WEBVTT 00:00:03.400 --> 00:00:07.640 Świat w którym żyjemy staje się coraz bardziej bezsensowny. 00:00:07.640 --> 00:00:10.000 Wydarzenia przychodzą i odchodzą jak fale gorączki, 00:00:10.000 --> 00:00:12.120 pozostawiając nas zdezorientowanych i pogrążonych w niepewności. 00:00:14.680 --> 00:00:17.760 Ci u władzy, prowadzą narracje które mają nam pomóc nadać sens 00:00:17.760 --> 00:00:21.080 złożoności rzeczywistości. 00:00:21.080 --> 00:00:24.600 Ale te narracje stają się coraz mniej przekonywujące i coraz płytsze. 00:00:24.600 --> 00:00:26.040 # Excuse me, I'm lost... (Przepraszam, zgubiłam się) # 00:00:29.840 --> 00:00:33.560 Jest to film o tym dla czego te narracje przestały mieć sens. 00:00:34.840 --> 00:00:39.000 I jak doprowadziło to nas na Zachodzie, do bycia niebezpieczną i destrukcyjną siłą 00:00:39.000 --> 00:00:40.680 wobec świata. 00:00:41.920 --> 00:00:44.200 Opowiada to przez pryzmat kraju 00:00:44.200 --> 00:00:46.960 w samym centrum świata. Afganistan. 00:00:48.880 --> 00:00:50.040 #Kim jesteś? # 00:00:55.120 --> 00:00:56.920 MUZYKA: Come Down To Us - Burial 00:01:14.440 --> 00:01:16.400 # Jesteśmy tu 00:01:34.800 --> 00:01:38.720 # Jestem zmęczona 00:01:41.360 --> 00:01:44.440 # Break it down 00:01:44.440 --> 00:01:50.080 # Break it down, to my eyes 00:01:56.520 --> 00:02:00.200 # Baby, come on, come on 00:02:00.200 --> 00:02:03.320 # And, girl, I know 00:02:03.320 --> 00:02:06.920 # I know you want it 00:02:14.920 --> 00:02:17.760 # I'm trusting you, I'm going 00:02:20.360 --> 00:02:21.760 # Going 00:02:24.800 --> 00:02:28.840 # Tonight, do you feel alive? 00:02:31.720 --> 00:02:35.880 # Tonight, do you feel alive? 00:02:48.760 --> 00:02:50.240 # Come down to us 00:02:55.680 --> 00:03:00.200 # Come down 00:03:02.560 --> 00:03:04.480 # Down... # 00:03:33.760 --> 00:03:37.840 W 1946, amerykańscy inżynierowie, wraz z żonami i rodzinami, 00:03:37.840 --> 00:03:40.880 zaczęli lądować na zakurzonym lądowisku w Helmand 00:03:40.880 --> 00:03:42.680 w południowym Afganistanie. 00:03:44.880 --> 00:03:47.160 Pracowali dla największej firmy budowlanej na świecie 00:03:47.160 --> 00:03:50.200 - nazywającej się Morrison Knudsen - 00:03:50.200 --> 00:03:52.560 i zostali tam sprowadzeni przez króla Afganistanu 00:03:52.560 --> 00:03:55.520 by budować gigantyczny zaplanowany nowy świat - 00:03:55.520 --> 00:04:00.760 kompleks tam, kanałów, dróg a nawet nowe modelowe miasto 00:04:03.960 --> 00:04:07.720 Celem króla było ujarzmienie potężnej rzeki Helmand 00:04:07.720 --> 00:04:12.200 i przemiana jego kraju w nowoczesne społeczeństwo - dokładnie jak na Zachodzie. 00:04:23.560 --> 00:04:26.280 ARCHIWUM: "Azjatyckie królestwo Afganistanu jest zlokalizowane 00:04:26.280 --> 00:04:30.560 około 10.000 mil od któregokolwiek z wybrzeży Stanów Zjednoczonych. 00:04:30.560 --> 00:04:34.400 Niemal dokładnie po przeciwnej stronie ziemi, na zachód od Chin, 00:04:34.400 --> 00:04:35.800 poza Himalajami. 00:04:42.080 --> 00:04:46.680 'pozbawiony linii brzegowej, graniczy z Związkiem Sowieckim od północy, 00:04:46.680 --> 00:04:49.640 na wschodzie z Pakistanem a na zachodzie z Iranem." 00:04:55.560 --> 00:04:59.520 Król nazywa się Zahir Shah, i często przybywał żeby wizytować projekt. 00:05:00.920 --> 00:05:04.160 Afganistan był głęboko konserwatywnym krajem, a on był zdeterminowany 00:05:04.160 --> 00:05:06.400 aby go zmodernizować. 00:05:07.880 --> 00:05:11.320 To co król próbował stworzyć w Helmand było kopią tego 00:05:11.320 --> 00:05:14.400 co prezydent Roosevelt stworzył w Ameryce w latach 30 dwudziestego wieku. 00:05:15.680 --> 00:05:18.720 A firma którą wynajął - Morrison Knudsen - 00:05:18.720 --> 00:05:20.600 pracowała wtedy na zlecenie Roosevelta, 00:05:20.600 --> 00:05:24.320 budując nowy świat tam i elektrowni w całej Ameryce. 00:05:25.880 --> 00:05:28.760 Teraz mieli zrobić to samo dla Afganistanu. 00:05:31.040 --> 00:05:33.960 Inżynierowi i ich rodziny żyli w kompleksie domów 00:05:33.960 --> 00:05:37.640 wokół wiejskiej posiadłości króla w Helmand. 00:05:37.640 --> 00:05:39.120 Miejsce to stało się znane jako Mała Ameryka. 00:06:08.360 --> 00:06:09.880 NIEWYRAŹNE GŁOSY 00:06:19.240 --> 00:06:20.680 Masz wszystko czego potrzebujesz? 00:06:23.640 --> 00:06:29.320 Sporo rzeczy tu leży. Jest tu ciało martwego powstańca. 00:06:30.360 --> 00:06:33.760 Mężczyzna zaraz pod 20stce. 00:06:53.760 --> 00:06:56.040 Chodź, idziemy. Idziemy. 00:07:04.360 --> 00:07:06.040 DIALOG W ICH WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:07:16.840 --> 00:07:18.400 KRZYCZĄ JEDNOCZEŚNIE 00:07:33.640 --> 00:07:36.120 OK, pójdę za tobą. Ruszaj. 00:07:36.120 --> 00:07:37.160 OK. 00:07:40.840 --> 00:07:42.120 Dzień dobry. 00:07:42.120 --> 00:07:43.800 Wstańcie. 00:07:48.920 --> 00:07:51.320 Jak się macie? KOBIETY: Dobrze, dziękuję. 00:07:51.320 --> 00:07:53.480 Jesteście bardzo dobre. 00:07:53.480 --> 00:07:55.080 Jak wasze rodziny? 00:08:16.360 --> 00:08:18.560 Czego potrzeba żeby powstrzymać walki? 00:08:21.320 --> 00:08:22.560 TŁUMACZ POWTARZA 00:08:23.560 --> 00:08:25.080 ODPOWIADA WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:08:29.680 --> 00:08:31.120 KOMÓRKA ODTWARZA PIOSENKĘ JAKO DZWONEK 00:08:43.440 --> 00:08:44.720 DZWONEK USTAJE 00:08:47.520 --> 00:08:48.960 NIEWYRAŹNE GŁOSY MIESZAJĄ SIĘ Z MUZYKĄ 00:09:04.800 --> 00:09:08.880 Jak długo jesteś z Talibami, jeśli mogę zapytać? 00:10:39.160 --> 00:10:40.600 Chris, co się dzieje? 00:10:41.920 --> 00:10:43.720 Dobra, wow!! 00:10:43.720 --> 00:10:44.760 ŚMIECH 00:10:46.120 --> 00:10:49.280 Wow. Wyglądasz strasznie na zbliżeniu. 00:10:49.280 --> 00:10:51.160 Z odległości też trochę strasznie! 00:10:51.160 --> 00:10:53.000 Taa, to prawda. 00:10:53.000 --> 00:10:54.600 Co jest?? Jak się czujesz? 00:10:54.600 --> 00:10:56.360 Czuję się teraz nieźle. 00:10:56.360 --> 00:10:58.400 To był dość ekscytujący dzień. 00:10:58.400 --> 00:11:00.080 Ta, zaliczamy tu zabicia. 00:11:00.080 --> 00:11:03.160 Dzisiaj, dla celów dokumentacji, 00:11:03.160 --> 00:11:07.160 dziś było dniem w którym poszliśmy na wskroś rozkazom i mimo wszystko strzelaliśmy. 00:11:07.160 --> 00:11:09.080 Zabiliśmy jakoś sporo ludzi. 00:11:09.080 --> 00:11:10.640 24 niezatwierdzone strzały. 00:11:10.640 --> 00:11:13.720 24 niezatwierdzone wysoce wybuchowe pociski z moździerza. 00:11:13.720 --> 00:11:17.640 To około 40,000 funtów śmierci, prosto. 00:11:17.640 --> 00:11:19.520 Yo. Yo. 00:11:19.520 --> 00:11:22.280 Jebać to, wygląda tu prawie jak na ravie. 00:11:22.280 --> 00:11:24.680 Wszystko co mam do powiedzenia... W zasadzie, mam coś do powiedzenia. 00:11:24.680 --> 00:11:26.680 Posłuchajmy. 00:11:26.680 --> 00:11:28.400 Kocham jebany korpus piechoty morskiej. ŚMIECH 00:11:28.400 --> 00:11:31.320 - Wiem że wielu z was... - Mamy cie na kamerze jak to mówisz! 00:11:31.320 --> 00:11:35.960 Wiem, wiem, że wielu z was nie, ale to co zrobiliśmy dzisiaj... 00:11:35.960 --> 00:11:38.200 Ta, potrzebujemy urodzonych morderów, takich jak ty. 00:11:38.200 --> 00:11:39.920 Och, wszyscy jesteśmy urodzonymi mordercami. 00:11:44.560 --> 00:11:45.880 NIEWYRAŹNE GŁOSY 00:12:55.040 --> 00:12:58.960 Pod koniec drugiej wojny światowej, prezydent Roosevelt wyruszył do 00:12:58.960 --> 00:13:01.640 Wielkiego Jeziora Gorzkiego, mieszczącego się w połowie Kanału Sueskiego. 00:13:02.720 --> 00:13:05.600 W tym samym czasie, wysłał kolejny okręt amerykańskiej marynarki 00:13:05.600 --> 00:13:08.560 by podjąć króla Arabii Saudyjskiej, króla Abdulaziza. 00:13:11.320 --> 00:13:15.720 Spotkanie króla i prezydenta miało mieć potężne - i katastroficzne - 00:13:15.720 --> 00:13:20.160 konsekwencje tak dla Zachodu, jak i w dziwny sposób, dla Afganistanu. 00:13:25.120 --> 00:13:29.240 Roosevelt umierał, ale przez ostatnie 13 lat 00:13:29.240 --> 00:13:33.120 używał swojej władzy na epicką skalę, by zmieniać świat. 00:13:35.200 --> 00:13:38.480 Po krachu Wall Street i okropnym kryzysie który po nim nastąpił. 00:13:38.480 --> 00:13:40.240 Roosevelt chwycił za ster. 00:13:41.920 --> 00:13:44.200 Przyjął ustawy które rozbijały banki 00:13:44.200 --> 00:13:46.600 tak by nigdy więcej nie wymknęły się z pod kontroli. 00:13:47.920 --> 00:13:50.920 I odbudowywał Amerykę serią gigantycznych tam 00:13:50.920 --> 00:13:54.880 które dały milionom energię elektryczną i zatrudnienie. 00:13:57.480 --> 00:14:01.320 A także zaplanował i poprowadził wojnę światową przeciw Niemcom i Japonii. 00:14:05.640 --> 00:14:08.520 Teraz, kiedy Roosevelt siedział oczekując Abdulaziza, 00:14:08.520 --> 00:14:13.280 nikt nie mógł sobie wyobrażać konsekwencji tego spotkania. 00:14:13.280 --> 00:14:16.200 Albowiem miało ono uwolnić siły które w przyszłości 00:14:16.200 --> 00:14:19.640 podważyły wszystko na co pracował Roosevelt - 00:14:19.640 --> 00:14:24.400 jego wiarę że politycy powinni wykorzystywać swoją władzę by 00:14:24.400 --> 00:14:25.760 planowo zmieniać świat. 00:14:30.200 --> 00:14:34.920 Ale Roosevelt wiedział że aby utrzymać tą władzę, Ameryka potrzebuje ropy. 00:14:34.920 --> 00:14:38.040 Chciał ukuć z królem alians aby być pewnym 00:14:38.040 --> 00:14:41.560 że zasobne pola roponośne Saudów pozostaną pod Amerykańską kontrolą. 00:14:42.760 --> 00:14:46.760 W swojej rozmowie, tych dwóch mężczyzn wyłożyło podstawy pod przymierze 00:14:46.760 --> 00:14:49.200 które trwa po dziś dzień. 00:14:49.200 --> 00:14:53.240 Ameryka miała dostać swoją ropę - a w zamian, Arabia Saudyjska 00:14:53.240 --> 00:14:55.320 bogactwo i bezpieczeństwo zapewnione przez Amerykę. 00:14:57.120 --> 00:15:00.560 Ale król był doskonale świadom niebezpieczeństw związanych z otwarciem swojego kraju 00:15:00.560 --> 00:15:03.400 na wpływy nowoczesnego Zachodu. 00:15:03.400 --> 00:15:07.480 Więc w negocjacjach które nastąpiły wysunął warunek. 00:15:07.480 --> 00:15:10.560 Powiedział; weźmiemy waszą technologię i wasze pieniądze - 00:15:10.560 --> 00:15:12.560 ale musicie zostawić w spokoju naszą wiarę. 00:15:15.840 --> 00:15:18.320 Wiara Saudów nazywała się Wahabizm. 00:15:18.320 --> 00:15:23.000 Była radykalną, agresywną i ekstremalnie purytańską formą Islamu, 00:15:23.000 --> 00:15:27.600 a jej wyznawcy pośród Beduińskich plemion nienawidzili współczesnego świata. 00:15:29.440 --> 00:15:32.080 Wahabizm był częścią szerszego ruchu w Islamie 00:15:32.080 --> 00:15:35.720 który zrodził się w reakcji na europejskie imperia. 00:15:35.720 --> 00:15:39.440 Kolejnym przykładem był ruch Deobandi w Indiach. 00:15:39.440 --> 00:15:42.760 Wszyscy wierzyli że współczesny imperializm korumpuje 00:15:42.760 --> 00:15:47.120 prawdziwą istotę Islamu i chcieli wrócić do świata 00:15:47.120 --> 00:15:50.200 opartego na oryginalnych nauczaniach islamskich tekstów. 00:15:52.360 --> 00:15:56.080 Abdulaziz ujarzmi tą siłę aby przejąć władzę w latach 1920tych. 00:15:57.200 --> 00:16:00.920 Ale uwolnił coś co nie chciało się zatrzymać. 00:16:00.920 --> 00:16:03.960 Whabici chcieli kontynuować i stworzyć kalifat 00:16:03.960 --> 00:16:05.720 poprzez cały Arabski świat - 00:16:05.720 --> 00:16:12.400 aby ich powstrzymać, w 1929, Abdulaziz rozstrzelał ich z karabinów maszynowych. 00:16:12.400 --> 00:16:15.640 Bezlitości zabił wojowników którzy uczynili go królem. 00:16:17.120 --> 00:16:20.880 Ale ich wiara - pełna przemocy, pozbawiona tolerancji, ale ponad wszystko, 00:16:20.880 --> 00:16:22.880 uwsteczniona wersja islamu - 00:16:22.880 --> 00:16:25.640 pozostała w samym sercu społeczeństwa Arabii Saudyjskiej. 00:16:26.880 --> 00:16:29.680 A umowa zawarta nad wodach Wielkiego Jeziora Gorzkiego 00:16:29.680 --> 00:16:31.960 oznaczała że Ameryka dostanie swoją ropę 00:16:31.960 --> 00:16:35.160 ale będzie też strzegła Wahabizmu - 00:16:35.160 --> 00:16:37.680 siły, która miała swoje własne globalne ambicje. 00:16:37.680 --> 00:16:41.440 Ambicje bardzo różne od Amerykańskich. 00:16:43.840 --> 00:16:45.360 GRA NA HARFIE 00:19:21.640 --> 00:19:23.960 Kim jest typ w turbanie na tronie? 00:19:23.960 --> 00:19:26.080 Masz na myśli Khasi. 00:19:28.240 --> 00:19:29.640 To Randy Lal. 00:19:29.640 --> 00:19:31.160 Kto? 00:19:31.160 --> 00:19:34.160 Randy Lal, khasi Kalabaru. 00:19:34.160 --> 00:19:36.200 Och! 00:19:36.200 --> 00:19:37.720 Skąd wiesz że nim jest? 00:19:39.120 --> 00:19:42.040 - Skąd wiem ze jest czym? - Randym. 00:19:43.240 --> 00:19:46.240 - To jego imię! - Och! 00:19:46.240 --> 00:19:48.440 Wygląda bardzo przystojnie, nieprawdaż? 00:19:48.440 --> 00:19:51.520 Tak, zaledwie najbogatszy i najpotężniejszy radża w północnych Indiach, 00:19:51.520 --> 00:19:52.760 tylko tyle. 00:19:52.760 --> 00:19:55.120 - Uśmiecha się do nas. - Odwzajemnij uśmiech. 00:19:55.120 --> 00:19:56.240 Cooee! (australijskie zawołanie) 00:19:57.760 --> 00:19:59.880 Nie musisz od razu szaleć. 00:19:59.880 --> 00:20:03.160 Ojcze, kim sa ci ludzie? 00:20:03.160 --> 00:20:07.560 To, światło mojej ciemności, Sir Sidney Rough Diamond, (Sir Sidney Twardy Diament) 00:20:07.560 --> 00:20:10.160 Brytyjski gubernator, którego łaskawych rządów 00:20:10.160 --> 00:20:13.240 i światłego kierownictwa, dobrze było by nie uświadczyć. 00:21:01.520 --> 00:21:04.440 Do połowy lat 1950tych, amerykańscy inżynierowie zbudowali 00:21:04.440 --> 00:21:07.320 potężne tamy które miały stworzyć to co nazwano 00:21:07.320 --> 00:21:11.560 "nową cudowną krainą roślinności i prądu" w Helmand. 00:21:17.600 --> 00:21:19.960 Ale projekt napotkał problemy 00:21:19.960 --> 00:21:22.440 i zaczynał tracić swoją niewinność. 00:21:23.880 --> 00:21:28.240 Wraz ze swoim ukończeniem, ogromne tamy miały nieprzewidziany efekt. 00:21:28.240 --> 00:21:30.040 Podniosły poziom wód gruntowych 00:21:30.040 --> 00:21:33.120 i zaczęły wyprowadzać na powierzchnie sole. 00:21:33.120 --> 00:21:36.880 A jedną z roślin które kwitły w tych nowych glebach były maki. 00:21:43.760 --> 00:21:47.200 Niektórzy prowadzący projekty stwierdzili że należy je zatrzymać. 00:21:47.200 --> 00:21:51.440 Ale amerykański rząd wkroczył nalegając aby je kontynuować 00:21:51.440 --> 00:21:55.640 ponieważ w tej chwili tamy stały się kluczową częścią 00:21:55.640 --> 00:21:57.840 walki ze Związkiem Radzieckim. 00:21:59.120 --> 00:22:03.240 Wszystkie strony w Zimnej Wojnie zaczęły konkurować aby zaoferować Afganistanowi 00:22:03.240 --> 00:22:06.280 większe i lepsze wzory na modernizację kraju. 00:22:07.360 --> 00:22:10.160 Afgańscy politycy wykorzystywali to bezlitośnie. 00:22:11.560 --> 00:22:15.280 Premier, Mohammed Daoud, spędzał cały swój czas podróżując po świecie 00:22:15.280 --> 00:22:18.080 rozgrywając kolejne kraje - Rosję, Amerykę i Chiny - 00:22:18.080 --> 00:22:19.880 przeciw sobie na wzajem. 