1 00:00:03,400 --> 00:00:07,640 Świat w którym żyjemy staje się coraz bardziej bezsensowny. 2 00:00:07,640 --> 00:00:10,000 Wydarzenia przychodzą i odchodzą jak fale gorączki, 3 00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:12,120 pozostawiając nas zdezorientowanych i pogrążonych w niepewności. 4 00:00:14,680 --> 00:00:17,760 Ci u władzy, prowadzą narracje które mają nam pomóc nadać sens 5 00:00:17,760 --> 00:00:21,080 złożoności rzeczywistości. 6 00:00:21,080 --> 00:00:24,600 Ale te narracje stają się coraz mniej przekonywujące i coraz płytsze. 7 00:00:24,600 --> 00:00:26,040 # Excuse me, I'm lost... (Przepraszam, zgubiłam się) # 8 00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:33,560 Jest to film o tym dla czego te narracje przestały mieć sens. 9 00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:39,000 I jak doprowadziło to nas na Zachodzie, do bycia niebezpieczną i destrukcyjną siłą 10 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:40,680 wobec świata. 11 00:00:41,920 --> 00:00:44,200 Opowiada to przez pryzmat kraju 12 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:46,960 w samym centrum świata. Afganistan. 13 00:00:48,880 --> 00:00:50,040 #Kim jesteś? # 14 00:00:55,120 --> 00:00:56,920 MUZYKA: Come Down To Us - Burial 15 00:01:14,440 --> 00:01:16,400 # Jesteśmy tu 16 00:01:34,800 --> 00:01:38,720 # Jestem zmęczona 17 00:01:41,360 --> 00:01:44,440 # Break it down 18 00:01:44,440 --> 00:01:50,080 # Break it down, to my eyes 19 00:01:56,520 --> 00:02:00,200 # Baby, come on, come on 20 00:02:00,200 --> 00:02:03,320 # And, girl, I know 21 00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:06,920 # I know you want it 22 00:02:14,920 --> 00:02:17,760 # I'm trusting you, I'm going 23 00:02:20,360 --> 00:02:21,760 # Going 24 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:28,840 # Tonight, do you feel alive? 25 00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:35,880 # Tonight, do you feel alive? 26 00:02:48,760 --> 00:02:50,240 # Come down to us 27 00:02:55,680 --> 00:03:00,200 # Come down 28 00:03:02,560 --> 00:03:04,480 # Down... # 29 00:03:33,760 --> 00:03:37,840 W 1946, amerykańscy inżynierowie, wraz z żonami i rodzinami, 30 00:03:37,840 --> 00:03:40,880 zaczęli lądować na zakurzonym lądowisku w Helmand 31 00:03:40,880 --> 00:03:42,680 w południowym Afganistanie. 32 00:03:44,880 --> 00:03:47,160 Pracowali dla największej firmy budowlanej na świecie 33 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:50,200 - nazywającej się Morrison Knudsen - 34 00:03:50,200 --> 00:03:52,560 i zostali tam sprowadzeni przez króla Afganistanu 35 00:03:52,560 --> 00:03:55,520 by budować gigantyczny zaplanowany nowy świat - 36 00:03:55,520 --> 00:04:00,760 kompleks tam, kanałów, dróg a nawet nowe modelowe miasto 37 00:04:03,960 --> 00:04:07,720 Celem króla było ujarzmienie potężnej rzeki Helmand 38 00:04:07,720 --> 00:04:12,200 i przemiana jego kraju w nowoczesne społeczeństwo - dokładnie jak na Zachodzie. 39 00:04:23,560 --> 00:04:26,280 ARCHIWUM: "Azjatyckie królestwo Afganistanu jest zlokalizowane 40 00:04:26,280 --> 00:04:30,560 około 10.000 mil od któregokolwiek z wybrzeży Stanów Zjednoczonych. 41 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:34,400 Niemal dokładnie po przeciwnej stronie ziemi, na zachód od Chin, 42 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:35,800 poza Himalajami. 43 00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:46,680 'pozbawiony linii brzegowej, graniczy z Związkiem Sowieckim od północy, 44 00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:49,640 na wschodzie z Pakistanem a na zachodzie z Iranem." 45 00:04:55,560 --> 00:04:59,520 Król nazywa się Zahir Shah, i często przybywał żeby wizytować projekt. 46 00:05:00,920 --> 00:05:04,160 Afganistan był głęboko konserwatywnym krajem, a on był zdeterminowany 47 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:06,400 aby go zmodernizować. 48 00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:11,320 To co król próbował stworzyć w Helmand było kopią tego 49 00:05:11,320 --> 00:05:14,400 co prezydent Roosevelt stworzył w Ameryce w latach 30 dwudziestego wieku. 