, the small whales,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.09,0:01:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have only one nostril on the top of their head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.36,0:01:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they open and close that nostril
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.36,0:01:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by taking what is essentially an upper lip, like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.44,0:01:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turning it back over their nose, like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.14,0:01:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how they open and close their nose.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.24,0:01:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when they make sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.50,0:01:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they're basically doing is a raspberry,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.59,0:01:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like [mouth noises], which is kind of like a fart, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.92,0:01:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or up in New York we call it a Bronx cheer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.23,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way they do that is by taking
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that big fatty structure of a big fat lip,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.40,0:01:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, as you can see here in this picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.03,0:01:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a cut through the middle of a dolphins head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.53,0:02:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that big fat lip is that big yellow portion there,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.10,0:02:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they roll it back and forth over the top of their nose
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.54,0:02:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they vibrate it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.01,0:02:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like when you let the air out of a balloon
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.92,0:02:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it makes that weird vibration sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.11,0:02:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what it sounds like when they make their noise:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.17,0:02:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dolphin noise]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.18,0:02:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You hear that? It's going to do it again
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.35,0:02:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he faces the camera.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.51,0:02:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dolphin noise]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.23,0:02:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds like its farting underwater.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.30,0:02:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What that dolphin is actually doing though
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.96,0:02:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is echolocation, which is making these series of pulses,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.41,0:02:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it uses it like a bat uses sonar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.95,0:02:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well a bat uses radar, but when it's underwater
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.55,0:02:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's sonar, so this animal is using sonar
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.58,0:02:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see its world in sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.53,0:02:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trying to understand how this works,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.04,0:02:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to look at it as if you were looking
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.79,0:02:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the amplifier speakers of a sound system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.01,0:02:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The small toothed whales are basically the "tweeters,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.56,0:02:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the sound is coming from that little
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.08,0:02:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nose that's moving back and forth
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.28,0:02:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and coming out of their forehead.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.84,0:02:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you look at the big whales,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.29,0:02:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're kind of link the "woofer,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.78,0:02:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the big speakers that you have in an amplifier system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.17,0:02:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's happening is their sound's coming out of the throat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.15,0:02:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you tried to make sound like a whale,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.34,0:02:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you just make a sound right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.49,0:03:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like go "ah."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.03,0:03:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, now put your hand on your throat,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.94,0:03:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on your Adam's apple, you feel that vibration right there?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.20,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is lost energy for you
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's not how you're communicating to everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.40,0:03:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're doing it out of the mouth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.61,0:03:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you open your mouth underwater,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.06,0:03:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one is going to hear you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.48,0:03:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to be able to take this energy and amplify it through the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.81,0:03:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what whales do.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.48,0:03:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you hear their sound,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.98,0:03:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[whale sounds]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.13,0:03:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hear that? It's kind of like when you squeak the air out of a balloon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.77,0:03:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they get a lot of squeaky noises,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.95,0:03:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they also have this sound:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.40,0:03:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[whale noises]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.72,0:03:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds like it's farting, doesn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.77,0:03:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like it's got this giant whoopie cushion in its throat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.04,0:03:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how do you know that's what a whale's doing?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.49,0:03:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we study whales that come to us from strandings.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.91,0:03:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are animals that die on the beach.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.58,0:03:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the small whales, like dolphins and porpoises are easy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.74,0:03:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can take them back to the lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.68,0:03:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the big whales, we've got to bring the lab to the whale.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.59,0:03:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what that would look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.38,0:03:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm the one in the middle with the red hat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.07,0:03:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not a very tall person,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.59,0:03:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can see how big this whale is compared to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.73,0:04:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whale is 65 feet long, and my scalpel
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.35,0:04:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this little tool on the side here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.30,0:04:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It basically looks like a hockey stick
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.80,0:04:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a blade on the end of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.70,0:04:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And doing a dissection of a whale is a very difficult process.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.53,0:04:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You literally have to get into your work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.69,0:04:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of like a giant bloody construction zone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.26,0:04:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're wearing a hard hat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.58,0:04:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're working with heavy machinery.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.56,0:04:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.68,0:04:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's just the voice box of a blue whale; just the voice box.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.22,0:04:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm only five feet tall, so you can see,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.39,0:04:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's already like twelve feet long there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.86,0:04:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we know what's going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.99,0:04:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we look at the voice box, or larynx,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.56,0:04:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we see inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.46,0:04:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from a baby whale so it's much smaller.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.61,0:04:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see this little "u" shaped thing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.96,0:04:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've outlined in blue;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.24,0:04:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the part that's vibrating.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.62,0:04:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's kind of like our vocal folds.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.40,0:04:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I put my hand in there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.89,0:04:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's where that blue sleeve is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.36,0:04:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see there's a sack underneath it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.93,0:04:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the whoopie cushion.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.30,0:04:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the air bubble or the balloon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.44,0:04:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what these animals are doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.73,0:04:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see in this picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.77,0:04:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's this big black balloon in the throat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.56,0:04:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the digestive track, which is in blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.61,0:04:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meets the breathing track, which is in light blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.12,0:04:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you have light blue and dark blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.30,0:04:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right in the middle is that black sack.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.92,0:04:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These animals are using that sack to make these sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.51,0:05:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they vibrate that and send it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.04,0:05:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Small toothed whales also have air sacks,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.20,0:05:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're all over their heads,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.14,0:05:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's kind of like they're airheads.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.67,0:05:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they use this to capture as much air as they can,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.87,0:05:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take it down with them when they're diving,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.89,0:05:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when you dive, pressures increase,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.02,0:05:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that decreases the volume of air you have available.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.72,0:05:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more importantly, having that sack allows them to
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.26,0:05:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recycle the air that they're using
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.51,0:05:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because air is a precious commodity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.92,0:05:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't want to have to go back up to the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.51,0:05:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get more air.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.81,0:05:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when you make a sound underwater,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.68,0:05:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're a whale,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.76,0:05:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's here you start making a sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.72,0:05:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go "ah."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.41,0:05:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But whales keep their mouths closed, so go
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.86,0:05:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[mouth noises]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.73,0:05:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're all humming, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.95,0:05:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But whales keep their nose closed, so go
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.95,0:05:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[mouth noises]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.02,0:05:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened? You can't make the sound anymore
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.85,0:05:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once you close your nose because you've pressurized the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.50,0:05:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whales by having air sacks
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.08,0:05:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep themselves from pressurizing the system
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.54,0:05:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means the air continues to flow,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.69,0:05:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so if you had a bag on the end of your nose,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.46,0:05:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd be able to make air continue to flow.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.04,0:05:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I hope you've enjoyed that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.45,0:05:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what a comparative anatomist does for their living.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.11,0:06:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We study the structure of these animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.88,0:06:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We try to mimic it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.89,0:06:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We apply it back to the human situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.84,0:06:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe making new technologies for protective devices,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.90,0:06:09.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe even making new treatments for medicines
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.15,0:06:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for peoples' diseases who mimic these weird environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.02,0:06:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I hope you enjoyed that. Thank you.