[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.63,0:00:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before we start going off into things outside of our solar system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.13,0:00:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanna take a few steps back because I found this neat picture of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.20,0:00:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sun over here, and the reason why at least in my mind it's kinda
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.93,0:00:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mindblowing it's because at this scale the sun is obviously still a huge object
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.80,0:00:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this scale, the Earth would be roughly, and this is an approximation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.80,0:00:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roughly that big, so for me at least, this is mindblowing because this idea
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.47,0:00:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our whole planet, everything we could fit into one of these kind of plasma flares
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.46,0:00:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming off of the sun, and you can only imagine, we can't realistically
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.05,0:00:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be there but if you were in some type of protective capsule what it would be like
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.33,0:00:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be in this type of an enviroment
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.05,0:00:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I just thought this was kind of a fascinating concept, but anyway,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.60,0:00:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with that out of the way, let's just think about what it means to be
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.03,0:00:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the boundary of the Solar System, in the last video we explored the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.22,0:00:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oort Belt which was about, it started a little under 1 light year away from the Sun
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.13,0:01:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but depending on what you view as a boundary it could be something way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.13,0:01:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,further in or as far out as something like the Oort Cloud
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.78,0:01:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if the Sun, well we see this things being ejected, but even in unseen ways
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.53,0:01:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unseen particles, super high energy electrons and protons are also
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.53,0:01:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being ejected from the Sun at super high velocities, 400 km/s, let me write that down
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.05,0:01:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,400 km/s
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.40,0:01:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on Earth we're protected from this highly energetic particles
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.67,0:01:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of Earth's magnetic field, but if you're on the surface of the Moon
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.74,0:01:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the Sun is on top of the Moon, and you're in the dark side of the Moon
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.89,0:01:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll have direct contact with this, and you can imagine, not the best thing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.90,0:01:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hang around in too long, but the whole reason why I'm talking about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.60,0:02:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this charged particles that are coming out at huge velocities
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.06,0:02:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the surface of the Sun, these are considered the Solar Wind
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.53,0:02:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are the Solar Wind, and I'll put the "Wind" in quotes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.85,0:02:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause it's really very different that out tradicional asociation of a nice breeze
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.70,0:02:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are just charged particles that are going out at super high velocities from the Sun
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.90,0:02:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm even going into the idea of the Solar Wind because to some degree
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.93,0:02:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can help us with one definition of maybe the limits of the Solar System
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.93,0:02:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the limits of how far the Solar Wind is getting before
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.40,0:02:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it kinda comes in confrontation with the interstellar medium
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.13,0:02:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this right here shows a depiction of that, so the Oort Cloud is way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.40,0:02:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least the edges of the dense part is way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.18,0:02:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside of this, as we saw this is just where Voyager I and Voyager II,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.95,0:02:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we wanted the orbit of Sedna, it would be something like, the close part would
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.43,0:02:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be something over here and then it would go out but the Oort Cloud is
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.74,0:03:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much much further out, so if you look at this kind of view of the Solar System as the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.50,0:03:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extent of the Solar Wind it's much smaller than the Oort Cloud but it's still
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.01,0:03:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,farely large, so this is right here this heliopause right here, and I got this from
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.36,0:03:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wikipedia, this is essentially where the velocity and the forces of the Solar Wind are
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.51,0:03:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,counteracted, the preassure is so diluted at this point that it's counteracted
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.06,0:03:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by mainly the hydrogen and the helium that's in the interstellar kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.05,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'medium', that's just kind of out there, after this point it's not being ejected out anymore
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just kind of, there's this kind of 'pause' there, I guess you could say
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.42,0:03:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Voyager I and Voyager II have essentially gotten pretty close to
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.30,0:03:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people believe, that 'pause' over there, and that's one view of the edges of the Solar System