50 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:18,720 A firma którą wynajął - Morrison Knudsen - 51 00:05:18,720 --> 00:05:20,600 pracowała wtedy na zlecenie Roosevelta, 52 00:05:20,600 --> 00:05:24,320 budując nowy świat tam i elektrowni w całej Ameryce. 53 00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:28,760 Teraz mieli zrobić to samo dla Afganistanu. 54 00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:33,960 Inżynierowi i ich rodziny żyli w kompleksie domów 55 00:05:33,960 --> 00:05:37,640 wokół wiejskiej posiadłości króla w Helmand. 56 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:39,120 Miejsce to stało się znane jako Mała Ameryka. 57 00:06:08,360 --> 00:06:09,880 NIEWYRAŹNE GŁOSY 58 00:06:19,240 --> 00:06:20,680 Masz wszystko czego potrzebujesz? 59 00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:29,320 Sporo rzeczy tu leży. Jest tu ciało martwego powstańca. 60 00:06:30,360 --> 00:06:33,760 Mężczyzna zaraz pod 20stce. 61 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:56,040 Chodź, idziemy. Idziemy. 62 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:06,040 DIALOG W ICH WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 63 00:07:16,840 --> 00:07:18,400 KRZYCZĄ JEDNOCZEŚNIE 64 00:07:33,640 --> 00:07:36,120 OK, pójdę za tobą. Ruszaj. 65 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:37,160 OK. 66 00:07:40,840 --> 00:07:42,120 Dzień dobry. 67 00:07:42,120 --> 00:07:43,800 Wstańcie. 68 00:07:48,920 --> 00:07:51,320 Jak się macie? KOBIETY: Dobrze, dziękuję. 69 00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:53,480 Jesteście bardzo dobre. 70 00:07:53,480 --> 00:07:55,080 Jak wasze rodziny? 71 00:08:16,360 --> 00:08:18,560 Czego potrzeba żeby powstrzymać walki? 72 00:08:21,320 --> 00:08:22,560 TŁUMACZ POWTARZA 73 00:08:23,560 --> 00:08:25,080 ODPOWIADA WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 74 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:31,120 KOMÓRKA ODTWARZA PIOSENKĘ JAKO DZWONEK 75 00:08:43,440 --> 00:08:44,720 DZWONEK USTAJE 76 00:08:47,520 --> 00:08:48,960 NIEWYRAŹNE GŁOSY MIESZAJĄ SIĘ Z MUZYKĄ 77 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:08,880 Jak długo jesteś z Talibami, jeśli mogę zapytać? 78 00:10:39,160 --> 00:10:40,600 Chris, co się dzieje? 79 00:10:41,920 --> 00:10:43,720 Dobra, wow!! 80 00:10:43,720 --> 00:10:44,760 ŚMIECH 81 00:10:46,120 --> 00:10:49,280 Wow. Wyglądasz strasznie na zbliżeniu. 82 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:51,160 Z odległości też trochę strasznie! 83 00:10:51,160 --> 00:10:53,000 Taa, to prawda. 84 00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:54,600 Co jest?? Jak się czujesz? 85 00:10:54,600 --> 00:10:56,360 Czuję się teraz nieźle. 86 00:10:56,360 --> 00:10:58,400 To był dość ekscytujący dzień. 87 00:10:58,400 --> 00:11:00,080 Ta, zaliczamy tu zabicia. 88 00:11:00,080 --> 00:11:03,160 Dzisiaj, dla celów dokumentacji, 89 00:11:03,160 --> 00:11:07,160 dziś było dniem w którym poszliśmy na wskroś rozkazom i mimo wszystko strzelaliśmy. 90 00:11:07,160 --> 00:11:09,080 Zabiliśmy jakoś sporo ludzi. 91 00:11:09,080 --> 00:11:10,640 24 niezatwierdzone strzały. 92 00:11:10,640 --> 00:11:13,720 24 niezatwierdzone wysoce wybuchowe pociski z moździerza. 93 00:11:13,720 --> 00:11:17,640 To około 40,000 funtów śmierci, prosto. 94 00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:19,520 Yo. Yo. 95 00:11:19,520 --> 00:11:22,280 Jebać to, wygląda tu prawie jak na ravie. 96 00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:24,680 Wszystko co mam do powiedzenia... W zasadzie, mam coś do powiedzenia. 97 00:11:24,680 --> 00:11:26,680 Posłuchajmy. 98 00:11:26,680 --> 00:11:28,400 Kocham jebany korpus piechoty morskiej. ŚMIECH 99 00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:31,320 - Wiem że wielu z was... - Mamy cie na kamerze jak to mówisz! 100 00:11:31,320 --> 00:11:35,960 Wiem, wiem, że wielu z was nie, ale to co zrobiliśmy dzisiaj... 