00:22:21.160 --> 00:22:25.440 Daoud chciał użyć modernizacji jako sposobu na skonsolidowanie swojej władzy. 00:22:26.560 --> 00:22:28.600 Afganistan był podzielonym krajem. 00:22:28.600 --> 00:22:32.840 Władza była podzielona pomiędzy grupy etniczne i plemiona. 00:22:32.840 --> 00:22:37.560 Daoud był Pasztunem i widział w jaki sposób projekt tam w Helmand 00:22:37.560 --> 00:22:41.400 może zostać wykorzystany do mocniejszego pchnięcia kraju w pasztuńskie ręce. 00:22:42.720 --> 00:22:46.120 Przekonał Amerykanów żeby jeszcze bardziej powiększych projekt, 00:22:46.120 --> 00:22:49.680 aby obrócić go w potężne dzieło inżynierii społecznej. 00:22:50.840 --> 00:22:52.480 Tysiące pasztuńskich nomadów, 00:22:52.480 --> 00:22:56.000 którzy spędzali życie wędrując poprzez tereny graniczne z Pakistanem, 00:22:56.000 --> 00:22:59.320 miało zostać osiedlonych na nowych ziemiach uprawnych, stworzonych przez tamy. 00:23:01.560 --> 00:23:05.480 Daoud przedstawiał to jako po prostu kolejny niewinny element modernizacji - 00:23:05.480 --> 00:23:07.720 a amerykanie beztrosko na niego przystali. 00:23:09.120 --> 00:23:13.040 Z czego nie zdawali sobie sprawy to że nieświadomie byli wciągani 00:23:13.040 --> 00:23:14.680 w afgańską politykę sił. 00:23:15.800 --> 00:23:18.720 Daoud nie tylko powiększał pasztuńską władzę, ale też 00:23:18.720 --> 00:23:22.000 zasiał nasiona zajadłych sporów 00:23:22.000 --> 00:23:24.920 odnośnie podziału i własności ziemi w Helmand. 00:23:39.520 --> 00:23:42.240 SZYBKA MUZYKA TANECZNA 00:24:09.560 --> 00:24:12.840 TRĄBKA GRA AFGAŃSKĄ MUZYKĘ LUDOWĄ 00:24:12.840 --> 00:24:15.840 TŁUM KLASZCZE W RYTM 00:24:48.560 --> 00:24:51.160 gRA TRADYCYJNA MUZYKA 00:25:26.520 --> 00:25:29.720 CHŁOPCY NAWOŁUJĄ SIĘ W SWOIM JĘZYKU 00:25:36.680 --> 00:25:39.000 STRZAŁY 00:25:44.400 --> 00:25:46.480 FALA WYSTRZAŁÓW 00:25:49.520 --> 00:25:51.720 KRZYKI 00:25:56.760 --> 00:25:58.880 KLAKSON 00:26:13.600 --> 00:26:17.640 MĘŻCZYZNA KRZYCZY W SWOIM JĘZYKU 00:26:36.680 --> 00:26:40.360 SYRENA ALARMOWA 00:26:59.680 --> 00:27:02.440 MĘŻCZYŹNI ROZMAWIAJĄ PO CICHU 00:28:39.720 --> 00:28:43.360 RYK SYRENY OKRĘTOWEJ 00:28:59.960 --> 00:29:03.080 WIELBŁĄD CHRZĄKA 00:29:18.160 --> 00:29:19.600 Brytyjska Rada Handlu, 00:29:19.600 --> 00:29:22.320 w broszurze rozdawanej odwiedzającym brytyjskim biznesmenom, 00:29:22.320 --> 00:29:26.080 stara się być pomocna, ale tak mówi o arabskim czasie, 00:29:26.080 --> 00:29:28.240 a to tylko jeden z przykładów. 00:29:28.240 --> 00:29:32.280 "Zachód brany jest za zero, kiedy zegarki nastawiane są na 12. 00:29:32.280 --> 00:29:36.080 "Spotkanie biznesowe, wyznaczone, przykładowo, na drugą po południu 00:29:36.080 --> 00:29:39.480 będzie oznaczało więc dwie godziny po zachodzie słońca 00:29:39.480 --> 00:29:43.720 a piąta rano, siedem godzin przed zachodem słońca. 00:29:43.720 --> 00:29:47.240 Ważne jest aby pamiętać że zachód słońca należy postrzegać 00:29:47.240 --> 00:29:50.160 jako północ. Czas wschodu jest nieistotny." 00:29:50.160 --> 00:29:55.840 Nie wiem jak dla was, ale wiem że czas słoneczny jest około sześć godzin, hm... 00:29:55.840 --> 00:29:59.800 plus pięć, innymi słowy jest któraś godzina 11, wieczorem lub rano. 00:29:59.800 --> 00:30:02.880 - Ale która? - No cóż jest 11. 00:30:02.880 --> 00:30:05.280 Ale to musi mieć jakieś odniesienie do pory dnia. 00:30:05.280 --> 00:30:07.360 - Tak. - Jak pan, jako biznesmen, 00:30:07.360 --> 00:30:08.680 umawia spotkania? 00:30:08.680 --> 00:30:11.160 Um... Normalnie robię to w oparciu o swój zegarek. 00:30:11.160 --> 00:30:16.640 Osobiście pytam czy stosują czas arabski, 00:30:16.640 --> 00:30:19.800 czas słoneczny czy czas GMT plus trzy. Zazwyczaj preferują jeden z dwóch wcześniejszych. 00:30:19.800 --> 00:30:22.920 Proszę o podanie czasu w GMT plus trzy. 00:30:22.920 --> 00:30:26.600 Teraz, czas słoneczny jest sześć godzin do tyłu, około. 00:30:26.600 --> 00:30:28.160 Sześć godzin po tym? 00:30:28.160 --> 00:30:30.840 Sześć godzin, plus pięć, plus minus godzina, 00:30:30.840 --> 00:30:33.040 Czy wiesz którą teraz mamy godzinę? 00:30:33.040 --> 00:30:34.360 Nie bardzo! 00:30:35.560 --> 00:30:40.040 W 1964, król Faisal został nowym władcą Arabii Saudyjskiej. 00:30:40.040 --> 00:30:43.360 Faisal zamierzał zmodernizować kraj. 00:30:43.360 --> 00:30:47.400 Stworzył wzorowane na zachodzie biurokrację, oraz system socjalny. 00:30:47.400 --> 00:30:50.080 Po raz pierwszy zezwolił nawet na telewizję. 00:30:51.840 --> 00:30:54.120 Ale stał przed dwoma zagrożeniami. 00:30:54.120 --> 00:30:57.800 Źródłem pierwszego byli przywódcy religijni wewnątrz Arabii Saudyjskiej. 00:30:57.800 --> 00:31:00.920 Byli Wahabitami którzy dali władzę jego rodzinie 00:31:00.920 --> 00:31:03.280 i legitymizowali jego władzę. 00:31:03.280 --> 00:31:06.520 Nie ufali żadnej koncepcji modernizacji saudyjskiego społeczeństwa. 00:31:08.520 --> 00:31:11.720 Faisal mierzył się również z niebezpieczną sytuacją za granicą, 00:31:11.720 --> 00:31:15.080 ze strony komunizmu, który rozprzestrzeniał się poprzez arabski świat. 00:31:16.360 --> 00:31:18.840 Jego rozwiązanie było proste. 00:31:18.840 --> 00:31:23.200 Faisal zdecydował się wykorzystać religijnych przywódców i ich konserwatywne wierzenia 00:31:23.200 --> 00:31:27.680 jako siłę mającą odeprzeć międzynarodowe zagrożenie komunizmu. 00:31:27.680 --> 00:31:30.800 Ale wiedział też że to odwróci także ich uwagę 00:31:30.800 --> 00:31:32.720 od jego polityki wewnętrznej. 00:31:34.120 --> 00:31:36.120 Faisal użył coraz większych wpływów z ropy 00:31:36.120 --> 00:31:40.160 by założyć setki szkół i instytutów w całym islamskim świecie - 00:31:40.160 --> 00:31:41.800 niektóre nawet tak daleko jak w Pakistanie. 00:31:43.440 --> 00:31:48.200 Ich zadaniem było rozprzestrzenianie wahabickich idei i pomoc w przemianie islamu w 00:31:48.200 --> 00:31:52.240 zunifikowaną międzynarodową siłę, dostatecznie silną by zmierzyć się z komunizmem. 00:31:54.720 --> 00:31:57.440 To co robił Faisal polegało na wzięciu niebezpiecznego 00:31:57.440 --> 00:32:00.880 i niestabilnego fanatyzmu będącego sercem saudyjskiego społeczeństwa 00:32:00.880 --> 00:32:04.120 i skierowaniu go na zewnątrz, poza granice. 00:32:05.520 --> 00:32:09.960 Był to bezwzględny sposób na stabilizację w jego własnym kraju. 00:32:09.960 --> 00:32:11.960 Ameryka dała na to milczące przyzwolenie 00:32:11.960 --> 00:32:15.920 ponieważ był to element globalnej walki z komunizmem. 00:32:17.320 --> 00:32:20.240 Ale w 1966, Faisal dał Ameryce 00:32:20.240 --> 00:32:24.120 zobaczyć przebłysk tego jak niekontrolowalnym sojusznikiem mogła byś Arabia Saudyjska. 00:32:25.160 --> 00:32:26.440 Wybrał się do Nowego Jorku 00:32:26.440 --> 00:32:29.480 i publicznie zaatakował amerykańskie poparcie dla Izraela. 00:32:29.480 --> 00:32:30.800 Wywołało to skandal. 00:32:32.560 --> 00:32:35.920 MÓWI PO ARABSKU 00:32:52.760 --> 00:32:55.680 Powody są takie że niestety, 00:32:55.680 --> 00:32:58.280 Żydzi na całym świecie popierają Izrael. 00:32:58.280 --> 00:33:03.000 Zapewniają wsparcie Izraelowi i, w naszej obecnej sytuacji, 00:33:03.000 --> 00:33:08.280 uważamy tych którzy wspierają naszego wroga 00:33:08.280 --> 00:33:10.000 jako naszych własnych wrogów. 00:33:11.600 --> 00:33:14.560 MÓWI PO ARABSKU 00:33:31.920 --> 00:33:34.000 Chciał bym wynająć ksero. 00:33:34.000 --> 00:33:37.000 - OK. - Na trzy miesiące. 00:33:37.000 --> 00:33:38.600 W porządku. 00:33:38.600 --> 00:33:40.960 - Być może na sześć miesięcy. - Tak, czemu by nie? 00:33:40.960 --> 00:33:42.120 Um... 00:33:42.120 --> 00:33:45.560 Jeśli chcesz na rok, jedno za... 00:33:45.560 --> 00:33:51.560 To czego od ciebie potrzebuje to jakie są warunki i ile będzie to kosztować. 00:33:51.560 --> 00:33:54.840 MĘŻCZYZNA MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:34:00.560 --> 00:34:02.640 Ho, ho, ho, ho. 00:34:04.320 --> 00:34:09.400 Czy macie zapas... tego tonera i wywoływacza? 00:34:09.400 --> 00:34:14.360 Ta, chcemy żebyście wy je konserwowali i serwisowali. OK? 00:34:14.360 --> 00:34:18.560 MĘŻCZYŹNI ROZMAWIAJĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:34:28.480 --> 00:34:34.800 Sir, będziemy kupować papier i kolor od nich, tak będzie OK? 00:34:34.800 --> 00:34:37.440 Ta. Czy możecie podać mi cenę za trzy miesiące, 00:34:37.440 --> 00:34:38.920 być może sześć miesięcy? 00:34:38.920 --> 00:34:41.080 Umowa musi trwać trzy miesiące. 00:34:41.080 --> 00:34:42.320 OK. 00:34:42.320 --> 00:34:44.360 ROZMAWIAJĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:34:48.320 --> 00:34:50.239 500 dolarów za miesiąc. 00:34:50.239 --> 00:34:52.760 - 500 dolarów za miesiąc. - Za miesiąc? 00:34:52.760 --> 00:34:55.199 - To bardzo drogo. - To jest bardzo drogie. 00:34:55.199 --> 00:34:57.760 Co możesz mieć, jeśli sprowadzisz je tutaj, 00:34:57.760 --> 00:35:00.520 możesz ustawić je tutaj, ja będę dla was kopiował. 00:35:00.520 --> 00:35:03.120 Nie, nie, chcemy zabrać kopiarki. 00:35:05.200 --> 00:35:08.640 MUZYKA: The Bewlay Brothers - David Bowie 00:35:18.880 --> 00:35:21.280 # And so the story goes, they wore the clothes 00:35:21.280 --> 00:35:25.120 # They said the things to make it seem improbable 00:35:26.960 --> 00:35:29.480 # Whale of a lie like they hope it was 00:35:34.960 --> 00:35:38.960 # And the good men tomorrow had their feet in the wallow 00:35:38.960 --> 00:35:41.720 # And their heads of brawn were nicer shorn 00:35:41.720 --> 00:35:45.880 # And how they bought their positions with saccharin and trust 00:35:47.520 --> 00:35:51.000 # And the world was asleep to our latent fuss 00:35:55.200 --> 00:35:59.600 # Sighings swirl through the streets like the crust of the sun 00:35:59.600 --> 00:36:01.280 # The Bewlay Brothers 00:36:02.800 --> 00:36:04.640 # In our wings that bark 00:36:06.800 --> 00:36:08.760 # Flashing teeth of brass 00:36:10.720 --> 00:36:13.240 # Standing tall in the dark 00:36:13.240 --> 00:36:16.080 # Oh, and we were gone... # 00:36:17.720 --> 00:36:22.080 Wasza Ekscelencjo, wasza obecność wzbogaca mój skromny dom. 00:36:22.080 --> 00:36:26.520 Niech wspaniołomyślność boga Shivu niesie błogosławieństwo dla twego domu. 00:36:26.520 --> 00:36:28.400 I dla twego. 00:36:28.400 --> 00:36:33.360 A jego mądrość niesie sukces wszystkim twoim przedsięwzięciom. 00:36:33.360 --> 00:36:35.360 I twoim. 00:36:35.360 --> 00:36:39.360 I niech jego blask rozpali twoje życie. 00:36:39.360 --> 00:36:40.800 I ciebie też. 00:36:42.240 --> 00:36:43.920 - Czy kiedykolwiek... - Bardzo mnie to gniewa. 00:36:43.920 --> 00:36:46.040 Czy kiedykolwiek czuje pan frustrację z powodu, mam na myśli, 00:36:46.040 --> 00:36:48.560 mówił pan o korupcji i z całą pewnością w przeszłości 00:36:48.560 --> 00:36:51.440 przedstawiał bardzo mocne poglądy przeciw urzędnikom, na przykład, 00:36:51.440 --> 00:36:56.880 którzy są skorumpowani, ale wielu z nich nie opuściło swoich miejsc pracy, 00:36:56.880 --> 00:36:58.640 nie podporządkowali się pańskim rozkazom. 00:36:58.640 --> 00:37:02.040 Nie, wszyscy opuścili swoje posady. 00:37:02.040 --> 00:37:03.280 Z pewnością. 00:37:03.280 --> 00:37:06.280 W ostatnich kilku dniach, 28 którzy zostali zwolnieni, 00:37:06.280 --> 00:37:10.000 19, według naszych informacji 19 z nich wciąż zajmuje swoje stanowiska. 00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:13.440 Nie, to nie prawda. Wszyscy odeszli. 00:37:13.440 --> 00:37:15.200 Wszyscy odeszli. 00:37:15.200 --> 00:37:18.600 - OK. - Zdecydowanie. Zdecydowanie. 00:37:18.600 --> 00:37:21.920 Jest pan więc pewien że pańska władza jest rozbudowywana 00:37:21.920 --> 00:37:24.080 w zakresie możliwości stanowienia, 00:37:24.080 --> 00:37:27.040 pewności że podporządkowuje się pańskim rozkazom. 00:37:27.040 --> 00:37:31.480 Ja... Ja buduję nową administrację dla Afganistanu. 00:37:33.200 --> 00:37:36.960 Pracuję nad czystą, wydajną administracją. 00:37:36.960 --> 00:37:40.440 Do tyłu! Cofnąć się! Cofnąć się, kurwa! 00:37:40.440 --> 00:37:43.520 Spierdalać z drogi. Wypierdalajcie! 00:37:43.520 --> 00:37:46.720 MUZYKA POWRACA: The Bewlay Brothers - David Bowie 00:37:49.200 --> 00:37:51.880 # I was stone, he was wax 00:37:51.880 --> 00:37:56.240 # So he could scream and still relax, unbelievable 00:37:56.240 --> 00:37:59.160 # And we frightened the small children away 00:38:05.320 --> 00:38:08.480 # And our talk was old and dust would flow through our veins 00:38:08.480 --> 00:38:12.360 # And though it was midnight back at the kitchen door 00:38:12.360 --> 00:38:14.880 # Like the grim face on the cathedral floor 00:38:18.600 --> 00:38:22.240 # The solid book we wrote cannot be found today 00:38:26.080 --> 00:38:30.960 # And it was stalking time for the moon boys, the Bewlay Brothers 00:38:33.520 --> 00:38:35.760 # With our backs on the arch 00:38:37.600 --> 00:38:39.880 # And the Devil may be here 00:38:41.480 --> 00:38:43.880 # But he can't sing about that 00:38:43.880 --> 00:38:47.400 # Oh, and we were gone 00:38:49.240 --> 00:38:51.840 # Real cool traders 00:38:52.880 --> 00:38:55.520 # We were so turned on... # 00:38:55.520 --> 00:38:57.040 MUZYKA ZNIEKSZTAŁCA SIĘ, CICHNIE 00:38:57.040 --> 00:38:59.360 # You thought we were fakers... # 00:39:04.320 --> 00:39:07.840 PIES SZCZEKA 00:39:07.840 --> 00:39:10.560 Niedawno, przyjaciel programu "Blue Peter", Angela Mulliner, 00:39:10.560 --> 00:39:14.000 zaprosila mnie aby pomóc w przygotowaniu psów o bardzo kudłatej sierści, 00:39:14.000 --> 00:39:16.000 parę chartów afgańskich 00:39:17.840 --> 00:39:19.240 To powinno być dobre miejsce 00:39:19.240 --> 00:39:21.680 'Potrzeba dużo przestrzeni aby wyczesać psy tej wielkości, 00:39:21.680 --> 00:39:23.160 'więc udaliśmy się do parku. 00:39:23.160 --> 00:39:25.920 'Ich imiona to Kingsley i Cleo i powiedziałam że ja zajmę się Cleo.' 00:39:25.920 --> 00:39:28.320 Jak często powinno się to robić? 00:39:28.320 --> 00:39:30.200 - Bardzo często. - O, rany. 00:39:30.200 --> 00:39:32.160 Nie siadaj, Cleo, Dobra dziewczynka. 00:39:32.160 --> 00:39:34.520 'Angela i ja chcemy aby psy wyglądały jak najlepiej 00:39:34.520 --> 00:39:37.320 'ponieważ zabieramy je na specjalne wydarzenie. 00:39:37.320 --> 00:39:39.160 'Udajemy się wszyscy na aleję The Mall 00:39:39.160 --> 00:39:41.240 'i musimy tam być przed godziną 12.' 00:39:41.240 --> 00:39:42.840 - Chodźcie, pieski. - Chodź. 00:39:42.840 --> 00:39:46.280 'Byłyśmy bardzo dumne z Kingsley'a i Cleo ponieważ zostały zaproszone 00:39:46.280 --> 00:39:47.800 'aby dołączyć do warty honorowej.' 00:39:47.800 --> 00:39:50.600 'Charty afgańskie zostały wybrane aby pozdrowić ich króla, ponieważ 00:39:50.600 --> 00:39:54.880 'po raz pierwszy, Król Afganistanu przybywa do Londynu.' 