[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.07,0:00:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, in the palm of your hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.36,0:00:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have access to a world of information.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.06,0:00:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can reach a multitude of new sources
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.32,0:00:20.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exchange your views\Nwith a wide range of people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.95,0:00:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.15,0:00:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This new reality should allow us \Nto share a wisdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.40,0:00:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to communicate, to understand each other
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.59,0:00:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to become more understanding \Nof our differences,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.05,0:00:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more tolerant of our differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.58,0:00:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But 2016 seems to have replaced\Nthe information age
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.07,0:00:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the post-truth era.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.01,0:00:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With Brexit and the Trump election,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.49,0:00:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have found, we have discovered,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.46,0:00:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that more communication \Ndoesn't mean more information.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.26,0:00:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you what I mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.94,0:01:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a picture of the \NTrump inauguration ceremony in 2017,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.34,0:01:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the same picture of the \NObama inauguration ceremony in 2009.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.17,0:01:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The White House declared\Nthat the Trump ceremony
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.75,0:01:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been the largest in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.26,0:01:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you know
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.27,0:01:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that 28% of Trump supporters
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.30,0:01:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said they believed there were \Nas many people, if not more,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.89,0:01:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Trump ceremony.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.88,0:01:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30% said they didn't know. \NThey were not sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.89,0:01:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 41%, that is less than half,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.47,0:01:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that they disagreed \Nwith the White House statement.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.64,0:01:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you see these pictures, \Nthese views may seem crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.10,0:01:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how is it that people can believe \Nsomething so clearly untrue?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.44,0:01:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But wait a minute,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.47,0:01:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are you sure that you would never \Nbelieve something so clearly untrue?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.14,0:01:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.48,0:01:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These pictures are not proof.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.27,0:01:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could have been photoshopped.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.42,0:02:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could have been swapped.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.72,0:02:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when somebody raises\Nthese doubts to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.32,0:02:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will have to use your own judgment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.62,0:02:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to weigh the evidence\Nand make up your mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.12,0:02:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now suppose that you were\Na Trump supporter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.30,0:02:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are you sure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.74,0:02:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you would not give any credence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.66,0:02:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to somebody raising these doubts?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.13,0:02:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are you sure that you\Nwould never entertain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.27,0:02:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that perhaps there were more people \Nat the Trump ceremony,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.13,0:02:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that these pictures are not proof?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.11,0:02:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I want to put to you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.99,0:02:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the cause of the fake news success\Nlies primarily with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.34,0:02:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fake news works
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.69,0:02:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we are willing to believe it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.10,0:02:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because we are willing to believe it, \Nwe lie to ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.72,0:02:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we want a sound public debate,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.21,0:02:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to stop lying to ourselves\Nwhen we engage with the news.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.73,0:02:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's consider an ideal public debate,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.16,0:02:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think about it as a battle of ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.58,0:02:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All ideas are voiced and debated.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.96,0:03:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A good idea is convincing,\Nand it wins over less convincing ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The philosopher Karl Popper
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.08,0:03:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that this process\Nshould lead public debate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.49,0:03:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to select the best ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.98,0:03:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unconvincing ideas disappear, \Nand only the good ones survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.09,0:03:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And science seems like a perfect example
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.53,0:03:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where public debate\Nleads to selection of the best ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.26,0:03:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this view in mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.82,0:03:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Internet should have \Na positive effect on public debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.34,0:03:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the Internet, ideas are free \Nto be voiced and criticized.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.84,0:03:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good ideas should be able to convince \Nmore people and spread around,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.60,0:03:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bad ideas are abandoned.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.29,0:03:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when you look,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.70,0:03:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's not necessarily what is happening\Non the Internet at the moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.55,0:03:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.43,0:03:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, perhaps, this view \Nof the public debate is a bit unrealistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.21,0:04:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1949, Max Planck famously joked \Nabout this vision from Popper.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.44,0:04:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Max Planck was a theoretical physicist \Nwho eventually won a Nobel Prize.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.76,0:04:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.97,0:04:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A new scientific truth doesn't triumph\Nbecause it convinces its opponents;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.50,0:04:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather, these opponents get old,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.87,0:04:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually they die,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.36,0:04:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are replaced by \Na new generation of scientists."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.85,0:04:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what Max Planck \Nwas alluding to with irony