101 00:11:35,960 --> 00:11:38,200 Ta, potrzebujemy urodzonych morderów, takich jak ty. 102 00:11:38,200 --> 00:11:39,920 Och, wszyscy jesteśmy urodzonymi mordercami. 103 00:11:44,560 --> 00:11:45,880 NIEWYRAŹNE GŁOSY 104 00:12:55,040 --> 00:12:58,960 Pod koniec drugiej wojny światowej, prezydent Roosevelt wyruszył do 105 00:12:58,960 --> 00:13:01,640 Wielkiego Jeziora Gorzkiego, mieszczącego się w połowie Kanału Sueskiego. 106 00:13:02,720 --> 00:13:05,600 W tym samym czasie, wysłał kolejny okręt amerykańskiej marynarki 107 00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:08,560 by podjąć króla Arabii Saudyjskiej, króla Abdulaziza. 108 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:15,720 Spotkanie króla i prezydenta miało mieć potężne - i katastroficzne - 109 00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:20,160 konsekwencje tak dla Zachodu, jak i w dziwny sposób, dla Afganistanu. 110 00:13:25,120 --> 00:13:29,240 Roosevelt umierał, ale przez ostatnie 13 lat 111 00:13:29,240 --> 00:13:33,120 używał swojej władzy na epicką skalę, by zmieniać świat. 112 00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:38,480 Po krachu Wall Street i okropnym kryzysie który po nim nastąpił. 113 00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:40,240 Roosevelt chwycił za ster. 114 00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:44,200 Przyjął ustawy które rozbijały banki 115 00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:46,600 tak by nigdy więcej nie wymknęły się z pod kontroli. 116 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:50,920 I odbudowywał Amerykę serią gigantycznych tam 117 00:13:50,920 --> 00:13:54,880 które dały milionom energię elektryczną i zatrudnienie. 118 00:13:57,480 --> 00:14:01,320 A także zaplanował i poprowadził wojnę światową przeciw Niemcom i Japonii. 119 00:14:05,640 --> 00:14:08,520 Teraz, kiedy Roosevelt siedział oczekując Abdulaziza, 120 00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:13,280 nikt nie mógł sobie wyobrażać konsekwencji tego spotkania. 121 00:14:13,280 --> 00:14:16,200 Albowiem miało ono uwolnić siły które w przyszłości 122 00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:19,640 podważyły wszystko na co pracował Roosevelt - 123 00:14:19,640 --> 00:14:24,400 jego wiarę że politycy powinni wykorzystywać swoją władzę by 124 00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:25,760 planowo zmieniać świat. 125 00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:34,920 Ale Roosevelt wiedział że aby utrzymać tą władzę, Ameryka potrzebuje ropy. 126 00:14:34,920 --> 00:14:38,040 Chciał ukuć z królem alians aby być pewnym 127 00:14:38,040 --> 00:14:41,560 że zasobne pola roponośne Saudów pozostaną pod Amerykańską kontrolą. 128 00:14:42,760 --> 00:14:46,760 W swojej rozmowie, tych dwóch mężczyzn wyłożyło podstawy pod przymierze 129 00:14:46,760 --> 00:14:49,200 które trwa po dziś dzień. 130 00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:53,240 Ameryka miała dostać swoją ropę - a w zamian, Arabia Saudyjska 131 00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:55,320 bogactwo i bezpieczeństwo zapewnione przez Amerykę. 132 00:14:57,120 --> 00:15:00,560 Ale król był doskonale świadom niebezpieczeństw związanych z otwarciem swojego kraju 133 00:15:00,560 --> 00:15:03,400 na wpływy nowoczesnego Zachodu. 134 00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:07,480 Więc w negocjacjach które nastąpiły wysunął warunek. 135 00:15:07,480 --> 00:15:10,560 Powiedział; weźmiemy waszą technologię i wasze pieniądze - 136 00:15:10,560 --> 00:15:12,560 ale musicie zostawić w spokoju naszą wiarę. 137 00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,320 Wiara Saudów nazywała się Wahabizm. 138 00:15:18,320 --> 00:15:23,000 Była radykalną, agresywną i ekstremalnie purytańską formą Islamu, 139 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:27,600 a jej wyznawcy pośród Beduińskich plemion nienawidzili współczesnego świata. 