00:39:54.880 --> 00:39:57.440 ORKIESTRA GRA MARSZA 00:39:57.440 --> 00:40:00.560 'Około 20 członków Południowego Stowarzyszenia Chartów Afgańskich 00:40:00.560 --> 00:40:02.880 'ustawiło swoje psy wzdłuż trasy 00:40:02.880 --> 00:40:05.520 'i były afgańczyki wszystkich kolorów i rozmiarów.' 00:40:08.760 --> 00:40:10.520 'A kiedy Królowa wskazała na nas, 00:40:10.520 --> 00:40:13.760 'Król Afganistanu sprawiał wrażenie zachwyconego widząc nas. 00:40:13.760 --> 00:40:16.040 RADOŚĆ 00:40:19.400 --> 00:40:21.120 'Po raz pierwszy w ich życiach, 00:40:21.120 --> 00:40:24.240 'Brytyjskie charty afgańskie oglądały ludzi ze swojego kraju 00:40:24.240 --> 00:40:26.640 'ponieważ w karetach jadących za Królową, 00:40:26.640 --> 00:40:29.680 'było więcej ludzi z Dworu Królewskiego Afganistanu.' 00:40:29.680 --> 00:40:33.080 ADAM CURTIS: Ale uporządkowany świat, w którym rządzą królowie i królowe 00:40:33.080 --> 00:40:36.480 a psy zachowują się posłusznie, miał się już zawalić. 00:40:36.480 --> 00:40:39.080 W 1971, Król Afganistanu 00:40:39.080 --> 00:40:42.160 odbył swoją pierwszą wizytę panstwową do Brytanii 00:40:42.160 --> 00:40:44.680 ale była to równiej jego ostatnia, 00:40:44.680 --> 00:40:47.720 ponieważ jego ambitny Premier, Mohammed Daoud, 00:40:47.720 --> 00:40:50.080 już przeciwko niemu spiskował. 00:40:50.080 --> 00:40:54.200 I w 1973, Daoud przejął władzę w wyniku zamachu stanu. 00:40:54.200 --> 00:40:58.440 Ogłosił Afganistan republiką, i wysłał Króla na wygnanie. 00:40:58.440 --> 00:41:00.440 PSY SZCZEKAJĄ 00:41:11.520 --> 00:41:14.120 Dwa miesiące później, Egipt zaatakował Izrael 00:41:14.120 --> 00:41:16.040 i wojna na Bliskim Wschodzie się rozpoczęła. 00:41:17.160 --> 00:41:20.720 Na początku, wyglądało jakby Izrael był pokonany. 00:41:20.720 --> 00:41:24.160 Ale rząd Amerykański przybył z pomocą, armią powietrzną 00:41:24.160 --> 00:41:28.760 na masową skalę by zapobiec przed przytłoczeniem Izraelitów. 00:41:28.760 --> 00:41:32.240 Izraelici kontratakowali i Arabowie ponieśli klęskę. 00:41:36.160 --> 00:41:39.440 Ale wtedy Arabia Saudyjska przyszła na ratunek 00:41:39.440 --> 00:41:41.240 ponieważ Król Faisal zdał sobie sprawę 00:41:41.240 --> 00:41:44.960 że jego kraj miał broń która mogłaby powstrzymać Izrael. 00:41:44.960 --> 00:41:48.560 W nocy, Faisal podwyższył cenę ropy pięciokrotnie 00:41:48.560 --> 00:41:50.480 i zagroził całkowitym embargo 00:41:50.480 --> 00:41:52.960 o ile Ameryka nie zmusi Izrael do odwrotu. 00:41:54.480 --> 00:41:57.200 To zadziałało. Uzgodniono zawieszenie ognia. 00:41:58.440 --> 00:42:01.840 I wszyscy zdali sobie sprawę że równowaga sił na świecie 00:42:01.840 --> 00:42:03.280 nagle się zmieniła. 00:42:10.680 --> 00:42:15.240 Czego chcemy to całkowite wycofanie sił Izraelskich 00:42:15.240 --> 00:42:17.960 z okupowanych Arabskich terytoriów 00:42:17.960 --> 00:42:19.920 a wtedy będziecie mieli ropę 00:42:19.920 --> 00:42:22.560 na tym samym poziomie co we wrześniu '73. 00:42:24.240 --> 00:42:28.360 Czy to rządanie jest ostateczne i sztywne czy jest to tylko pozycja do negocjacji? 00:42:28.360 --> 00:42:29.880 Zdecydowanie. Zdecydowanie. 00:42:29.880 --> 00:42:33.200 Nie oddamy ani cala tych ziemi. 00:42:33.200 --> 00:42:36.120 Czy ten nowy potężny wzrost w cenie ropy 00:42:36.120 --> 00:42:38.440 oznacza zmianę w światowej równowadze sił 00:42:38.440 --> 00:42:41.680 pomiędzy rozwijającymi się państwami jak wy, producenci, 00:42:41.680 --> 00:42:44.360 i nami, rozwiniętymi uprzemysłowionymi krajami? 00:42:44.360 --> 00:42:45.600 Tak, oznacza. 00:42:46.920 --> 00:42:49.760 I jak myślisz co z tego powstanie? 00:42:49.760 --> 00:42:52.080 Coż, nowy rodzaj stosunków. 00:42:52.080 --> 00:42:55.880 Musicie dostosować się do nowych okoliczności 00:42:55.880 --> 00:43:00.440 i myślę że musicie usiąść i poważnie z porozmawiać z nami 00:43:00.440 --> 00:43:02.040 o tej nowej erze. 00:43:04.760 --> 00:43:07.080 Kiedy Arabia Saudyjska podwyższyła cenę ropy, 00:43:07.080 --> 00:43:11.520 zrobiła to by zmienić polityczną równowagę sił na świecie. 00:43:11.520 --> 00:43:15.080 Ale to również miało inny, nieoczekiwany efekt 00:43:15.080 --> 00:43:18.760 ponieważ umożliwiło to ludziom którzy prowadzili banki i system finansowy 00:43:18.760 --> 00:43:22.920 w Ameryce i Brytanii rozpoczęcie procesu oderwania od politycznej kontroli. 00:43:24.400 --> 00:43:28.240 Miliardy dolarów popłynęły z Zachodu do Arabii Saudyjskiej - 00:43:28.240 --> 00:43:32.120 z którymi w większości Saudowie nie wiedzieli co zrobić. 00:43:32.120 --> 00:43:35.040 Więc przekazali je do Zachodnich banków na inwestycje. 00:43:36.200 --> 00:43:39.440 Banki dokonały wtedy kluczowej decyzji - zatrzymały wiele 00:43:39.440 --> 00:43:43.040 z tych dolarów z dala od kontroli Amerykańskiego rządu 00:43:43.040 --> 00:43:46.720 i stały się one ogromnym zasobem bogactwa, znanym jako petro-dolary, 00:43:46.720 --> 00:43:49.760 które może być pożyczane i obracane gdziekolwiek na świecie 00:43:49.760 --> 00:43:51.440 bez politycznej kontroli. 00:43:52.920 --> 00:43:56.320 W trakcie gdy zachodni politycy usiłowali poradzić sobie z ekonomią 00:43:56.320 --> 00:43:59.840 i chaosem społecznym który został wywołany przez rosnącą cenę ropy, 00:43:59.840 --> 00:44:04.200 ich bankierzy budowali nowy system finansowy 00:44:04.200 --> 00:44:07.080 oparty na obrocie Saudyjskich miliardów. 00:44:08.640 --> 00:44:11.880 I banki zaczęły stawać się ponownie bogate i wpływowe. 00:44:19.960 --> 00:44:25.160 ODLEGŁE STŁUMIONE KRZYKI 00:45:33.120 --> 00:45:35.080 Czy on wie gdzie są Talibowie? 00:45:35.080 --> 00:45:38.320 Największe schronienie Talibów... Taliban... 00:45:38.320 --> 00:45:41.480 ROZMAWIAJĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:45:41.480 --> 00:45:43.320 - Marjah? - Marjah. 00:45:43.320 --> 00:45:44.960 Powiedział Talibowie są w Marjah. 00:45:44.960 --> 00:45:48.560 ŚMIECH: Uh-huh, Marjah. Marjah. 00:45:48.560 --> 00:45:53.120 ROZMAWIAJĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:45:53.120 --> 00:45:56.080 Oni używają jego części jako... MĘŻCZYZNA MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:45:56.080 --> 00:46:00.320 - Assalamu alaikum. - Assalamu alaikum. 00:46:00.320 --> 00:46:03.080 Jasne. Czy jesteśmy w Kushal Kalay właśnie teraz? 00:46:03.080 --> 00:46:06.400 Czy to Kushal Kalay? Jaka jest nazwa tej wioski? 00:46:06.400 --> 00:46:09.160 MĘŻCZYZNA TŁUMACZY 00:46:09.160 --> 00:46:11.520 To krańce Kushal Kalay. 00:46:11.520 --> 00:46:15.240 Czy Talibowie już poszli czy wciąż są w Kushal Kalay? 00:46:15.240 --> 00:46:17.760 TŁUMACZY 00:46:17.760 --> 00:46:21.040 OK. Gdzie... Sh, sh, sh. 00:46:21.040 --> 00:46:24.880 Gdzie on widział Talibów? Gdzie? 00:46:24.880 --> 00:46:30.560 ROZMAWIAJĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:46:30.560 --> 00:46:32.160 Jasne, Jasne. 00:46:32.160 --> 00:46:35.600 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:46:35.600 --> 00:46:37.360 Jak daleko? 00:46:37.360 --> 00:46:40.880 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:46:40.880 --> 00:46:42.160 Tutaj, Talibowie? 00:46:42.160 --> 00:46:44.160 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:46:44.160 --> 00:46:46.840 Tam, tam! Dobra, sir - sir! 00:46:46.840 --> 00:46:53.320 MÓWIĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:46:53.320 --> 00:46:56.280 Ten człowiek zidentyfikował tych tutaj i mówi że to Talibowie. 00:46:56.280 --> 00:46:59.120 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU Tak. Dwóch ludzi. 00:46:59.120 --> 00:47:02.000 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU Tak, tam. 00:47:02.000 --> 00:47:03.200 Talibów, tak? 00:47:03.200 --> 00:47:05.120 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:47:35.040 --> 00:47:37.080 DZIECI KRZYCZĄ 00:47:55.080 --> 00:47:59.080 MÓWIĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 00:48:03.600 --> 00:48:05.640 WIATR WIEJE 00:48:10.080 --> 00:48:13.840 Gdy zachodnie kraje zapadły się ekonomicznie w latach 70tych, 00:48:13.840 --> 00:48:17.960 studenci z Europy i Ameryki uciekli z chaosu. 00:48:17.960 --> 00:48:21.560 Przybyli do Afganistanu jak krainy snów. 00:48:21.560 --> 00:48:23.680 Inny, niewinny świat, 00:48:23.680 --> 00:48:26.600 wolny od korupcji polityków i pieniędzy z Zachodu. 00:48:31.240 --> 00:48:34.880 MĘŻCZYZNA: Wtem widzisz Afgańczyków wyłaniających się z piasku, 00:48:34.880 --> 00:48:37.800 ledwie rzucają spojrzenie, i odchodzą w przeszłość. 00:48:37.800 --> 00:48:40.680 Tęsknisz za pytaniem, "Dokąd zmierzasz? Skąd przychodzisz?" 00:48:40.680 --> 00:48:43.280 Ale on tylko znika w mroku, 00:48:43.280 --> 00:48:45.120 zajęty swoimi codziennymi sprawami. 00:48:51.560 --> 00:48:53.640 Podróżnik to ktoś 00:48:53.640 --> 00:48:55.760 kto porusza się po kraju 00:48:55.760 --> 00:48:57.560 dzięki własnej przedsiębiorczości, 00:48:57.560 --> 00:49:00.520 z pewną wewnętrzną potrzebą nauki, 00:49:00.520 --> 00:49:04.480 aby znaleźć coś więcej niż powierzchowność. 00:49:04.480 --> 00:49:08.320 Dla mnie, Afgańskość była pewną figurą z drzeworytu 00:49:08.320 --> 00:49:09.960 w księdze o Indiach. 00:49:09.960 --> 00:49:13.160 Rzeczywistość Afganistanu była dużo ponad to, 00:49:13.160 --> 00:49:15.440 ich siła charakteru która przemawia przez 00:49:15.440 --> 00:49:16.960 ich najprostsze działanie. 00:49:18.160 --> 00:49:21.040 To jest długa kurtka. Dla mężczyzn. 00:49:22.720 --> 00:49:26.080 Od pokoleń. Przechodzi z matki na córkę. 00:49:26.080 --> 00:49:27.720 Opos. 00:49:27.720 --> 00:49:30.320 To jest antylopa. 00:49:30.320 --> 00:49:32.680 Spójrz na ten płaszcz. 00:50:15.000 --> 00:50:18.240 But Afghan students still believed in the idea of revolution. 00:50:19.680 --> 00:50:23.920 Back in the 1960s, many students from Kabul University had been sent 00:50:23.920 --> 00:50:25.320 to universities in America. 00:50:26.600 --> 00:50:29.520 It had been part of the modernisation project. 00:50:29.520 --> 00:50:32.160 And they brought back with them radical ideas 00:50:32.160 --> 00:50:34.680 from the American student left. 00:50:34.680 --> 00:50:36.320 Back in Kabul, 00:50:36.320 --> 00:50:39.640 those ideas then got mixed up with other left-wing theories 00:50:39.640 --> 00:50:42.960 that the Afghan students found in badly-translated Russian books 00:50:42.960 --> 00:50:44.360 about Marxism. 00:50:45.560 --> 00:50:49.240 And in 1978 they decided to have a revolution. 00:50:53.240 --> 00:50:56.040 One of the leaders was Hafizullah Amin, 00:50:56.040 --> 00:50:59.360 and after the revolution he ordered a film to be made 00:50:59.360 --> 00:51:01.800 about the role he had played. 00:51:01.800 --> 00:51:04.800 Amin also starred in the film, playing himself. 00:51:06.120 --> 00:51:10.640 It shows policemen coming to Amin's house to arrest him. 00:51:10.640 --> 00:51:12.880 He tries to hide some secret papers. 00:51:16.960 --> 00:51:21.080 But the policemen take him to jail, leaving his wife and daughter. 00:51:34.920 --> 00:51:38.400 Amin is then shown directing the revolution from his prison cell. 00:51:39.520 --> 00:51:42.640 And then riding on a tank to the president's palace. 00:51:48.400 --> 00:51:51.240 REPORTER: Tanks loyal to young communist army officers 00:51:51.240 --> 00:51:54.360 now guard the palace where President Daoud ruled. 00:51:54.360 --> 00:51:58.840 Inside, he and his family, including his young grandchildren, 00:51:58.840 --> 00:52:02.320 are shot dead when his palace guard lost their courageous battle 00:52:02.320 --> 00:52:04.000 to defend him. 00:52:04.000 --> 00:52:07.280 Men from the different tribes who live in this backward country 00:52:07.280 --> 00:52:10.680 swarm all over tanks knocked out in the battle. 00:52:10.680 --> 00:52:14.200 They seem pleased to see the end of the old, feudal regime. 00:52:14.200 --> 00:52:16.800 ADAM CURTIS: The revolutionaries gave a press conference. 00:52:16.800 --> 00:52:19.680 Amin, it was announced, would become Foreign Minister. 00:52:19.680 --> 00:52:21.920 And the president of the revolutionary council 00:52:21.920 --> 00:52:25.200 was another ex-student - Mohammed Taraki. 00:52:25.200 --> 00:52:29.360 Our relationship with all the countries, including Soviet Union, 00:52:29.360 --> 00:52:33.480 and all our neighbours and throughout the world will be peace, 00:52:33.480 --> 00:52:38.440 will depend on the amount of their support to our government 00:52:38.440 --> 00:52:42.320 in political, economical field. 00:52:42.320 --> 00:52:43.920 Does this mean, Mr President, 00:52:43.920 --> 00:52:46.920 that you will be following a strict policy of non-alignment? 00:52:46.920 --> 00:52:48.720 This is quite correct. 00:52:50.960 --> 00:52:54.720 The aim of the revolution was to create a new Afghanistan, 00:52:54.720 --> 00:52:58.040 and parades were held in Kabul to celebrate the radical vision. 00:52:59.720 --> 00:53:03.320 One of the main aims was to redistribute land fairly, 00:53:03.320 --> 00:53:07.640 to get rid of a feudal system of landowners and peasants. 00:53:07.640 --> 00:53:10.800 Every farmer was to be allowed to own their own land. 00:53:10.800 --> 00:53:12.800 And young revolutionaries from Kabul 00:53:12.800 --> 00:53:15.080 were filmed going out into the countryside 00:53:15.080 --> 00:53:17.640 to measure out the new plots, 00:53:17.640 --> 00:53:21.520 followed by the grateful farmers kissing their new land certificates. 00:53:24.240 --> 00:53:28.000 But in reality, the land reforms set the seeds for a bitter conflict 00:53:28.000 --> 00:53:31.000 in Helmand. It made the divisions 00:53:31.000 --> 00:53:36.360 that had begun with President Daoud's reforms in the 1960s much worse. 00:53:36.360 --> 00:53:38.480 As the land was parcelled out, 00:53:38.480 --> 00:53:41.800 families accused each other of stealing the best bits. 00:53:41.800 --> 00:53:44.040 And all sorts of hatreds and rivalries 00:53:44.040 --> 00:53:47.160 were born in Afghan rural society, 00:53:47.160 --> 00:53:51.480 rivalries that would set village against village, tribe against tribe. 00:53:53.680 --> 00:53:57.840 And in Kabul, the revolutionaries started to hate each other, too. 00:53:59.120 --> 00:54:02.720 Hafizullah Amin decided that he should be in charge, 00:54:02.720 --> 00:54:06.040 and he arranged for his rival, Taraki, to be killed. 00:54:06.040 --> 00:54:08.160 Taraki was smothered with a cushion. 00:54:09.480 --> 00:54:12.480 Amin ordered that anyone who opposed the reforms 00:54:12.480 --> 00:54:15.120 should be thrown in jail or killed. 