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.47,0:04:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to the reality of debates\Nwith humans, us.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.50,0:04:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Us humans, we are not designed \Nas perfect rational thinkers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.52,0:04:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only looking for the truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.96,0:04:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact is that often, \Nwe are attached to our ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.47,0:04:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can be attached to ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.16,0:04:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because some ideas\Nmay be convenient for us -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.86,0:04:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.95,0:04:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So going to the example \Nof the scientists of Max Planck,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.57,0:04:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these scientists may have become famous
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.51,0:05:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the ideas\Nthat they proposed in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.83,0:05:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which are now old ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.09,0:05:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Abandoning these ideas would be\Nlosing part of the credit they got
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.91,0:05:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for proposing these ideas \Nin the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.75,0:05:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not just in science.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.32,0:05:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think of politics,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.68,0:05:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a government proposes\Nto extend social welfare,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.85,0:05:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those who would receive social welfare
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.79,0:05:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have an interest to believe \Nit's good for the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.30,0:05:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those who would have to pay\Nfor the social welfare
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.91,0:05:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have an interest to think \Nit's bad for the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.57,0:05:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a bad policy for the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.74,0:05:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we are not just attached to ideas\Nfor material interests;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.99,0:05:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's much more complex.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.32,0:05:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often, we can be \Nemotionally attached to our ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.72,0:05:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may be part of our identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.38,0:05:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if I'm a Christian conservative\Nor a left-wing liberal,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.58,0:05:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these ideas may be part of who I am.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.81,0:05:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Abandoning these ideas \Ncould be losing part of my identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.52,0:05:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a consequence,\Nwe are attached to our ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.49,0:06:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're not neutral judges
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.66,0:06:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're considering \Nthe evidence for or against them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.31,0:06:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the contrary, \Nscience and behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.77,0:06:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show that we typically \Nengage in self-deception,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.42,0:06:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that we are\Nbuilding beliefs which are compatible
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.55,0:06:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with our interests \Nand with our other beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.11,0:06:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Self-deception is subtle,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.98,0:06:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes place all the time\Nin your everyday life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.84,0:06:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to give you two ways
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.66,0:06:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which self-deception\Ncan change what we believe in
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.22,0:06:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and produce convenient\Nviews for ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.28,0:06:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, when you receive some news,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.100,0:06:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have some flexibility \Nin how you consider it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.100,0:06:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it's positive news\Nwhich is compatible with your beliefs,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.15,0:06:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can accept it as positive evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.80,0:06:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if it's negative news,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.06,0:06:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can to the contrary\Nchoose to discount it
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.44,0:06:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not choose to consider it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.80,0:06:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me tell you about a study.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.34,0:07:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A group of people \Nwere asked about beliefs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.31,0:07:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,political beliefs \Nand non-political beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.56,0:07:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For their political beliefs,\Nthey had to say
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.61,0:07:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they believed in statements\Nsuch as "Abortion should be legal" -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.68,0:07:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very loaded statements,\Ntypical of political statements.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.58,0:07:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And non-political beliefs \Nwere statements such as
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.88,0:07:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Second-hand smoking\Nis dangerous to your health."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.79,0:07:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happened is
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.28,0:07:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these people were confronted\Nwith contradictions to these beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.65,0:07:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you think people did?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.05,0:07:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did they react when they were \Nconfronted with these contradictions?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.33,0:07:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, here's how people reacted\Nwith their non-political beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.70,0:07:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you have the strength of their beliefs\Nbefore the contradiction and after it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.63,0:07:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when faced with a series\Nof contradictions,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.88,0:07:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they updated their beliefs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.67,0:07:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the strength of their beliefs\Nwas lower after facing contradictions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.20,0:07:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now look at what happened
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.92,0:07:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they were faced with contradictions\Nto their political beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.60,0:08:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see that people resisted \Nthe contradiction much more