140 00:15:29,440 --> 00:15:32,080 Wahabizm był częścią szerszego ruchu w Islamie 141 00:15:32,080 --> 00:15:35,720 który zrodził się w reakcji na europejskie imperia. 142 00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:39,440 Kolejnym przykładem był ruch Deobandi w Indiach. 143 00:15:39,440 --> 00:15:42,760 Wszyscy wierzyli że współczesny imperializm korumpuje 144 00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:47,120 prawdziwą istotę Islamu i chcieli wrócić do świata 145 00:15:47,120 --> 00:15:50,200 opartego na oryginalnych nauczaniach islamskich tekstów. 146 00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:56,080 Abdulaziz ujarzmi tą siłę aby przejąć władzę w latach 1920tych. 147 00:15:57,200 --> 00:16:00,920 Ale uwolnił coś co nie chciało się zatrzymać. 148 00:16:00,920 --> 00:16:03,960 Whabici chcieli kontynuować i stworzyć kalifat 149 00:16:03,960 --> 00:16:05,720 poprzez cały Arabski świat - 150 00:16:05,720 --> 00:16:12,400 aby ich powstrzymać, w 1929, Abdulaziz rozstrzelał ich z karabinów maszynowych. 151 00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:15,640 Bezlitości zabił wojowników którzy uczynili go królem. 152 00:16:17,120 --> 00:16:20,880 Ale ich wiara - pełna przemocy, pozbawiona tolerancji, ale ponad wszystko, 153 00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:22,880 uwsteczniona wersja islamu - 154 00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:25,640 pozostała w samym sercu społeczeństwa Arabii Saudyjskiej. 155 00:16:26,880 --> 00:16:29,680 A umowa zawarta nad wodach Wielkiego Jeziora Gorzkiego 156 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:31,960 oznaczała że Ameryka dostanie swoją ropę 157 00:16:31,960 --> 00:16:35,160 ale będzie też strzegła Wahabizmu - 158 00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:37,680 siły, która miała swoje własne globalne ambicje. 159 00:16:37,680 --> 00:16:41,440 Ambicje bardzo różne od Amerykańskich. 160 00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:45,360 GRA NA HARFIE 161 00:19:21,640 --> 00:19:23,960 Kim jest typ w turbanie na tronie? 162 00:19:23,960 --> 00:19:26,080 Masz na myśli Khasi. 163 00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:29,640 To Randy Lal. 164 00:19:29,640 --> 00:19:31,160 Kto? 165 00:19:31,160 --> 00:19:34,160 Randy Lal, khasi Kalabaru. 166 00:19:34,160 --> 00:19:36,200 Och! 167 00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:37,720 Skąd wiesz że nim jest? 168 00:19:39,120 --> 00:19:42,040 - Skąd wiem ze jest czym? - Randym. 169 00:19:43,240 --> 00:19:46,240 - To jego imię! - Och! 170 00:19:46,240 --> 00:19:48,440 Wygląda bardzo przystojnie, nieprawdaż? 171 00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:51,520 Tak, zaledwie najbogatszy i najpotężniejszy radża w północnych Indiach, 172 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:52,760 tylko tyle. 173 00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:55,120 - Uśmiecha się do nas. - Odwzajemnij uśmiech. 174 00:19:55,120 --> 00:19:56,240 Cooee! (australijskie zawołanie) 175 00:19:57,760 --> 00:19:59,880 Nie musisz od razu szaleć. 176 00:19:59,880 --> 00:20:03,160 Ojcze, kim sa ci ludzie? 177 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:07,560 To, światło mojej ciemności, Sir Sidney Rough Diamond, (Sir Sidney Twardy Diament) 178 00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:10,160 Brytyjski gubernator, którego łaskawych rządów 179 00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:13,240 i światłego kierownictwa, dobrze było by nie uświadczyć. 180 00:21:01,520 --> 00:21:04,440 Do połowy lat 1950tych, amerykańscy inżynierowie zbudowali 181 00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:07,320 potężne tamy które miały stworzyć to co nazwano 182 00:21:07,320 --> 00:21:11,560 "nową cudowną krainą roślinności i prądu" w Helmand. 183 00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:19,960 Ale projekt napotkał problemy 184 00:21:19,960 --> 00:21:22,440 i zaczynał tracić swoją niewinność. 185 00:21:23,880 --> 00:21:28,240 Wraz ze swoim ukończeniem, ogromne tamy miały nieprzewidziany efekt. 