00:54:15.120 --> 00:54:19.320 In Helmand, 100 political prisoners were taken up in a plane 00:54:19.320 --> 00:54:22.240 and thrown into the giant lake created by the American dam. 00:54:23.520 --> 00:54:27.040 The Soviet leaders in Moscow became terrified that Afghanistan 00:54:27.040 --> 00:54:31.320 was falling apart and they decided to intervene. 00:54:31.320 --> 00:54:34.120 They rang Amin to tell him that they were sending Russian troops 00:54:34.120 --> 00:54:36.400 to help his revolution. 00:54:36.400 --> 00:54:41.080 And at the end of 1979, the troops began to arrive at Kabul Airport. 00:54:43.920 --> 00:54:45.960 What the Russians didn't tell Amin 00:54:45.960 --> 00:54:48.320 was that the troops were also coming to kill him. 00:54:57.200 --> 00:55:01.200 The Russians put a sniper on one of the main roads in Kabul. 00:55:01.200 --> 00:55:05.360 But Amin's convoy drove too fast and the sniper missed. 00:55:05.360 --> 00:55:07.200 GUNSHOT 00:55:07.200 --> 00:55:09.480 THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE 00:55:14.920 --> 00:55:16.400 They tried again. 00:55:16.400 --> 00:55:19.280 This time they put poison in Amin's can of Pepsi 00:55:19.280 --> 00:55:22.040 in the presidential palace. 00:55:22.040 --> 00:55:25.200 But his nephew drank it instead... 00:55:25.200 --> 00:55:26.800 and died. 00:55:28.040 --> 00:55:31.840 Amin gave a banquet in a palace outside Kabul. 00:55:31.840 --> 00:55:35.680 The Soviets smuggled in a chef who poisoned the food. 00:55:35.680 --> 00:55:37.200 This time it worked - 00:55:37.200 --> 00:55:41.120 all the guests, and Amin, fell on the floor, writhing in agony. 00:55:41.120 --> 00:55:43.640 But the Afghan servants rang for help 00:55:43.640 --> 00:55:47.520 and two Russian doctors turned up who knew nothing of the plot. 00:55:47.520 --> 00:55:50.600 They pumped Amin's stomach and he revived. 00:55:50.600 --> 00:55:54.040 So the Russian troops attacked the palace, threw a grenade at Amin, 00:55:54.040 --> 00:55:55.320 and shot him. 00:56:39.520 --> 00:56:42.560 SHOUTING IN OWN LANGUAGE 00:58:23.440 --> 00:58:25.880 INDISTINCT VOICES ON RADIO 00:58:49.120 --> 00:58:53.120 INDISTINCT VOICES ON RADIO 00:59:24.120 --> 00:59:28.400 Couldn't be happier. And I'm particularly happy today. 00:59:28.400 --> 00:59:29.640 Why? 00:59:29.640 --> 00:59:32.000 We had a very good election last night 00:59:32.000 --> 00:59:35.760 and the people came out in huge numbers to vote. 00:59:35.760 --> 00:59:38.720 And voted a new president, which is the people's choice, 00:59:38.720 --> 00:59:41.640 and that's democracy in action. 00:59:41.640 --> 00:59:44.480 And I'm very proud of the people of the United States. 00:59:44.480 --> 00:59:45.840 Oh, I was thrilled. 00:59:45.840 --> 00:59:48.480 I think the stock market will go up, everyone will be happy, 00:59:48.480 --> 00:59:50.040 the economy is going to level off, 00:59:50.040 --> 00:59:53.080 our international relations will become much more stable. 00:59:53.080 --> 00:59:56.280 I've worked very, very hard on the election in some of the phone banks 00:59:56.280 --> 00:59:59.120 and all of my friends did. Thrilled to pieces about it. 01:00:00.200 --> 01:00:03.280 I, uh, always have voted, uh, Democrat. 01:00:03.280 --> 01:00:07.920 So, you know, times have changed now so, I'm not a baby any more 01:00:07.920 --> 01:00:10.800 so I had to make a change and I made a change. 01:00:10.800 --> 01:00:12.440 And so the right man won. 01:00:13.680 --> 01:00:17.040 President Reagan simplified everything for America. 01:00:17.040 --> 01:00:20.000 For ten years, the country had been battered and torn apart 01:00:20.000 --> 01:00:23.200 by waves of economic and social chaos. 01:00:23.200 --> 01:00:27.440 Reagan set out to give the country a new sense of purpose. 01:00:27.440 --> 01:00:30.240 He took all the problems, even the most complex, 01:00:30.240 --> 01:00:33.040 and turned them into reassuring moral fables. 01:00:34.120 --> 01:00:37.320 And abroad, the world he depicted was one where, 01:00:37.320 --> 01:00:40.680 although good might struggle with evil for a while, 01:00:40.680 --> 01:00:44.000 in the end, goodness and innocence would triumph. 01:00:45.960 --> 01:00:48.760 We have it in our power 01:00:48.760 --> 01:00:51.800 to begin the world over again. 01:00:51.800 --> 01:00:55.960 APPLAUSE 01:00:55.960 --> 01:00:59.200 It was a vision of the world that, over the next 20 years, 01:00:59.200 --> 01:01:03.960 would rise up to possess all of us in the West, both left and right. 01:01:03.960 --> 01:01:07.560 Conflicts that, in the past, would have been seen as political struggles 01:01:07.560 --> 01:01:13.360 were redefined. They became instead battles against dark, demonic forces 01:01:13.360 --> 01:01:15.760 that threatened innocent people. 01:01:15.760 --> 01:01:18.400 And the role of we, the good people of the West, 01:01:18.400 --> 01:01:21.880 was to intervene to save those innocents. 01:01:23.640 --> 01:01:26.560 One of the places this dream began was Afghanistan. 01:01:27.800 --> 01:01:30.040 America was already helping the rebels 01:01:30.040 --> 01:01:33.600 who were fighting the Russians, but Reagan increased the aid massively 01:01:33.600 --> 01:01:36.360 and made it the symbol of his new vision. 01:01:36.360 --> 01:01:40.040 He even dedicated the space shuttle to the Afghan freedom fighters. 01:01:43.000 --> 01:01:47.080 Just as the Columbia we think represents man's finest aspirations 01:01:47.080 --> 01:01:49.880 in the field of science and technology, 01:01:49.880 --> 01:01:53.240 so, too, does the struggle of the Afghan people represent man's 01:01:53.240 --> 01:01:55.920 highest aspirations for freedom. 01:01:55.920 --> 01:02:00.680 Accordingly, I am dedicating, on behalf of the American people, 01:02:00.680 --> 01:02:03.600 the March 22nd launch of the Columbia 01:02:03.600 --> 01:02:06.160 to the people of Afghanistan. 01:02:07.880 --> 01:02:10.400 But right from the beginning there was a dangerous, 01:02:10.400 --> 01:02:14.080 destructive force at the very heart of this project. 01:02:18.160 --> 01:02:21.120 This was because Reagan's partner in the battle to bring freedom 01:02:21.120 --> 01:02:23.280 to Afghanistan was Saudi Arabia. 01:02:28.000 --> 01:02:32.160 The Saudi intelligence agencies worked with the CIA to ship arms 01:02:32.160 --> 01:02:34.160 and money to the Afghan rebels. 01:02:35.440 --> 01:02:39.160 On the surface, the Saudis did this because a fellow Muslim country 01:02:39.160 --> 01:02:41.840 had been invaded by communists. 01:02:41.840 --> 01:02:45.200 But it was also part of their attempt to export the dangerous 01:02:45.200 --> 01:02:48.160 fundamentalism at the heart of their own society. 01:02:50.760 --> 01:02:52.960 In 1979, a group of Saudi radicals 01:02:52.960 --> 01:02:55.680 had taken over the Grand Mosque in Mecca. 01:02:57.040 --> 01:02:59.680 For two weeks, the authorities had fought running battles 01:02:59.680 --> 01:03:02.040 with the insurgents. 01:03:02.040 --> 01:03:05.280 They discovered that a number of the attackers had been taught 01:03:05.280 --> 01:03:07.840 by the most senior religious leader in the country. 01:03:09.040 --> 01:03:11.960 It made the ruling family realise just how fragile 01:03:11.960 --> 01:03:13.760 their grip on power was. 01:03:16.640 --> 01:03:19.600 So as well as sending the money and the weapons, 01:03:19.600 --> 01:03:23.800 they encouraged young radicals to go and fight in Afghanistan. 01:03:23.800 --> 01:03:26.480 One of them was a young Osama bin Laden. 01:03:27.560 --> 01:03:30.520 The aim was to divert their anger. 01:03:30.520 --> 01:03:34.080 But it meant that with the arms would also come the pessimistic 01:03:34.080 --> 01:03:37.560 and intolerant version of Islam - Wahhabism. 01:03:38.800 --> 01:03:42.480 To begin with, these ideas would have little influence in Afghanistan. 01:03:43.560 --> 01:03:47.920 But they would take hold there and mutate into a dark and violent force 01:03:47.920 --> 01:03:51.720 that was completely at odds with Reagan's vision of freedom. 01:03:55.000 --> 01:03:59.120 At the beginning, though, no-one knew who to give the weapons to, 01:03:59.120 --> 01:04:02.600 and an odd group of adventurers went into Afghanistan to find out. 01:04:03.920 --> 01:04:08.480 One of the first was a Texan socialite called Joanne Herring. 01:04:08.480 --> 01:04:13.400 When I went in to Afghanistan - I don't even know how I got in - 01:04:13.400 --> 01:04:18.160 the president of Pakistan flew me to the border, you know, 01:04:18.160 --> 01:04:22.240 the no man's land that the British created - very wisely - 01:04:22.240 --> 01:04:25.120 between Afghanistan and Pakistan. 01:04:25.120 --> 01:04:29.960 And we boarded a truck - I put on men's clothing - 01:04:29.960 --> 01:04:33.360 and we got on this truck and went somewhere. 01:04:40.200 --> 01:04:43.120 And we went into these camps 01:04:43.120 --> 01:04:46.000 and there would be these men 01:04:46.000 --> 01:04:51.080 with beards and turbans... in rags, really. 01:04:51.080 --> 01:04:53.440 They had nothing. 01:04:53.440 --> 01:04:56.800 And with their 1918 Enfield rifles, 01:04:56.800 --> 01:04:59.640 they would stand there and they'd say, 01:04:59.640 --> 01:05:01.680 "To the last drop of blood!" 01:05:01.680 --> 01:05:05.000 And your heart would just burst. But I thought, 01:05:05.000 --> 01:05:08.720 "What will they do with an unveiled woman coming in here?" 01:05:08.720 --> 01:05:10.920 And I thought, you know, they really may kill me 01:05:10.920 --> 01:05:15.960 because they might not understand why I'm here. But they did. 01:05:15.960 --> 01:05:18.840 They were so grateful. So grateful. 01:05:18.840 --> 01:05:22.720 They said, "The world doesn't know. Thank you for coming." 01:05:22.720 --> 01:05:28.080 PLANES PASS OVERHEAD 01:05:28.080 --> 01:05:30.360 EXPLOSION 01:05:30.360 --> 01:05:36.480 My...heart was given immediately to these people 01:05:36.480 --> 01:05:39.360 who believed so much in their god, 01:05:39.360 --> 01:05:41.800 and I think it's the same god... 01:05:43.080 --> 01:05:45.080 ..as I worship. 01:05:45.080 --> 01:05:47.000 Just in another way. 01:05:52.760 --> 01:05:55.440 And they would come back and, of course, completely exhausted 01:05:55.440 --> 01:05:58.600 and almost dead - those who were still alive - 01:05:58.600 --> 01:06:00.760 and then this new group would say, 01:06:00.760 --> 01:06:03.440 "I can't wait to go out and kill Russians." 01:06:05.440 --> 01:06:09.360 MAN: 'This is Radio Afghanistan calling Europe.' 01:06:09.360 --> 01:06:13.480 This is Radio Afghanistan, Kabul, and here is the news. 01:06:13.480 --> 01:06:17.160 43 cases of bullets for 300 3-bore guns, 01:06:17.160 --> 01:06:20.040 an Egyptian Kalashnikov, 01:06:20.040 --> 01:06:23.480 11,300 other bullets of various types, 01:06:23.480 --> 01:06:25.640 including rocket launchers and mines, 01:06:25.640 --> 01:06:28.680 and 170 various types of weapons, 01:06:28.680 --> 01:06:30.680 45 mortar shells, 01:06:30.680 --> 01:06:34.440 light and heavy machine guns, typewriters and cameras, 01:06:34.440 --> 01:06:38.080 have recently been seized from the counter revolutionary bandits... 01:07:46.200 --> 01:07:48.480 MALE REPORTER: Ask him to speak to the daughter. 01:07:48.480 --> 01:07:53.800 MAN TRANSLATES 01:07:53.800 --> 01:07:57.040 FEMALE REPORTER: Can he give her the flower? Give her the flower. 01:07:57.040 --> 01:07:59.760 MEN SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE 01:07:59.760 --> 01:08:01.560 MALE REPORTER: Karen, please. 01:08:01.560 --> 01:08:05.440 It is better if he gives her flower than if Karen gives her the flower. 01:08:05.440 --> 01:08:09.640 MEN TALK OWN LANGUAGE 01:08:09.640 --> 01:08:13.000 Sorry. Can you do it? Ask him to do it while I'm filming. 01:08:13.000 --> 01:08:14.880 Just ask him to put it down... 01:08:14.880 --> 01:08:19.720 MAN SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 01:08:19.720 --> 01:08:22.359 Yeah, yeah, yeah, OK. 01:08:23.560 --> 01:08:26.920 MAN SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 01:08:50.479 --> 01:08:52.319 EXPLOSION 01:09:09.160 --> 01:09:10.840 MAN COUGHS 01:09:10.840 --> 01:09:12.880 GUITAR PLAYS 01:09:39.000 --> 01:09:42.040 MAN SINGS IN OWN LANGUAGE 01:11:55.320 --> 01:11:59.160 In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union was falling apart. 01:11:59.160 --> 01:12:02.560 The attempt to create a planned socialist society had failed. 01:12:03.680 --> 01:12:07.200 It had become a stagnant world where the shops were half empty, 01:12:07.200 --> 01:12:09.400 criminal gangs looted the factories, 01:12:09.400 --> 01:12:12.240 and no-one believed in the system any longer. 01:12:21.560 --> 01:12:25.680 The ageing Soviet leaders knew that Russian society was collapsing 01:12:25.680 --> 01:12:27.800 but they had no idea what to do. 01:12:28.880 --> 01:12:33.480 And in the face of this, Afghanistan became, for them, a last desperate 01:12:33.480 --> 01:12:38.160 attempt to create a model version of their original communist ideal. 01:12:43.880 --> 01:12:46.080 Faced with a growing rebellion in the countryside, 01:12:46.080 --> 01:12:48.200 the Russians took over Afghanistan 01:12:48.200 --> 01:12:51.800 and installed another student revolutionary as president. 01:12:51.800 --> 01:12:54.240 He was called Babrak Karmal 01:12:54.240 --> 01:12:55.880 and he did what he was told. 01:12:57.760 --> 01:13:01.280 And as well as the Russian troops, thousands of teachers and doctors 01:13:01.280 --> 01:13:04.440 came to set up programmes and hospitals that were going to 01:13:04.440 --> 01:13:07.160 transform the lives of the Afghan people. 01:13:07.160 --> 01:13:09.200 SHE SINGS IN OWN LANGUAGE 01:13:18.560 --> 01:13:24.960 ..it was 151...in the right arm in sitting position. 01:13:24.960 --> 01:13:26.760 Why did you come to Afghanistan? 01:13:26.760 --> 01:13:31.560 Was it compulsory posting or was it of your own free choice? 01:13:31.560 --> 01:13:35.400 Why...I did come to Afghanistan? 01:13:35.400 --> 01:13:38.480 OK, I will tell you. 01:13:38.480 --> 01:13:40.080 I'm doctor. 01:13:40.080 --> 01:13:43.200 I want to help people. 01:13:43.200 --> 01:13:47.440 Patient. It is the main reason I come to Afghanistan. 01:13:47.440 --> 01:13:49.240 Do you say this right? 01:13:49.240 --> 01:13:52.400 But it was your free choice that you came here, you were not sent here? 01:13:52.400 --> 01:13:55.520 Only free choice. Only free choice. 01:13:57.000 --> 01:13:59.840 And Afghan women were taught to be independent 01:13:59.840 --> 01:14:02.240 so they could free themselves from the repression 01:14:02.240 --> 01:14:05.280 of what the Soviets saw as a backward religion. 