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.35,0:03:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's never going to be any hard edge to it, another view would be something like
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.51,0:04:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Oort Cloud, you know, the area where you have the still objects out there
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.32,0:04:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is all, actually we haven't directly observed objects in the Oort Cloud,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.48,0:04:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think they're out there, and then maybe the most abstract definition would be
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.03,0:04:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the significant influence from the Sun's gravitational pull, so all of those ways
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.57,0:04:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are to imagine the extent of the Solar System, but they all kinda leave a gray area
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.43,0:04:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for what is and what is not in the Solar System, but my whole point here,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.46,0:04:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I wanna do is start explaining a little bit outside of the Solar System
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.33,0:04:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just give you a sense of the scale as we just go to the closest start
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.60,0:04:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if we go right over here, this shows our local neighbourhood
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.58,0:04:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a stellar point of view, and even though this stars look pretty big, if you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.32,0:04:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually were to draw, this is our Solar System right here, but clearly,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.37,0:04:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oh and you might be saying 'oh that's the Sun', no, the Sun
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.27,0:04:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were to draw it here, it wouldn't even make up one pixel, in fact
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.03,0:04:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entire orbit of Pluto, everything inside it still wouldn't make up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.65,0:05:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one pixel on the screen right here, what we see right here, which is a radius
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.93,0:05:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's roughly a radius of about, give or take, a light year, this is roughly
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.87,0:05:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe the radius of the Oort Cloud, and we saw in the last video how huge that was
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.30,0:05:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially relative to the radius of, say, Pluto's orbit, which is roughly
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.27,0:05:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like that, and that itself it's a huge, huge diameter, a huge distance away from the Sun
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.60,0:05:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that wouldn't even make a pixel on this diagram right over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.26,0:05:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just to give you an idea of how far we are, we're a speck of a speck of a speck inside here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.25,0:05:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pixel of a pixel in the center here, to make it from our Solar System, or in particular from Earth maybe
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.24,0:06:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the nearest star, or maybe the nearest cluster of stars, the Alpha Centauri
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.20,0:06:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're the nearest cluster of stars, there's 3 stars, Alpha Centauri A, which is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.38,0:06:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest, Alpha Centauri B, and then there's one that you can't
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.03,0:06:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,observe with the naked eye, Alpha Proximus, or I think Proximus Centauri I think it's called,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.33,0:06:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not Alpha Proximus, Proximus Centauri, so that's a much smaller star,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.64,0:06:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's the closest star, and this whole cluster of stars, and they're the closest,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.63,0:06:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about 4.2 lightyears away, or another way to think about it, if someone were to shine a light
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.00,0:06:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on one of these planets and assuming that light could get to us it would take 4.2 years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.22,0:06:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get to us, or if this guys were to dissapear or blew up we wouldn't know it for 4.2 years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.70,0:06:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you might say 'hey, that's not too bad, we should take a trip over there and check them out
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.05,0:06:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see if there are any other people there that we can meet, and exchange technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.35,0:07:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with or whatnot', but this is a huge distance, just this 4.2 lightyears is an unbelievably ridiculous
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.33,0:07:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distance, and just to give you a sense, the Voyager I and II, we talked about them
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.13,0:07:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last video and we an even see how far they've gotten, they've gotten
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.68,0:07:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty much to the heliopause, this guys are traveling at 60,000km/h
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.53,0:07:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the same thing as 17km/s, if we were able to get up to those type of velocities,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.04,0:07:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this guys got up to this type of velocities by leveraging the gravitational
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.99,0:07:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pull of some of the larger planets to keep accelerating, so this is
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.70,0:07:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pretty hard velocity to actually reach, but if you were able to reach that velocity
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.58,0:07:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go straight to the direction of the Alpha Centauri system, the closest starts to Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.91,0:08:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would take you 80,000 years travelling at the same velocity as Voyager I, which is the fastest of
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.20,0:08:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Voyagers, so it's a ridiculously long time, so we're gonna have to figure out some better way to
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.92,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do that.