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.70,0:08:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and held to their political beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.72,0:08:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's one way we selectively\Ninterpret the news.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.86,0:08:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is another way.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.13,0:08:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not just receiving the news; \Nwe're looking out for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.69,0:08:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are selecting where we want \Nto look for information.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.66,0:08:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And typically, we look for\Nconfirming information.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.59,0:08:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are a conservative,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.94,0:08:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are more likely\Nto read a conservative newspaper,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.62,0:08:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to watch a conservative news channel,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.78,0:08:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps even to turn off\Nthe TV or the radio
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.81,0:08:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a left-wing politician \Nis being interviewed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.32,0:08:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you a hypothetical scenario.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.72,0:08:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say that you wake up in the morning\Nand you open your newspaper,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.78,0:08:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in one scenario,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.26,0:08:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got some news which is not good -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.42,0:08:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a contradiction to your beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.72,0:08:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say that this news suggests\Nthat your favorite politician
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.02,0:08:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is involved in a political scandal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.74,0:08:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And consider the other situation, \Nwhere to the contrary,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.39,0:09:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the news in the newspaper is positive -\Nit goes with your usual beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.93,0:09:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps it's another politician, \Na politician you do not like,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.05,0:09:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is involved in the political scandal.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.25,0:09:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you think, do you feel,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.74,0:09:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you'd react in the same way\Nto these two situations?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.89,0:09:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, research shows that you would not.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.80,0:09:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most likely, what happens\Nis that if you find a contradiction,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.33,0:09:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you tend to look for all the news sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.90,0:09:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You give yourself a chance\Nto find something
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.95,0:09:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which will contradict this negative news.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.81,0:09:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps another newspaper,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.14,0:09:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps you will read\Nthe fine print in the newspaper
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.64,0:09:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make sure that the title\Nwas really reflecting the information.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.46,0:09:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the contrary, \Nif you have the positive news,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.81,0:09:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're more likely to stop there,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.97,0:09:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're more likely to be happy to consider\Nthat this piece of evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.37,0:09:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is enough for you to make up\Nyour mind on this issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.55,0:09:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as much as we would like to think\Nof ourselves as rational thinkers,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.04,0:10:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is a fact that this tendency \Nto look for confirming news
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.04,0:10:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to reject negative information \Nis ingrained in us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.56,0:10:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now before you panic
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.31,0:10:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you think that our irrationality\Nis making public debate impossible,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.02,0:10:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can relax.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.39,0:10:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These bars have existed forever, \Nway before social media.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.33,0:10:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's happening with social media
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.72,0:10:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they are exacerbating \Nsome of the effects of these bars.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.95,0:10:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you two ways \Nin which they are doing so.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.31,0:10:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, on the Internet \Nyou have much more freedom
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.48,0:10:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look for the information \Nwhich is convenient
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.87,0:10:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to whatever beliefs you have.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.62,0:10:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Internet is like a giant supermarket.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.76,0:10:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For any kind of idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.98,0:10:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll be able to find arguments for \Nand supporting this idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.34,0:10:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's consider a crazy idea as an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.45,0:10:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's consider that you believe \Nthat the Earth is flat.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.89,0:11:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, 30 years ago,\Nyou would have been a bit alone
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.54,0:11:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe struggling to find people\Nto give you evidence for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.53,0:11:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, you can just \Nconnect to the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.80,0:11:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contact the Flat Earth Society,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.85,0:11:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this society is going to provide you \Nwith elements of evidence,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.64,0:11:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arguments in favor of your belief.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.81,0:11:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's another way
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.12,0:11:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the Internet helps you\Nengage in self-deception,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.02,0:11:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can do it collectively.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.42,0:11:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You now have a multitude\Nof communities on the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.23,0:11:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have created\Ninformational bubbles on their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.41,0:11:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In these bubbles, \Npeople select information,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.50,0:11:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interpret information,\Nand repackage it
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.69,0:11:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way that is compatible \Nwith the community's views.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.16,0:11:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When a new fact is discussed \Nin this community,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.78,0:11:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the images which are positive \Nfor the community are reinforced,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.82,0:11:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those which are not are dropped,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.79,0:11:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the nuances are lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.72,0:11:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These communities build simple views