01:14:05.280 --> 01:14:07.120 You know, after the revolution, 01:14:07.120 --> 01:14:11.240 the woman in Afghanistan will be same, like man, yes? 01:14:11.240 --> 01:14:13.440 They're the same. 01:14:13.440 --> 01:14:15.400 You know what I mean? 01:14:15.400 --> 01:14:17.480 You know, in society 01:14:17.480 --> 01:14:21.000 and also in economy and everything. 01:14:23.040 --> 01:14:25.840 But outside the cities, the mujaheddin rebels 01:14:25.840 --> 01:14:27.440 increased their attacks. 01:14:27.440 --> 01:14:30.000 They were becoming more confident and powerful. 01:14:31.000 --> 01:14:34.120 Using weapons supplied by the Americans and the Saudis, 01:14:34.120 --> 01:14:36.560 they ambushed Russian convoys. 01:14:40.120 --> 01:14:42.160 GUNFIRE AND EXPLOSIONS 01:14:53.360 --> 01:14:55.840 The mujaheddin treatment of their Russian prisoners 01:14:55.840 --> 01:14:57.480 was ruthless and cruel. 01:15:01.160 --> 01:15:04.200 ..and we captured two Russians alive. 01:15:04.200 --> 01:15:06.840 Then we took them to our commander. 01:15:06.840 --> 01:15:12.360 And then the commander told us to stone them into death. 01:15:12.360 --> 01:15:16.040 And we took them and we stoned them into death. 01:15:16.040 --> 01:15:18.040 - They stoned them to death? Yes. 01:15:19.120 --> 01:15:24.480 Have many people here stoned Russians or Afghan communists to death? 01:15:25.960 --> 01:15:30.720 MAN TRANSLATES 01:15:30.720 --> 01:15:32.840 MURMURS OF AGREEMENT 01:15:35.240 --> 01:15:39.480 In response, the Russians launched search and destroy missions, 01:15:39.480 --> 01:15:41.720 often bombing whole villages, 01:15:41.720 --> 01:15:43.640 massacring hundreds of civilians. 01:15:47.120 --> 01:15:48.960 The war became a vicious struggle, 01:15:48.960 --> 01:15:52.640 with the mujaheddin using equally brutal tactics. 01:15:52.640 --> 01:15:57.880 And any idea of transforming Afghanistan began to slip away, 01:15:57.880 --> 01:15:59.920 and the Russians retreated into the cities. 01:15:59.920 --> 01:16:02.960 INDISTINCT RADIO CHATTER 01:16:06.760 --> 01:16:10.320 Comrade General, what is the military situation in the country? 01:16:22.680 --> 01:16:24.840 But the rebels came into the cities 01:16:24.840 --> 01:16:27.560 and began to kill the Russian civilians. 01:16:27.560 --> 01:16:29.680 They hid bombs in everyday objects 01:16:29.680 --> 01:16:31.920 that exploded the moment anyone used them. 01:16:34.880 --> 01:16:38.920 Everything around the Russians became frightening and unstable. 01:16:38.920 --> 01:16:42.360 The forces that they had unleashed were pursuing them 01:16:42.360 --> 01:16:46.000 and as they did so they began to eat away at the very foundations 01:16:46.000 --> 01:16:48.280 of Soviet communism. 01:16:48.280 --> 01:16:51.160 One of the bravest and most honest of the Russian journalists 01:16:51.160 --> 01:16:55.000 in Afghanistan was Artyom Borovik. 01:16:55.000 --> 01:16:59.520 He wrote, "We thought that we were civilising a backwards country 01:16:59.520 --> 01:17:04.080 "by exposing it to television, to modern bombers, to schools, 01:17:04.080 --> 01:17:06.080 "to the latest models of tanks, 01:17:06.080 --> 01:17:08.800 "to books, to long-range artillery, 01:17:08.800 --> 01:17:13.920 "to newspapers, to economic aid, to AK-47s. 01:17:13.920 --> 01:17:19.080 "But we rarely stopped to think how Afghanistan would influence us, 01:17:19.080 --> 01:17:23.160 "despite the hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers, diplomats, 01:17:23.160 --> 01:17:27.920 "journalists and political advisers who passed through it. 01:17:27.920 --> 01:17:31.520 "They were thrown into a country where bribery, corruption, 01:17:31.520 --> 01:17:34.280 "profiteering and drugs were no less common 01:17:34.280 --> 01:17:37.960 "than the long lines in Soviet stores. 01:17:37.960 --> 01:17:41.560 "These diseases can be far more infectious and dangerous 01:17:41.560 --> 01:17:46.520 "than hepatitis, particularly when they reach epidemic proportions." 01:18:15.000 --> 01:18:17.040 HE LAUGHS 01:18:29.960 --> 01:18:32.880 Borovik said the Russians resembled the astronauts 01:18:32.880 --> 01:18:36.040 in a famous Soviet science fiction film called Solaris. 01:18:37.600 --> 01:18:40.720 The astronauts find a planet covered with a giant ocean 01:18:40.720 --> 01:18:43.280 that seems to be conscious. 01:18:43.280 --> 01:18:45.080 And to try and influence the ocean, 01:18:45.080 --> 01:18:46.800 they bombard it with X-rays. 01:18:48.040 --> 01:18:52.720 What they don't realise is that the ocean is irradiating them. 01:18:52.720 --> 01:18:55.720 It is playing back, in the astronauts' minds, 01:18:55.720 --> 01:18:57.520 memories of the past, 01:18:57.520 --> 01:19:00.560 but in such a vivid way that they begin not to trust anything 01:19:00.560 --> 01:19:02.320 that they think or believe. 01:19:06.840 --> 01:19:08.960 Afghanistan, Borovik said, 01:19:08.960 --> 01:19:11.720 was doing the same to the Russians. 01:19:11.720 --> 01:19:16.400 It had led them to distrust the very basis of everything they believed in. 01:19:16.400 --> 01:19:19.240 And they were taking that distrust back with them 01:19:19.240 --> 01:19:21.760 into the heart of Russia. 01:22:45.400 --> 01:22:47.440 APPLAUSE ON TV 01:22:50.000 --> 01:22:53.520 'Could Labour have managed a rally like this?' 01:22:53.520 --> 01:22:56.280 AUDIENCE: 'No!' 01:22:56.280 --> 01:22:59.920 'In the old days, perhaps, but not now. 01:22:59.920 --> 01:23:03.080 'For they are the party of yesterday, 01:23:03.080 --> 01:23:05.320 'and tomorrow is ours.' 01:23:05.320 --> 01:23:07.320 APPLAUSE ON TV 01:23:07.320 --> 01:23:10.440 The massive increase in the price of oil imposed by the Saudis 01:23:10.440 --> 01:23:13.400 had caused economic and social chaos in the West. 01:23:14.760 --> 01:23:19.040 Governments had struggled to deal with it, but they had failed. 01:23:19.040 --> 01:23:22.840 And in the 1980s, right-wing governments came to power in Britain 01:23:22.840 --> 01:23:27.080 and America who turned to radical new ways to create economic growth. 01:23:29.280 --> 01:23:32.560 To begin with, the new policies seemed to work. 01:23:32.560 --> 01:23:35.080 Inflation was squeezed out of the system 01:23:35.080 --> 01:23:37.040 and the economies began to stabilise. 01:23:40.840 --> 01:23:44.320 But then there were other unexpected consequences. 01:23:44.320 --> 01:23:46.440 Interest rates had risen massively - 01:23:46.440 --> 01:23:50.560 and this decimated manufacturing industry in both Britain and America. 01:23:51.840 --> 01:23:54.000 Factory after factory closed. 01:23:55.240 --> 01:23:58.760 High-paid skilled jobs were replaced by low-wage jobs 01:23:58.760 --> 01:24:01.200 in the service industries, 01:24:01.200 --> 01:24:02.960 and living standards began to fall. 01:24:05.560 --> 01:24:08.200 But then the politicians found a solution. 01:24:08.200 --> 01:24:11.040 If you couldn't make wages grow any longer, 01:24:11.040 --> 01:24:13.600 instead you would get the banks to lend people money. 01:24:15.040 --> 01:24:18.000 And in the mid-1980s, governments removed the restrictions 01:24:18.000 --> 01:24:20.080 on the banks' lending, 01:24:20.080 --> 01:24:23.320 and a wave of borrowing spread through Britain and America. 01:24:24.560 --> 01:24:29.080 Even if their wages were static, people felt wealthier, 01:24:29.080 --> 01:24:34.040 and had the money to buy things and keep the economy working. 01:24:34.040 --> 01:24:38.280 And the power to manage society began to move even more from politics 01:24:38.280 --> 01:24:40.160 to the financial system. 01:24:47.600 --> 01:24:50.680 Weapons free, battle stations. 01:24:50.680 --> 01:24:52.680 Weapons free, weapons free. 01:24:59.440 --> 01:25:02.280 But there was one industry in Britain that had survived 01:25:02.280 --> 01:25:04.360 and, in fact, was growing. 01:25:04.360 --> 01:25:08.240 It was the arms industry and its vast trade with Saudi Arabia. 01:25:09.520 --> 01:25:12.160 But rather than strengthening the politicians' power, 01:25:12.160 --> 01:25:15.040 it undermined it further, through corruption. 01:25:16.440 --> 01:25:18.840 REPORTER: The King's train was 20 minutes late 01:25:18.840 --> 01:25:20.640 arriving at Victoria Station. 01:25:20.640 --> 01:25:23.920 It was delayed while a suspicious box on a bridge over the track 01:25:23.920 --> 01:25:27.160 was checked, and found to be harmless. 01:25:27.160 --> 01:25:29.400 When he eventually stepped on to the platform, 01:25:29.400 --> 01:25:32.040 it was to a full royal welcome. 01:25:32.040 --> 01:25:35.040 ADAM CURTIS: Through the 1970s, British arms companies had signed 01:25:35.040 --> 01:25:38.080 more and more contracts with the Saudis, 01:25:38.080 --> 01:25:40.760 and they became a central part of a new industry 01:25:40.760 --> 01:25:44.040 that was run from the very heart of the British government. 01:25:46.360 --> 01:25:50.000 We're in the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall. 01:25:50.000 --> 01:25:52.480 Behind these doors there's a room. 01:25:52.480 --> 01:25:55.360 A room which few people apart from Arab Sheiks 01:25:55.360 --> 01:25:59.560 and other potential foreign customers have ever set eyes on before. 01:26:04.360 --> 01:26:05.760 This way, please. 01:26:05.760 --> 01:26:10.040 This is it, the permanent Defence Equipment Exhibition, 01:26:10.040 --> 01:26:13.480 the supermarket of the sales organisation which this year 01:26:13.480 --> 01:26:17.520 will sell nearly £600 million worth of British military hardware 01:26:17.520 --> 01:26:19.520 to foreign governments. 01:26:19.520 --> 01:26:23.680 Week in, week out, overseas service chiefs come here discreetly 01:26:23.680 --> 01:26:27.280 to shop for anything from guided missile destroyers and aircraft 01:26:27.280 --> 01:26:29.040 to a pair of army boots. 01:26:29.040 --> 01:26:31.120 And they've got quite a choice. 01:26:31.120 --> 01:26:33.720 There are hundreds of individual British manufacturers 01:26:33.720 --> 01:26:37.560 in this business. Glossy coloured brochures in every language, 01:26:37.560 --> 01:26:39.520 including, of course, Arabic. 01:26:39.520 --> 01:26:42.840 Everywhere in this amazing exhibition there are models showing 01:26:42.840 --> 01:26:46.320 the hardware in action, showing what the hardware can do. 01:26:46.320 --> 01:26:48.160 Big missiles, little missiles - 01:26:48.160 --> 01:26:51.560 here's the short blowpipe surface-to-air missile with which 01:26:51.560 --> 01:26:54.400 one soldier can bring an aircraft out of the sky, 01:26:54.400 --> 01:26:56.000 straight from the shoulder. 01:26:56.000 --> 01:26:59.120 More missiles here, the short Tigercat missile, 01:26:59.120 --> 01:27:04.360 simple in operation, recommended for its high lethality at low cost. 01:27:04.360 --> 01:27:07.240 Aircraft are very expensive these days 01:27:07.240 --> 01:27:10.160 and so you don't want them to have just one... 01:27:10.160 --> 01:27:14.000 ADAM CURTIS: By the 1980s, the giant orders from Saudi Arabia 01:27:14.000 --> 01:27:16.240 had become essential to Britain. 01:27:16.240 --> 01:27:18.760 While much of British industry had closed, 01:27:18.760 --> 01:27:21.120 the arms business kept growing. 01:27:21.120 --> 01:27:22.680 ..from air to ground. 01:27:22.680 --> 01:27:24.720 No, no, no, I'm the Prime Minister. 01:27:24.720 --> 01:27:27.320 I have to see the super saleswomen do their job. 01:27:27.320 --> 01:27:30.720 ADAM CURTIS: And in 1985 Mrs Thatcher announced what was going to be 01:27:30.720 --> 01:27:32.840 the biggest arms deal in history. 01:27:36.800 --> 01:27:38.480 The extraordinary arms deal, 01:27:38.480 --> 01:27:41.080 which has impressed military experts throughout the world. 01:27:41.080 --> 01:27:43.680 It emerged today that Britain and Saudi Arabia have signed 01:27:43.680 --> 01:27:46.680 what's thought to be one of the biggest arms agreements. 01:27:46.680 --> 01:27:49.680 The deal will mean Saudi Arabia will get many more combat planes, 01:27:49.680 --> 01:27:53.320 training aircraft, new mine hunters, two new airbases, 01:27:53.320 --> 01:27:55.000 and much training and support. 01:27:55.000 --> 01:27:57.880 It means Britain is pulling level with, if not overtaking, 01:27:57.880 --> 01:28:01.440 the United States as the biggest military supplier to the Saudis. 01:28:01.440 --> 01:28:04.920 ADAM CURTIS: The Al-Yamamah deal was presented as a triumph 01:28:04.920 --> 01:28:08.160 of British ingenuity and skill. 01:28:08.160 --> 01:28:11.480 But ever since, there have been allegations that really it was 01:28:11.480 --> 01:28:15.440 secured by vast bribes to key members of the Saudi establishment. 01:28:16.960 --> 01:28:19.920 British Aerospace admit that there were payments, 01:28:19.920 --> 01:28:22.480 but insist they were not bribes. 01:28:24.560 --> 01:28:26.840 But then, in 1990, 01:28:26.840 --> 01:28:30.480 it became clear that all the arms trade with Saudi Arabia 01:28:30.480 --> 01:28:32.320 had been a complete charade. 01:28:33.960 --> 01:28:36.160 Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait 01:28:36.160 --> 01:28:38.880 and the leaders of Saudi Arabia realised that, 01:28:38.880 --> 01:28:42.560 despite all this hardware - all the planes, the missiles, 01:28:42.560 --> 01:28:44.640 the bombs and the radar systems - 01:28:44.640 --> 01:28:49.240 that their country was incapable of using it properly to defend itself 01:28:49.240 --> 01:28:51.720 against Saddam Hussein. 01:28:51.720 --> 01:28:56.040 So they had to turn to America and its military might for help. 01:29:03.280 --> 01:29:07.320 At my direction, elements of the 82nd Airborne Division, 01:29:07.320 --> 01:29:10.600 as well as key units of the United States Air Force, 01:29:10.600 --> 01:29:16.000 are arriving today to take up defensive positions in Saudi Arabia. 01:29:16.000 --> 01:29:19.520 I took this action to assist the Saudi Arabian government 01:29:19.520 --> 01:29:22.400 in the defence of its homeland. 01:29:22.400 --> 01:29:25.680 Osama bin Laden had returned from Afghanistan 01:29:25.680 --> 01:29:29.480 and he went to see the Saudi Defence Minister and pleaded with him 01:29:29.480 --> 01:29:32.280 not to let the Americans come. 01:29:32.280 --> 01:29:36.120 He offered to raise a force of mujaheddin fighters in Afghanistan 01:29:36.120 --> 01:29:38.800 and bring them to defend Saudi Arabia instead. 