186 00:21:28,240 --> 00:21:30,040 Podniosły poziom wód gruntowych 187 00:21:30,040 --> 00:21:33,120 i zaczęły wyprowadzać na powierzchnie sole. 188 00:21:33,120 --> 00:21:36,880 A jedną z roślin które kwitły w tych nowych glebach były maki. 189 00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:47,200 Niektórzy prowadzący projekty stwierdzili że należy je zatrzymać. 190 00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:51,440 Ale amerykański rząd wkroczył nalegając aby je kontynuować 191 00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:55,640 ponieważ w tej chwili tamy stały się kluczową częścią 192 00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:57,840 walki ze Związkiem Radzieckim. 193 00:21:59,120 --> 00:22:03,240 Wszystkie strony w Zimnej Wojnie zaczęły konkurować aby zaoferować Afganistanowi 194 00:22:03,240 --> 00:22:06,280 większe i lepsze wzory na modernizację kraju. 195 00:22:07,360 --> 00:22:10,160 Afgańscy politycy wykorzystywali to bezlitośnie. 196 00:22:11,560 --> 00:22:15,280 Premier, Mohammed Daoud, spędzał cały swój czas podróżując po świecie 197 00:22:15,280 --> 00:22:18,080 rozgrywając kolejne kraje - Rosję, Amerykę i Chiny - 198 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:19,880 przeciw sobie na wzajem. 199 00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:25,440 Daoud chciał użyć modernizacji jako sposobu na skonsolidowanie swojej władzy. 200 00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:28,600 Afganistan był podzielonym krajem. 201 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:32,840 Władza była podzielona pomiędzy grupy etniczne i plemiona. 202 00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:37,560 Daoud był Pasztunem i widział w jaki sposób projekt tam w Helmand 203 00:22:37,560 --> 00:22:41,400 może zostać wykorzystany do mocniejszego pchnięcia kraju w pasztuńskie ręce. 204 00:22:42,720 --> 00:22:46,120 Przekonał Amerykanów żeby jeszcze bardziej powiększych projekt, 205 00:22:46,120 --> 00:22:49,680 aby obrócić go w potężne dzieło inżynierii społecznej. 206 00:22:50,840 --> 00:22:52,480 Tysiące pasztuńskich nomadów, 207 00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:56,000 którzy spędzali życie wędrując poprzez tereny graniczne z Pakistanem, 208 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,320 miało zostać osiedlonych na nowych ziemiach uprawnych, stworzonych przez tamy. 209 00:23:01,560 --> 00:23:05,480 Daoud przedstawiał to jako po prostu kolejny niewinny element modernizacji - 210 00:23:05,480 --> 00:23:07,720 a amerykanie beztrosko na niego przystali. 211 00:23:09,120 --> 00:23:13,040 Z czego nie zdawali sobie sprawy to że nieświadomie byli wciągani 212 00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:14,680 w afgańską politykę sił. 213 00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:18,720 Daoud nie tylko powiększał pasztuńską władzę, ale też 214 00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:22,000 zasiał nasiona zajadłych sporów 215 00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:24,920 odnośnie podziału i własności ziemi w Helmand. 216 00:23:39,520 --> 00:23:42,240 SZYBKA MUZYKA TANECZNA 217 00:24:09,560 --> 00:24:12,840 TRĄBKA GRA AFGAŃSKĄ MUZYKĘ LUDOWĄ 218 00:24:12,840 --> 00:24:15,840 TŁUM KLASZCZE W RYTM 219 00:24:48,560 --> 00:24:51,160 gRA TRADYCYJNA MUZYKA 220 00:25:26,520 --> 00:25:29,720 CHŁOPCY NAWOŁUJĄ SIĘ W SWOIM JĘZYKU 221 00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:39,000 STRZAŁY 222 00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:46,480 FALA WYSTRZAŁÓW 223 00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:51,720 KRZYKI 224 00:25:56,760 --> 00:25:58,880 KLAKSON 225 00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:17,640 MĘŻCZYZNA KRZYCZY W SWOIM JĘZYKU 226 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:40,360 SYRENA ALARMOWA 227 00:26:59,680 --> 00:27:02,440 MĘŻCZYŹNI ROZMAWIAJĄ PO CICHU 228 00:28:39,720 --> 00:28:43,360 RYK SYRENY OKRĘTOWEJ 229 00:28:59,960 --> 00:29:03,080 WIELBŁĄD CHRZĄKA 230 00:29:18,160 --> 00:29:19,600 Brytyjska Rada Handlu, 231 00:29:19,600 --> 00:29:22,320 w broszurze rozdawanej odwiedzającym brytyjskim biznesmenom, 232 00:29:22,320 --> 00:29:26,080 stara się być pomocna, ale tak mówi o arabskim czasie, 233 00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:28,240 a to tylko jeden z przykładów. 