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.86,0:11:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compatible with the beliefs\Nof the community.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.42,0:12:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the social media have not created \Na unified public space
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.16,0:12:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where ideas are debated;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.100,0:12:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead, social media have increased \Nour ability to connect specifically
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.86,0:12:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the people whose views \Nmostly match our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.61,0:12:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And whatever your views,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.13,0:12:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can find a community\Nof like-minded people
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.15,0:12:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with whom you can share arguments\Nsupporting your existing beliefs
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.67,0:12:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not challenging them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.90,0:12:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what do you want?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.47,0:12:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you want a unified public space \Nwhere ideas are debated, discussed,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.90,0:12:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where maybe the best ideas can win,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.88,0:12:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a compartmented public space
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.22,0:12:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where different visions of the world \Ncan coexist unchallenged?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.100,0:12:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if we want to defend and support
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.08,0:12:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the existence of an open public space,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.34,0:12:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to realize\Nthat the problem starts with us,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.57,0:12:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with how we form opinions
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.63,0:13:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how we share them on the social media.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.58,0:13:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So perhaps, in the post-truth era \Nwe need some guidelines
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.38,0:13:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how to interact on the social media.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.86,0:13:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are three steps.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.28,0:13:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step 1:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.45,0:13:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Avoid the narrow selection of information\Nwhich closely match your views.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.91,0:13:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Make sure that in your timeline
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.50,0:13:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got some news sources \Nwhich challenge your view.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.34,0:13:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Try to find people with whom you disagree
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.70,0:13:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exchange with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.23,0:13:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Listen to what they have to say.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.03,0:13:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Try to appreciate the points \Nthat they may have.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.56,0:13:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Give them a chance to change your mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.18,0:13:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Point 2:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.04,0:13:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Question your views.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.16,0:13:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more you'd like an idea to be true,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.87,0:13:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more you need to distrust the way\Nyou made up your mind about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.39,0:13:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are you sure that you considered
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.80,0:13:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the best counterarguments\Nto the views you have?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.98,0:14:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you've considered the possibility\Nof weak points in your reasoning?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.47,0:14:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Try to find them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.99,0:14:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever you really want \Nan idea to be true,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.13,0:14:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may remember\Nthat at some point in your life,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.49,0:14:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we all liked to believe in Santa.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.17,0:14:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even though we really wanted\NSanta to be true,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.50,0:14:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it didn't make it more real in the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.16,0:14:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the more you'd like an idea to be true,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.38,0:14:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to be wondering,\NIs it too good to be true?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.32,0:14:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do I believe this \Nbecause I want to believe it
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.01,0:14:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or because of the evidence?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.50,0:14:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could it be another Santa for me?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.63,0:14:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step 3:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.01,0:14:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Avoid contributing\Nto the distortion of facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.17,0:14:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you want to forward\Ninformation on social media,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.05,0:14:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make sure you've read it,\Nyou understand it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.27,0:14:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and avoid simplifying it in a way
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.19,0:14:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is going to conform\Nwith the views of the community.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.24,0:14:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Try not to contribute\Nto an echo chamber effect
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.77,0:14:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the community of views\Nyou are participating in.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.68,0:15:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you follow these guidelines, \Nyou are going to do yourself a favor:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.36,0:15:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to stop building\Na convenient alternative reality;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.36,0:15:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to avoid spreading \Nhalf truths and distorted facts;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.52,0:15:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you will limit the self-enforcing \Ngroups of confirming exchanges,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.57,0:15:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are pushing people \Nin different informational bubbles.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.79,0:15:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will help ideas \Nto be questioned and challenged,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.91,0:15:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you will contribute to making\Nthe public space an open space
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.58,0:15:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the best ideas can win.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.41,0:15:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will you allow yourself \Nto change your views
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.86,0:15:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to abandon old ones?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.89,0:15:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Smart people change their mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.30,0:15:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Choose to be one.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.88,0:15:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)