01:29:40.240 --> 01:29:43.560 But the Defence Minister turned him down. 01:29:43.560 --> 01:29:46.680 And within weeks, over half a million American soldiers 01:29:46.680 --> 01:29:50.000 had arrived in Saudi Arabia. 01:29:50.000 --> 01:29:53.560 Bin Laden saw it as the corrupt takeover by the West 01:29:53.560 --> 01:29:55.400 of the very heart of Islam. 01:29:57.720 --> 01:30:00.640 Cameraman, please show them what's going on, if you could. 01:30:00.640 --> 01:30:02.120 Show the street, if nothing else. 01:30:02.120 --> 01:30:05.160 ADAM CURTIS: And he decided that America, although it had been 01:30:05.160 --> 01:30:08.000 his ally in Afghanistan, was the real enemy. 01:30:13.640 --> 01:30:15.480 Show them the sky, if you could. 01:31:10.080 --> 01:31:13.120 GENTLE CLASSICAL MUSIC PLAYS 01:31:13.120 --> 01:31:16.560 No, wait, what strange noise is that? 01:31:16.560 --> 01:31:18.600 MUSIC CONTINUES 01:31:22.400 --> 01:31:24.400 What trickery is this? 01:31:32.280 --> 01:31:35.800 You, up there, what is this noise? Can you see what is happening? 01:31:35.800 --> 01:31:38.280 Oh, yes, they are sitting down to dinner. 01:31:38.280 --> 01:31:41.840 Sitting down to dinner? Are they stark raving bonkers? 01:31:41.840 --> 01:31:44.320 These people, sometimes, they infuriate me! 01:31:44.320 --> 01:31:47.000 Oh, they come out here with their starched uniforms 01:31:47.000 --> 01:31:51.360 and their stiff upper lips and their dirty great flags hanging out. 01:31:51.360 --> 01:31:54.240 - Think they own the place! - They do. 01:31:54.240 --> 01:31:57.280 Well, they won't much longer. Start the attack! 01:31:57.280 --> 01:32:00.280 By the time I've finished with them, their stiff upper lips will be 01:32:00.280 --> 01:32:02.920 so limp they'll be hanging down to their navels. 01:32:02.920 --> 01:32:06.360 I will kill the pigs! Fire! 01:32:06.360 --> 01:32:08.560 GUNFIRE AND EXPLOSIONS 01:32:10.080 --> 01:32:12.480 INDISTINCT SHOUTING 01:32:12.480 --> 01:32:14.000 Fuckin' hell! 01:32:14.000 --> 01:32:16.200 GUNFIRE 01:32:16.200 --> 01:32:18.520 INDISTINCT SHOUTING 01:32:18.520 --> 01:32:20.320 EXPLOSION 01:32:20.320 --> 01:32:23.920 - Jesus, fucking target... - Right! 01:32:23.920 --> 01:32:28.240 GUNFIRE CONTINUES 01:32:28.240 --> 01:32:30.720 SHOUTING CONTINUES 01:32:40.880 --> 01:32:44.520 I'm not denying that I'm not a mullah, I'm a mullah in a mosque. 01:32:44.520 --> 01:32:46.880 - Not with the Taliban. - Right, yeah. 01:32:46.880 --> 01:32:49.360 So, I mean, they arrest me and they brought me here... 01:32:49.360 --> 01:32:51.680 Did he say they were... Did he say they beat him? 01:32:51.680 --> 01:32:54.120 Beat him and electrocution, yeah. 01:32:54.120 --> 01:32:56.120 Signed a false confession? 01:32:56.120 --> 01:32:58.840 Does he say they forced him to sign a confession? 01:32:58.840 --> 01:33:00.560 No, no, he didn't say that. 01:33:00.560 --> 01:33:06.440 THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE 01:33:06.440 --> 01:33:10.080 TRANSLATOR: Yeah, I mean, they force me, they beat me 01:33:10.080 --> 01:33:12.480 and they put my stamp, 01:33:12.480 --> 01:33:14.480 saying that you are talib. 01:33:14.480 --> 01:33:19.240 Does he know... Does he know - are there lots of Taliban here? 01:33:19.240 --> 01:33:24.160 HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 01:33:24.160 --> 01:33:26.480 TRANSLATOR: Well, I mean, as I have told you before, 01:33:26.480 --> 01:33:29.280 it's 90% of the people who are here, 01:33:29.280 --> 01:33:33.720 they came by the name of Taliban here but they are not actually Taliban. 01:33:33.720 --> 01:33:36.400 They arrest them and they brought them here. 01:33:47.800 --> 01:33:50.040 When the Russians left Afghanistan, 01:33:50.040 --> 01:33:52.640 the different mujaheddin groups turned on each other 01:33:52.640 --> 01:33:54.880 and began a vicious struggle for power. 01:33:56.200 --> 01:33:59.600 Kabul was completely destroyed as the different groups fired 01:33:59.600 --> 01:34:04.360 thousands of rockets indiscriminately into the heart of the city. 01:34:04.360 --> 01:34:06.520 And Kabul became a living hell. 01:34:13.040 --> 01:34:15.400 PEOPLE SHOUT 01:34:15.400 --> 01:34:18.440 SHE SHOUTS IN OWN LANGUAGE 01:34:40.280 --> 01:34:42.480 EXPLOSION 01:34:42.480 --> 01:34:44.000 MAN: Jesus Christ. 01:35:02.120 --> 01:35:04.880 The mujaheddin leaders transformed. 01:35:04.880 --> 01:35:08.360 They became brutal warlords, tearing the country apart. 01:35:10.360 --> 01:35:13.480 The Americans had stopped sending any money or arms, 01:35:13.480 --> 01:35:17.840 so to fund themselves, the warlords turned to the heroin trade, 01:35:17.840 --> 01:35:21.640 and they began to export more and more opium to the West. 01:35:23.760 --> 01:35:25.720 The poppy fields of Helmand 01:35:25.720 --> 01:35:28.880 became the centre of a multimillion-dollar business, 01:35:28.880 --> 01:35:31.240 irrigated by the dams and canals 01:35:31.240 --> 01:35:34.320 built 40 years before by the American government. 01:35:37.320 --> 01:35:41.840 Out of the chaos came two extreme and violent reactions. 01:35:41.840 --> 01:35:44.640 Both ruthlessly simplified the world 01:35:44.640 --> 01:35:48.000 and both, although they were completely contradictory, 01:35:48.000 --> 01:35:50.560 were rooted in Wahhabism, 01:35:50.560 --> 01:35:54.680 the intolerant fundamentalism that came from Saudi Arabia. 01:35:54.680 --> 01:35:57.480 One was the Taliban. 01:35:57.480 --> 01:36:01.400 They started as a group of students in religious schools in Pakistan 01:36:01.400 --> 01:36:05.200 called madrassas, where many Afghan children had gone to study. 01:36:06.480 --> 01:36:08.720 They became the core of a revolution 01:36:08.720 --> 01:36:11.320 that spread rapidly through Afghanistan. 01:36:41.880 --> 01:36:45.800 Although they were in Pakistan, most of the madrassas had been created 01:36:45.800 --> 01:36:49.840 over the previous 20 years by money from Saudi Arabia. 01:36:49.840 --> 01:36:54.000 They were part of the massive effort that had been started by King Faisal 01:36:54.000 --> 01:36:57.600 to spread fundamentalism throughout the Islamic world. 01:36:57.600 --> 01:37:00.040 And the ideas that the madrassas taught 01:37:00.040 --> 01:37:03.040 were very close to Saudi Wahhabism. 01:37:07.960 --> 01:37:12.560 When the Taliban swept into Kabul, they went to the Presidential Palace 01:37:12.560 --> 01:37:15.840 and tore out all painted images of living things, 01:37:15.840 --> 01:37:19.080 even removing the faces off the stone lions. 01:37:21.640 --> 01:37:25.600 The society the Taliban built was based on an imagined idea 01:37:25.600 --> 01:37:30.080 of the past, a re-creation of how they thought Islamic society 01:37:30.080 --> 01:37:33.160 had been run in the 7th century. 01:37:33.160 --> 01:37:36.160 All modernization was swept away. 01:37:36.160 --> 01:37:38.280 Women were not to be educated, 01:37:38.280 --> 01:37:40.760 and all film and music was banned. 01:37:47.920 --> 01:37:51.480 And even the bodies of dead communists were dug up and burnt - 01:37:51.480 --> 01:37:53.880 to cleanse and purify the land. 01:37:59.200 --> 01:38:03.440 The other reaction came from Osama bin Laden. 01:38:03.440 --> 01:38:05.600 Bin Laden had come back to Afghanistan 01:38:05.600 --> 01:38:08.840 determined to lead an Islamist revolution. 01:38:08.840 --> 01:38:12.360 But his ideas were very different from the Taliban. 01:38:12.360 --> 01:38:16.320 He wanted to use Islamic principles in a new way - 01:38:16.320 --> 01:38:19.440 to make it a revolutionary force in the modern world, 01:38:19.440 --> 01:38:22.080 to go forwards, not backwards. 01:38:23.720 --> 01:38:25.680 But the problem was that these ideas 01:38:25.680 --> 01:38:28.440 had failed to capture the public imagination, 01:38:28.440 --> 01:38:30.640 not just in Afghanistan 01:38:30.640 --> 01:38:32.840 but throughout most of the Islamic world. 01:38:34.320 --> 01:38:37.520 Bin Laden was convinced that what was stopping this revolution 01:38:37.520 --> 01:38:39.520 was America. 01:38:39.520 --> 01:38:43.880 He had seen how American money had corrupted Saudi Arabia. 01:38:43.880 --> 01:38:47.920 Now he believed that America was corrupting the minds of Muslim people 01:38:47.920 --> 01:38:52.160 everywhere, and preventing them from rising up and liberating themselves. 01:38:52.160 --> 01:38:56.240 HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 01:38:56.240 --> 01:38:59.520 Bin Laden's Islamist ideas began to mutate 01:38:59.520 --> 01:39:02.040 and become mixed with the intolerant 01:39:02.040 --> 01:39:05.400 and anti-modern anger of Wahhabism. 01:39:05.400 --> 01:39:09.760 Out of it came a dark and apocalyptic jihadism. 01:39:09.760 --> 01:39:12.880 It said that the only way to create a revolution 01:39:12.880 --> 01:39:17.440 would be to attack what he called "the far enemy" directly. 01:39:17.440 --> 01:39:21.600 The dramatic shock would somehow liberate the masses, 01:39:21.600 --> 01:39:26.440 but all discussion of what kind of society would result dropped away, 01:39:26.440 --> 01:39:29.960 and was replaced by stark vision of the coming battle 01:39:29.960 --> 01:39:32.040 between good and evil. 01:42:51.520 --> 01:42:53.560 CHEERING AND APPLAUSE 01:43:01.680 --> 01:43:04.720 CROWD CHANTS 01:44:25.040 --> 01:44:28.120 America and the coalition forces invaded Afghanistan 01:44:28.120 --> 01:44:31.040 not just to find those behind the attacks on America 01:44:31.040 --> 01:44:34.200 but also to transform Afghanistan 01:44:34.200 --> 01:44:36.640 into a modern democracy. 01:44:36.640 --> 01:44:38.800 It was a grand plan 01:44:38.800 --> 01:44:41.880 but the logic behind it was simple. 01:44:41.880 --> 01:44:44.960 If the innocent people of Afghanistan could be liberated 01:44:44.960 --> 01:44:47.920 from the evil forces that had terrorised them, 01:44:47.920 --> 01:44:50.880 then they would become free individuals. 01:44:50.880 --> 01:44:52.960 And out of that, a democracy, 01:44:52.960 --> 01:44:55.440 like those in the West, would grow naturally. 01:44:59.640 --> 01:45:03.120 Tens of thousands of Americans and Europeans would pass through 01:45:03.120 --> 01:45:05.600 the country over the next ten years - 01:45:05.600 --> 01:45:08.480 soldiers, diplomats, experts, 01:45:08.480 --> 01:45:11.320 political advisers and journalists. 01:45:11.320 --> 01:45:14.440 All of them trying to build this new society. 01:45:16.040 --> 01:45:19.080 But few of them stopped to think whether what had happened 01:45:19.080 --> 01:45:21.280 to the Russians 20 years before 01:45:21.280 --> 01:45:23.720 might also happen to them. 01:45:23.720 --> 01:45:28.600 That, in a strange way, Afghanistan has revealed to us the emptiness 01:45:28.600 --> 01:45:31.480 and hypocrisy of many our beliefs. 01:45:31.480 --> 01:45:34.360 And that we may be returning from there 01:45:34.360 --> 01:45:37.280 also haunted by mujaheddin ghosts, 01:45:37.280 --> 01:45:40.920 knowing that, underneath, we believe in nothing. 01:46:07.160 --> 01:46:11.320 After the shock of the attacks in September 2001, the greatest fear 01:46:11.320 --> 01:46:13.960 was that the American economy might collapse as well. 01:46:15.520 --> 01:46:19.280 In response, the politicians, advised by their economic experts, 01:46:19.280 --> 01:46:22.320 cut interest rates to almost zero. 01:46:22.320 --> 01:46:24.840 This allowed cheap money to flood through the system 01:46:24.840 --> 01:46:26.720 and avoid disaster. 01:46:26.720 --> 01:46:29.760 The banks lent money to anyone and everyone. 01:46:31.000 --> 01:46:33.960 It was the politicians looking to the financial system 01:46:33.960 --> 01:46:35.800 to stabilise the country. 01:46:39.400 --> 01:46:42.280 SHE TALKS IN OWN LANGUAGE 01:46:42.280 --> 01:46:45.560 At the same time, thousands of experts and advisers 01:46:45.560 --> 01:46:47.840 flooded into Afghanistan. 01:46:47.840 --> 01:46:53.160 Their aim was to transform the country into a modern democracy. 01:46:53.160 --> 01:46:55.960 This optimistic vision of a future Afghanistan 01:46:55.960 --> 01:46:58.960 was celebrated in the Kabul Stadium. 01:46:58.960 --> 01:47:02.040 It was the same stadium where the Russians had celebrated 01:47:02.040 --> 01:47:05.440 their new model for Afghanistan 20 years before. 01:47:06.600 --> 01:47:11.480 Last year we think that we can never can be alive again, we will die. 01:47:11.480 --> 01:47:15.400 But now we are...we are thinking that we are alive again, 01:47:15.400 --> 01:47:17.080 and we are too happy. 01:47:17.080 --> 01:47:20.480 And also, from America, that they help a lot, 01:47:20.480 --> 01:47:24.520 we are very appreciative of them. Thanks a lot. 01:47:24.520 --> 01:47:26.840 I think now everything is normal. 01:47:26.840 --> 01:47:30.320 The man and woman can work in one place 01:47:30.320 --> 01:47:32.680 and no any different between them, 01:47:32.680 --> 01:47:37.360 and I think everything is going to...good day by day. 01:47:37.360 --> 01:47:40.120 - And this is our school... - That's your school board. 01:47:40.120 --> 01:47:42.280 - Yeah. - OK. 01:47:42.280 --> 01:47:44.840 Actually, can I just... Hello? Hello? 01:47:44.840 --> 01:47:48.680 ADAM CURTIS: All kinds of groups came to Kabul to help the project. 01:47:48.680 --> 01:47:52.720 It was like a snapshot of what those in power in America and Britain 01:47:52.720 --> 01:47:54.840 believed made democracy work. 01:47:56.840 --> 01:48:00.000 As well as the obvious lessons in how to organise elections 01:48:00.000 --> 01:48:04.000 and conferences on how to stop the narcotics trade, 01:48:04.000 --> 01:48:06.960 young Afghan students were also given lessons 01:48:06.960 --> 01:48:09.360 in how to make conceptual art. 01:48:13.640 --> 01:48:16.200 So, this is, in some ways, 01:48:16.200 --> 01:48:18.960 often called the first piece of conceptual art. 01:48:18.960 --> 01:48:23.000 MAN TRANSLATES 01:48:26.840 --> 01:48:29.240 Does anyone know what it is? 01:48:29.240 --> 01:48:31.200 MAN TRANSLATES 01:48:31.200 --> 01:48:33.160 I don't expect the ladies to know. 01:48:33.160 --> 01:48:35.240 MAN TRANSLATES 01:48:35.240 --> 01:48:38.240 MAN: Toilets. - Exactly. 01:48:38.240 --> 01:48:41.440 An artist called Marcel Duchamp, 01:48:41.440 --> 01:48:43.800 who's very important in Western art, 01:48:43.800 --> 01:48:48.120 put this toilet in an art gallery 01:48:48.120 --> 01:48:50.160 about 100 years ago. 01:48:50.160 --> 01:48:52.400 It was a huge revolution. 01:48:52.400 --> 01:48:56.120 Are you ready to see how it is used? 01:49:17.480 --> 01:49:20.040 Underlying it all was a belief that the battle 01:49:20.040 --> 01:49:22.200 was to create a good society, 01:49:22.200 --> 01:49:25.280 one that would be strong enough to stand against the bad, 01:49:25.280 --> 01:49:28.880 anti-democratic forces that had overwhelmed Afghanistan. 01:49:30.320 --> 01:49:33.480 But then it began to get confusing. 01:49:33.480 --> 01:49:37.000 The Americans discovered that was it was very difficult to know exactly 01:49:37.000 --> 01:49:40.120 who was good and who was bad. 01:49:40.120 --> 01:49:43.680 When they had invaded, they had been helped by Afghans 01:49:43.680 --> 01:49:47.160 who were already fighting the Taliban. 01:49:47.160 --> 01:49:51.120 The Americans had assumed they would help to create the new democracy, 01:49:51.120 --> 01:49:54.600 and appointed many of them to run the country. 01:49:54.600 --> 01:49:58.280 But now it turned out that many of them were actually the very same 01:49:58.280 --> 01:50:02.280 corrupt and violent warlords who the Taliban had overthrown. 01:50:03.280 --> 01:50:05.440 And they were using their new power 01:50:05.440 --> 01:50:08.040 to terrorise the country all over again. 01:50:12.240 --> 01:50:15.960 Gul Agha Sherzai had been made Governor of Kandahar. 01:50:15.960 --> 01:50:18.920 But he was also alleged to be making a million dollars a week 01:50:18.920 --> 01:50:20.920 from running the opium trade, 01:50:20.920 --> 01:50:24.280 while at the same time siphoning off millions from the Americans 01:50:24.280 --> 01:50:26.720 in inflated contracts. 01:50:26.720 --> 01:50:30.480 When President Karzai was persuaded to remove Sherzai, 01:50:30.480 --> 01:50:34.440 he simply made him governor of another province. 01:50:34.440 --> 01:50:36.280 But he was not alone. 01:50:36.280 --> 01:50:40.760 Throughout much of Afghanistan, the warlords had returned to power. 01:50:40.760 --> 01:50:42.600 But this time it was worse. 01:50:42.600 --> 01:50:47.000 The massive influx of American money allowed them to extend their networks 01:50:47.000 --> 01:50:50.960 of bribery and corruption to every corner of Afghan society. 01:51:28.040 --> 01:51:30.800 But the money was not just corrupting individuals. 01:51:30.800 --> 01:51:33.920 It was undermining the whole structure of society, 01:51:33.920 --> 01:51:36.160 above all the police. 01:51:36.160 --> 01:51:38.040 Rather than enforcing the law, 01:51:38.040 --> 01:51:41.120 the police had become transformed into violent militias 01:51:41.120 --> 01:51:44.040 who worked for the warlords. 01:51:44.040 --> 01:51:47.560 They organised a massive expansion of the drug trade. 01:51:47.560 --> 01:51:49.920 And they also terrorised the local people. 01:51:51.200 --> 01:51:53.800 Ordinary Afghans came to hate the police 01:51:53.800 --> 01:51:55.880 and they saw them as the enemy. 01:52:08.640 --> 01:52:11.880 And the Americans also weren't as good as they appeared. 01:52:18.520 --> 01:52:20.920 Jack Idema had been portrayed as a hero, 01:52:20.920 --> 01:52:24.080 working with the US Special Forces to hunt down bin Laden. 01:52:25.480 --> 01:52:29.560 He had arrived in Kabul three years before and become a legendary figure. 01:52:33.280 --> 01:52:37.160 CBS television had made an hour-long special about the secret world 01:52:37.160 --> 01:52:41.040 of terror that Idema had discovered in the mountains. 01:52:41.040 --> 01:52:45.480 It showed a tape that he said he had found of the Al-Qaeda group training. 01:52:47.560 --> 01:52:50.360 But then Idema was arrested. 01:52:50.360 --> 01:52:52.920 The Americans said that he was a fake. 01:52:52.920 --> 01:52:56.680 He had nothing to do with them, and had conned CBS. 01:52:56.680 --> 01:52:59.240 They alleged that Idema had a dungeon, 01:52:59.240 --> 01:53:01.360 hidden underneath his house in Kabul, 01:53:01.360 --> 01:53:03.560 where he tortured innocent Afghans. 01:53:14.360 --> 01:53:18.240 Tell him, basically I'm tired of the lies. Where's his village? 01:53:19.520 --> 01:53:22.400 In three minutes...he'll be dead. 01:53:25.000 --> 01:53:28.560 MAN SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 01:53:35.040 --> 01:53:37.480 Idema was put on trial in Kabul. 01:53:37.480 --> 01:53:40.920 He insisted, though, he had been working with the highest levels 01:53:40.920 --> 01:53:43.120 of the US military and government. 01:53:50.520 --> 01:53:52.320 I know what's wrong with you... 01:53:52.320 --> 01:53:54.320 Jack, who are you working for? 01:53:54.320 --> 01:53:56.880 Uh, we were working for the US Counter-Terrorist Group 01:53:56.880 --> 01:54:00.040 and working with the Pentagon and some other federal agencies. 01:54:00.040 --> 01:54:02.240 So you were working with US knowledge, 01:54:02.240 --> 01:54:04.040 with US government knowledge? 01:54:04.040 --> 01:54:07.040 We were in touch with the Pentagon sometimes five times a day, 01:54:07.040 --> 01:54:09.000 at the highest level, every day. 01:54:09.000 --> 01:54:12.400 How do you feel about being sort of let go by the Americans? 01:54:12.400 --> 01:54:13.720 Fucked. 01:54:15.240 --> 01:54:16.920 You can't use that quote. 01:54:16.920 --> 01:54:20.400 Well, there you go, that's the quote, my dear. 01:54:20.400 --> 01:54:22.160 This government and our government 01:54:22.160 --> 01:54:24.360 knew every single thing we were doing. 01:54:24.360 --> 01:54:27.960 ADAM CURTIS: Jack Idema was found guilty and sent to jail. 01:54:27.960 --> 01:54:31.160 But then it got even more confusing. 01:54:31.160 --> 01:54:34.160 Because reports emerged that the real American military 01:54:34.160 --> 01:54:37.920 had been doing exactly the same as Jack Idema. 01:54:37.920 --> 01:54:41.640 They had set up a special torture centre in an old Soviet hangar 01:54:41.640 --> 01:54:44.240 at Bagram Air Base. 01:54:44.240 --> 01:54:46.760 Ordinary Afghans were shackled to the ceiling 01:54:46.760 --> 01:54:49.320 and subjected to all kinds of violent abuse. 01:54:51.240 --> 01:54:53.920 But they went further than Jack Idema. 01:54:53.920 --> 01:54:57.680 The reports said that two of the victims had been tortured to death. 01:55:04.040 --> 01:55:06.080 Of course, it was very provocative. 01:55:06.080 --> 01:55:09.200 People were very angry, and I think it's important to understand 01:55:09.200 --> 01:55:12.280 that when this kind of art emerged 01:55:12.280 --> 01:55:14.240 it was partly political. 01:55:14.240 --> 01:55:17.360 It was to fight against the system and say, 01:55:17.360 --> 01:55:20.000 "What is art is what I think it is." 01:55:35.360 --> 01:55:38.880 One of the biggest concerns we have is about the casualties 01:55:38.880 --> 01:55:41.360 that took place because of the result of cluster bombs. 01:55:41.360 --> 01:55:42.880 OK, that's fine. 01:55:42.880 --> 01:55:45.040 - OK, is that fly going to...? - That fly. 01:55:45.040 --> 01:55:47.400 - You can hear it, actually. - You can, can't you? 01:55:47.400 --> 01:55:49.840 FLY BUZZES It's a blowie. 01:55:49.840 --> 01:55:53.800 - It'll land. - It's a blowie. Fuck off. 01:55:53.800 --> 01:55:55.200 It's a bug. 01:55:56.520 --> 01:55:57.760 Ah... 01:56:00.720 --> 01:56:03.120 THUMP! 01:56:03.120 --> 01:56:05.600 LAUGHING: This is an interview about casualties. 01:56:05.600 --> 01:56:08.160 There's going to be one more. 01:56:08.160 --> 01:56:10.800 Ah! Jesus. 01:56:25.480 --> 01:56:30.880 On the whole, I think everyone finds it a very important event 01:56:30.880 --> 01:56:34.200 and even more so, the fact we're abroad 01:56:34.200 --> 01:56:36.240 and not able to celebrate it at home. 01:56:36.240 --> 01:56:38.960 Hence we're very happy to, uh, 01:56:38.960 --> 01:56:43.240 do some small token towards the Queen's celebrations. 01:56:44.480 --> 01:56:47.960 And why, why a beacon here in Kabul? 01:56:47.960 --> 01:56:50.040 I have absolutely no idea. 01:56:53.760 --> 01:56:58.280 By 2006, the British and the Americans realised that their project 01:56:58.280 --> 01:57:01.920 to bring democracy to Afghanistan was failing, 01:57:01.920 --> 01:57:05.080 and large parts of the country were descending into anarchy. 01:57:07.000 --> 01:57:10.600 In Helmand, in Southern Afghanistan, armed groups had risen up 01:57:10.600 --> 01:57:13.160 and there was constant fighting. 01:57:13.160 --> 01:57:17.360 The coalition were convinced that this was the return of the Taliban, 01:57:17.360 --> 01:57:20.760 and British troops were sent there to restore order 01:57:20.760 --> 01:57:22.840 and to help protect the regional government. 01:57:28.480 --> 01:57:31.320 But when the British commanders asked the Ministry of Defence 01:57:31.320 --> 01:57:34.280 for information about what was happening in Helmand, 01:57:34.280 --> 01:57:35.960 there was none. 01:57:35.960 --> 01:57:38.880 There weren't even any satellites looking at it. 01:57:38.880 --> 01:57:41.240 They had all been moved to look at Iraq. 01:57:43.600 --> 01:57:47.080 The one thing they did know was that they were going to the very heartland 01:57:47.080 --> 01:57:50.320 of the tribe that had decisively defeated the British 01:57:50.320 --> 01:57:52.800 125 years before 01:57:52.800 --> 01:57:54.440 at the Battle of Maiwand. 01:58:01.680 --> 01:58:05.440 The British commander called a meeting with the local elders. 01:58:05.440 --> 01:58:08.320 It was in the very same town that the American engineers had built, 01:58:08.320 --> 01:58:11.200 50 years before, when they were constructing the dam 01:58:11.200 --> 01:58:13.000 across the Helmand River. 01:58:16.440 --> 01:58:18.600 All three of us, the security, 01:58:18.600 --> 01:58:21.840 governance, and for development. 01:58:21.840 --> 01:58:24.800 We are the three who work together as the British. 01:58:24.800 --> 01:58:29.040 I know you've seen many foreigners arriving in your country. 01:58:29.040 --> 01:58:31.720 ADAM CURTIS: The commander reassured the elders 01:58:31.720 --> 01:58:34.240 that the British were there to defeat the Taliban 01:58:34.240 --> 01:58:36.040 and support the regional government. 01:58:36.040 --> 01:58:38.800 COMMANDER: ..my forefathers were even here before. 01:58:38.800 --> 01:58:42.200 ADAM CURTIS: Next door, his officers were preparing to entertain 01:58:42.200 --> 01:58:44.760 the elders with a showing of David Attenborough's series 01:58:44.760 --> 01:58:47.440 The Blue Planet. 01:58:47.440 --> 01:58:50.960 But the elders thought that the British had completely misunderstood 01:58:50.960 --> 01:58:52.640 the problem. 01:58:52.640 --> 01:58:55.000 The real enemy was not the Taliban, 01:58:55.000 --> 01:58:58.000 but the corrupt and vicious government that President Karzai 01:58:58.000 --> 01:59:01.520 had installed in Helmand and was doing nothing to stop. 01:59:03.240 --> 01:59:06.280 HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 01:59:15.720 --> 01:59:18.240 And tell Mr President Karzai 01:59:18.240 --> 01:59:21.560 if he bring a good governance, 01:59:21.560 --> 01:59:24.080 the security situation will be the same. 01:59:24.080 --> 01:59:26.960 If you are here for 100 years, it will be not good. 01:59:26.960 --> 01:59:28.840 Once he brought good governance, 01:59:28.840 --> 01:59:30.480 good people to the government, 01:59:30.480 --> 01:59:34.480 then we have hope that the security will be change. 01:59:37.800 --> 01:59:40.720 The elders left without watching The Blue Planet. 01:59:45.480 --> 01:59:47.320 Before they came to Helmand, 01:59:47.320 --> 01:59:51.200 the British had forced President Karzai to get rid of its governor. 01:59:51.200 --> 01:59:53.960 But they didn't realise that he had left behind him 01:59:53.960 --> 01:59:57.000 a completely corrupted society. 01:59:57.000 --> 01:59:59.280 And nothing was what it seemed. 02:00:01.880 --> 02:00:04.840 When the British went into towns like Sangin, 02:00:04.840 --> 02:00:07.560 they tried to support the police. 02:00:07.560 --> 02:00:11.360 But the police were really the armed militia for the sacked governor. 02:00:12.520 --> 02:00:15.120 To the locals, this meant that the western troops 02:00:15.120 --> 02:00:17.480 were supporting their oppressors. 02:00:17.480 --> 02:00:19.840 So they started to attack the British. 02:00:19.840 --> 02:00:21.080 Get inside! 02:00:22.840 --> 02:00:24.200 Shit the bed. 02:00:24.200 --> 02:00:26.360 That's close, that one, out the back there. 02:00:26.360 --> 02:00:27.760 It was. 02:00:27.760 --> 02:00:29.720 Right, mate, get under it. 02:00:29.720 --> 02:00:32.120 - Shit. - Shit. 02:00:32.120 --> 02:00:35.080 - They're overshooting on us. - Stay down, lads, stay down. 02:00:35.080 --> 02:00:38.080 - Is that incoming or outcoming? - Fucking incoming now. 02:00:38.080 --> 02:00:41.160 ADAM CURTIS: The British thought that this must mean they were Taliban. 02:00:41.160 --> 02:00:44.880 So in response they dropped giant bombs on them. 02:00:48.640 --> 02:00:50.120 Fuckin' hell. 02:00:50.120 --> 02:00:51.520 MAN LAUGHS 02:00:51.520 --> 02:00:54.160 - Did you get that, did you? - Yes, I did. Fucking hell. 02:00:54.160 --> 02:00:55.760 MAN LAUGHS 02:00:55.760 --> 02:00:58.040 LAUGHING: Holy shit. 02:01:00.880 --> 02:01:03.880 But this then devastated the town centres, 02:01:03.880 --> 02:01:06.840 which made even more local people join in the attacks. 02:01:09.200 --> 02:01:10.640 Seeing their chance, 02:01:10.640 --> 02:01:14.120 the real ideological Taliban, who were now based in Pakistan, 02:01:14.120 --> 02:01:17.880 flooded back in and they started attacking the British, too. 02:01:19.560 --> 02:01:21.640 GUNFIRE 02:01:29.240 --> 02:01:33.520 At the same time the corrupt militias who worked for the local government 02:01:33.520 --> 02:01:35.240 also turned against the British. 02:01:44.760 --> 02:01:48.760 Faced by the chaos, the British still clung to their simple narrative 02:01:48.760 --> 02:01:50.640 of good and evil. 02:01:50.640 --> 02:01:53.400 They - the Western forces - were good. 02:01:53.400 --> 02:01:56.680 And all the different groups who were attacking them were Taliban, 02:01:56.680 --> 02:01:58.080 and were bad. 02:01:59.480 --> 02:02:03.520 But this extraordinary simplification had terrible consequences. 02:02:03.520 --> 02:02:06.960 Because if you were an Afghan and wanted to kill a rival, 02:02:06.960 --> 02:02:09.640 all you had to do was go to the British 02:02:09.640 --> 02:02:11.800 and tell them that he was a Taliban 02:02:11.800 --> 02:02:15.320 and the British would obediently wipe him out. 02:02:25.240 --> 02:02:26.880 INCOMING ROCKET 02:02:26.880 --> 02:02:29.080 - Fuck! - Fuckin' hell! 02:02:29.080 --> 02:02:31.240 - Yeah! - Whoo! 02:02:31.240 --> 02:02:33.280 The British were being used. 02:02:35.600 --> 02:02:38.400 The terrible truth was that the British presence 02:02:38.400 --> 02:02:40.400 did not contain the war. 02:02:40.400 --> 02:02:42.200 It did the very opposite. 02:02:42.200 --> 02:02:45.840 It escalated it so much that it ran out of control. 02:02:45.840 --> 02:02:50.440 And the bodies - Afghan and British - piled up. 02:03:01.840 --> 02:03:04.120 The dynamic was one of manipulation. 02:03:04.120 --> 02:03:07.040 They understood how we saw the conflict. 02:03:07.040 --> 02:03:09.800 They presented their local group conflict, 02:03:09.800 --> 02:03:12.840 their civil war between groups that had been going on for 35 years. 02:03:12.840 --> 02:03:15.280 They presented everything in that dynamic. 02:03:15.280 --> 02:03:19.480 So they came to us and said, "Those people over there are Taliban." 02:03:19.480 --> 02:03:22.080 And we went, "OK." And we went off and dealt with them. 02:03:22.080 --> 02:03:24.680 But, actually, we were dealing with their previous enemies. 02:03:24.680 --> 02:03:27.040 So we were just creating more enemies for ourselves. 02:03:27.040 --> 02:03:30.000 And you ended up in a downward spiral where, 02:03:30.000 --> 02:03:32.240 because everyone was manipulating us, 02:03:32.240 --> 02:03:33.920 we ended up fighting everyone. 02:03:33.920 --> 02:03:38.600 And then, in return, everyone who fought us immediately became Taliban. 02:03:38.600 --> 02:03:41.280 The way that we decided whether you were Taliban or not 02:03:41.280 --> 02:03:43.040 was whether you were firing at us. 02:03:46.840 --> 02:03:48.520 SPORADIC GUNFIRE 02:03:51.600 --> 02:03:55.720 Post 2001, whereas we've understood the conflict as good/bad, 02:03:55.720 --> 02:03:57.440 black/white, government/Taliban, 02:03:57.440 --> 02:04:01.280 they've understood it as a shifting mosaic of different groups 02:04:01.280 --> 02:04:04.240 and leaders fighting each other, effectively over power. 02:04:04.240 --> 02:04:07.920 And the currency of power in Helmand is opium. 02:04:07.920 --> 02:04:09.840 That's largely what the conflict's about. 02:04:23.520 --> 02:04:26.400 So what you're saying is that the...what we thought were 02:04:26.400 --> 02:04:30.920 the Taliban was actually an allergic reaction to us turning up 02:04:30.920 --> 02:04:33.680 into the middle of a complex civil war? 02:04:33.680 --> 02:04:34.720 Correct. 02:04:36.880 --> 02:04:39.520 - We made things worse? - Tak. 02:04:45.040 --> 02:04:46.840 EXPLOSION 02:04:49.160 --> 02:04:51.520 - Where was that? - That's over there on the left. 02:04:51.520 --> 02:04:53.040 Oh, for fuck's sakes. 02:04:57.600 --> 02:05:01.480 But then the British and the Americans had to face up to the fact 02:05:01.480 --> 02:05:05.760 that they might not be as good and innocent as they thought they were. 02:05:05.760 --> 02:05:08.800 HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 02:05:14.160 --> 02:05:18.600 In 2009, the Presidential elections were held. 02:05:18.600 --> 02:05:20.920 Hamid Karzai stood and allied himself 02:05:20.920 --> 02:05:23.560 with some of the most powerful warlords. 02:05:24.880 --> 02:05:28.160 But there were allegations that the warlords rigged the vote 02:05:28.160 --> 02:05:30.360 on a massive scale. 02:05:30.360 --> 02:05:33.440 This was backed up with videos that seemed to show 02:05:33.440 --> 02:05:36.200 the warlords' followers stuffing the ballot boxes 02:05:36.200 --> 02:05:38.160 with hundreds of fake voting papers. 02:05:48.440 --> 02:05:51.400 The coalition tried to rerun the election. 02:05:51.400 --> 02:05:53.520 But Karzai's main opponent refused 02:05:53.520 --> 02:05:56.480 because he said it would be even more corrupt. 02:05:57.920 --> 02:06:00.360 So the British and Americans had no choice 02:06:00.360 --> 02:06:05.400 but to abandon their great dream of a real democracy in Afghanistan. 02:06:05.400 --> 02:06:09.360 They gave in and allowed Karzai to become president again. 02:06:18.600 --> 02:06:20.920 I still don't trust that fella. 02:06:20.920 --> 02:06:23.480 Things look rather bad, sir. What are we going to do? 02:06:23.480 --> 02:06:25.960 Do, Captain? We're British, we won't do anything. 02:06:25.960 --> 02:06:27.440 - Till it's too late. - Precisely. 02:06:27.440 --> 02:06:29.200 That's the first sensible thing you've said today. 02:06:29.200 --> 02:06:31.120 - Thank you, sir. - No, gentlemen, as always, 02:06:31.120 --> 02:06:33.440 we will carry on as if nothing was going to happen. 02:06:33.440 --> 02:06:34.920 This morning... 02:06:34.920 --> 02:06:38.800 the Federal Reserve, with support of the Treasury Department, 02:06:38.800 --> 02:06:42.720 took additional actions to mitigate disruptions to our financial markets. 02:06:44.240 --> 02:06:46.960 Today's events are fast moving. 02:06:46.960 --> 02:06:49.600 But the chairman of the Federal Reserve and the secretary 02:06:49.600 --> 02:06:53.120 of the Treasury are on top of them, and will take the appropriate steps 02:06:53.120 --> 02:06:55.680 to promote stability in our markets. 02:06:55.680 --> 02:06:57.600 ADAM CURTIS: And at the very same time 02:06:57.600 --> 02:07:00.680 as their simple plan was falling apart in Afghanistan, 02:07:00.680 --> 02:07:03.560 the politicians had to face a crisis at home. 02:07:05.120 --> 02:07:06.920 They had given power to the banks 02:07:06.920 --> 02:07:10.240 because the bankers and the financial technocrats had promised 02:07:10.240 --> 02:07:12.960 that they could hold the economy stable. 02:07:12.960 --> 02:07:17.000 But in 2008, the whole intricate system of credit and loans 02:07:17.000 --> 02:07:20.280 that the banks had created collapsed, 02:07:20.280 --> 02:07:23.720 and there was growing panic as giant financial institutions 02:07:23.720 --> 02:07:25.280 faced bankruptcy. 02:07:28.600 --> 02:07:31.320 The politicians in America and Britain stepped in 02:07:31.320 --> 02:07:33.800 and rescued the banks. 02:07:33.800 --> 02:07:37.400 As they did so, they began to discover that most of the major 02:07:37.400 --> 02:07:41.000 financial institutions were also riddled with corruption. 02:07:42.560 --> 02:07:45.520 But unlike President Roosevelt in the 1930s, 02:07:45.520 --> 02:07:49.160 they didn't then try and reform the system. 02:07:49.160 --> 02:07:51.640 Instead they simply propped it up 02:07:51.640 --> 02:07:56.520 by literally pouring billions more pounds and dollars into the banks, 02:07:56.520 --> 02:08:01.080 hoping that this would somehow spread through the economies. 02:08:01.080 --> 02:08:03.920 They had no other idea. 02:08:03.920 --> 02:08:05.840 GUNFIRE 02:08:05.840 --> 02:08:07.760 CHILDREN CRY 02:08:12.840 --> 02:08:15.760 And, faced by disaster in Afghanistan, 02:08:15.760 --> 02:08:18.480 the politicians did exactly the same there, too. 02:08:19.880 --> 02:08:23.680 The Americans knew that the idea of democracy was failing. 02:08:23.680 --> 02:08:29.200 In desperation, they poured even more money into the Afghan economy. 02:08:29.200 --> 02:08:32.080 The idea was that this would somehow create a simpler, 02:08:32.080 --> 02:08:33.760 economic form of democracy 02:08:33.760 --> 02:08:36.760 and that the free market would liberate people. 02:08:38.080 --> 02:08:40.040 They would become model consumers 02:08:40.040 --> 02:08:43.040 following their own rational self-interest, 02:08:43.040 --> 02:08:46.600 just like in the economies of the west. 02:08:46.600 --> 02:08:49.240 And in an odd way, it worked. 02:08:49.240 --> 02:08:51.200 Many of those in charge of the money 02:08:51.200 --> 02:08:54.320 did behave in their own rational self-interest. 02:08:54.320 --> 02:08:56.280 They simply stole the money, 02:08:56.280 --> 02:08:59.440 smuggled it out through Kabul Airport, 02:08:59.440 --> 02:09:02.560 and used it to buy luxury properties in Dubai. 02:09:04.600 --> 02:09:08.760 During this period it was estimated that 10 million a day 02:09:08.760 --> 02:09:11.240 was being taken out of Afghanistan this way. 02:09:21.600 --> 02:09:25.280 SHOUTING IN OWN LANGUAGE 02:09:25.280 --> 02:09:27.880 The scandal seemed to confirm for many Afghans 02:09:27.880 --> 02:09:31.600 that the United States had not brought democracy or free markets 02:09:31.600 --> 02:09:33.240 to their country, 02:09:33.240 --> 02:09:37.080 but instead a corrupt crony capitalism that had taken over 02:09:37.080 --> 02:09:39.240 Afghanistan and its government. 02:09:41.480 --> 02:09:43.640 Which was the very same allegation 02:09:43.640 --> 02:09:46.000 that as being made against politicians at home, 02:09:46.000 --> 02:09:48.280 in America and in Britain. 02:10:12.720 --> 02:10:14.800 At the end of 2014, 02:10:14.800 --> 02:10:16.960 British soldiers left Afghanistan. 02:10:18.160 --> 02:10:21.400 All the bases were wiped out as if nothing had been there. 02:10:22.560 --> 02:10:27.080 Even the war memorials were packed up and taken back to Staffordshire. 02:10:40.480 --> 02:10:45.040 But they weren't the only fighters who had left Afghanistan. 02:10:45.040 --> 02:10:47.760 Abu Musab al-Zarqawi had gone to Afghanistan 02:10:47.760 --> 02:10:50.960 to fight the Soviets back in the 1980s. 02:10:50.960 --> 02:10:53.760 Then he had stayed on to work with Osama bin Laden. 02:10:55.600 --> 02:10:58.600 And in 2003 he went to Iraq 02:10:58.600 --> 02:11:01.680 and set up a jihadist group called Al-Qaeda in Iraq 02:11:01.680 --> 02:11:04.040 to fight the American invasion. 02:11:06.120 --> 02:11:08.160 Allahu Akbar! 02:11:13.880 --> 02:11:15.240 Allahu Akbar! 02:11:15.240 --> 02:11:19.280 Al Zarqawi was powerfully influenced by bin Laden's ideas. 02:11:19.280 --> 02:11:21.720 But he took them much further. 02:11:21.720 --> 02:11:25.480 He and his group killed anyone who they decided did not believe 02:11:25.480 --> 02:11:29.440 in their fundamentalist ideas and deserved to die. 02:11:29.440 --> 02:11:32.640 Even the original founders of Al-Qaeda were shocked, 02:11:32.640 --> 02:11:36.800 and they sent him a letter telling him to stop killing civilians. 02:11:36.800 --> 02:11:38.960 But al-Zarqawi ignored them. 02:11:38.960 --> 02:11:41.960 He was convinced that the insurgency in Iraq 02:11:41.960 --> 02:11:45.880 could be used to spread an Islamist revolution throughout the Arab world. 02:11:45.880 --> 02:11:48.280 HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 02:11:57.640 --> 02:11:59.200 But before he could do this, 02:11:59.200 --> 02:12:02.720 the Americans found al-Zarqawi and dropped a large bomb on him. 02:12:05.120 --> 02:12:07.360 But it didn't stop the spread of the idea. 02:12:11.440 --> 02:12:13.320 Despite al-Zarqarwi's death 02:12:13.320 --> 02:12:15.640 his organisation survived, 02:12:15.640 --> 02:12:21.320 and began to mutate into something even more ferocious and ambitious. 02:12:21.320 --> 02:12:24.840 But as it did so, it was possessed by ghosts from the past. 02:12:26.720 --> 02:12:30.880 What re-emerged was the fierce, intolerant vision of Wahhabism 02:12:30.880 --> 02:12:34.120 that had survived from the 1920s. 02:12:34.120 --> 02:12:38.560 It had spread outwards through Afghanistan in the 1980s and '90s 02:12:38.560 --> 02:12:42.480 where it had become mixed with modern Islamist ideas. 02:12:43.880 --> 02:12:48.240 But now, faced by the nihilistic horror in post-invasion Iraq, 02:12:48.240 --> 02:12:52.720 any ideas of building a new revolutionary future disappeared, 02:12:52.720 --> 02:12:57.000 and, instead, the conservative and backward-looking Wahhabism 02:12:57.000 --> 02:12:59.760 became the dominating influence, 02:12:59.760 --> 02:13:02.920 with its desire to retreat to an imagined past. 02:13:04.800 --> 02:13:09.360 In 2013, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was formed. 02:13:09.360 --> 02:13:11.360 Known as ISIS in the West. 02:13:12.640 --> 02:13:14.920 Its aim is to create a unified caliphate 02:13:14.920 --> 02:13:17.280 throughout the Islamic world. 02:13:17.280 --> 02:13:20.800 And although it uses the techniques of modern media 02:13:20.800 --> 02:13:24.960 it is, at heart, the same violent dream that had driven the Bedouins 02:13:24.960 --> 02:13:29.600 who had created the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the 1920s. 02:13:32.120 --> 02:13:34.880 Back then, the King of Saudi Arabia had found it necessary 02:13:34.880 --> 02:13:36.800 to try and exterminate them 02:13:36.800 --> 02:13:39.440 because they, too, wanted to go on and conquer 02:13:39.440 --> 02:13:41.920 the whole of the Islamic world. 02:13:41.920 --> 02:13:45.960 He machine-gunned them in the bleak sands of the Arabian Peninsula. 02:13:47.440 --> 02:13:50.800 And now the Saudis, along with the British and Americans, 02:13:50.800 --> 02:13:53.280 are trying to do the same thing again - 02:13:53.280 --> 02:13:56.240 to kill the jihadists and their ideas 02:13:56.240 --> 02:13:59.080 in the sand dunes of Northern Iraq and Syria. 02:14:00.920 --> 02:14:03.080 But it is an uncertain war. 02:14:03.080 --> 02:14:06.720 Western politicians are having to accept that the simple division 02:14:06.720 --> 02:14:10.240 between good and evil doesn't exist. 02:14:10.240 --> 02:14:13.680 By bombing ISIS, they are helping the evil President Assad 02:14:13.680 --> 02:14:14.760 to remain in power. 02:14:18.920 --> 02:14:23.760 And those in charge don't even know how big a threat ISIS really is. 02:14:23.760 --> 02:14:26.760 Is it a dark, existential threat? 02:14:26.760 --> 02:14:28.320 Or is it really a front, 02:14:28.320 --> 02:14:33.200 being used in an ongoing complex power struggle inside Iraq? 02:14:33.200 --> 02:14:34.880 We just don't know. 02:14:37.200 --> 02:14:40.120 At the end of the Soviet science fiction film Solaris, 02:14:40.120 --> 02:14:42.320 the astronaut returns home. 02:14:43.880 --> 02:14:46.040 Everything seems real and normal. 02:14:46.040 --> 02:14:49.600 But somehow he doesn't trust in anything any longer. 02:14:53.560 --> 02:14:56.320 Although we have the returned from Afghanistan, 02:14:56.320 --> 02:14:59.960 our leaders also seem to have lost faith in anything. 02:14:59.960 --> 02:15:03.640 And the simple stories they tell us don't make sense any longer. 02:15:06.400 --> 02:15:08.640 The experience of Afghanistan 02:15:08.640 --> 02:15:12.560 has made us begin to realise that there is something else out there 02:15:12.560 --> 02:15:15.080 but we just don't have the apparatus to see it. 02:15:16.880 --> 02:15:19.760 What is needed is a new story. 02:15:19.760 --> 02:15:22.040 And one that we can believe in.