234 00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:32,280 "Zachód brany jest za zero, kiedy zegarki nastawiane są na 12. 235 00:29:32,280 --> 00:29:36,080 "Spotkanie biznesowe, wyznaczone, przykładowo, na drugą po południu 236 00:29:36,080 --> 00:29:39,480 będzie oznaczało więc dwie godziny po zachodzie słońca 237 00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:43,720 a piąta rano, siedem godzin przed zachodem słońca. 238 00:29:43,720 --> 00:29:47,240 Ważne jest aby pamiętać że zachód słońca należy postrzegać 239 00:29:47,240 --> 00:29:50,160 jako północ. Czas wschodu jest nieistotny." 240 00:29:50,160 --> 00:29:55,840 Nie wiem jak dla was, ale wiem że czas słoneczny jest około sześć godzin, hm... 241 00:29:55,840 --> 00:29:59,800 plus pięć, innymi słowy jest któraś godzina 11, wieczorem lub rano. 242 00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:02,880 - Ale która? - No cóż jest 11. 243 00:30:02,880 --> 00:30:05,280 Ale to musi mieć jakieś odniesienie do pory dnia. 244 00:30:05,280 --> 00:30:07,360 - Tak. - Jak pan, jako biznesmen, 245 00:30:07,360 --> 00:30:08,680 umawia spotkania? 246 00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:11,160 Um... Normalnie robię to w oparciu o swój zegarek. 247 00:30:11,160 --> 00:30:16,640 Osobiście pytam czy stosują czas arabski, 248 00:30:16,640 --> 00:30:19,800 czas słoneczny czy czas GMT plus trzy. Zazwyczaj preferują jeden z dwóch wcześniejszych. 249 00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:22,920 Proszę o podanie czasu w GMT plus trzy. 250 00:30:22,920 --> 00:30:26,600 Teraz, czas słoneczny jest sześć godzin do tyłu, około. 251 00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:28,160 Sześć godzin po tym? 252 00:30:28,160 --> 00:30:30,840 Sześć godzin, plus pięć, plus minus godzina, 253 00:30:30,840 --> 00:30:33,040 Czy wiesz którą teraz mamy godzinę? 254 00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:34,360 Nie bardzo! 255 00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:40,040 W 1964, król Faisal został nowym władcą Arabii Saudyjskiej. 256 00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:43,360 Faisal zamierzał zmodernizować kraj. 257 00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:47,400 Stworzył wzorowane na zachodzie biurokrację, oraz system socjalny. 258 00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:50,080 Po raz pierwszy zezwolił nawet na telewizję. 259 00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:54,120 Ale stał przed dwoma zagrożeniami. 260 00:30:54,120 --> 00:30:57,800 Źródłem pierwszego byli przywódcy religijni wewnątrz Arabii Saudyjskiej. 261 00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:00,920 Byli Wahabitami którzy dali władzę jego rodzinie 262 00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:03,280 i legitymizowali jego władzę. 263 00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:06,520 Nie ufali żadnej koncepcji modernizacji saudyjskiego społeczeństwa. 264 00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:11,720 Faisal mierzył się również z niebezpieczną sytuacją za granicą, 265 00:31:11,720 --> 00:31:15,080 ze strony komunizmu, który rozprzestrzeniał się poprzez arabski świat. 266 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:18,840 Jego rozwiązanie było proste. 267 00:31:18,840 --> 00:31:23,200 Faisal zdecydował się wykorzystać religijnych przywódców i ich konserwatywne wierzenia 268 00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:27,680 jako siłę mającą odeprzeć międzynarodowe zagrożenie komunizmu. 269 00:31:27,680 --> 00:31:30,800 Ale wiedział też że to odwróci także ich uwagę 270 00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:32,720 od jego polityki wewnętrznej. 271 00:31:34,120 --> 00:31:36,120 Faisal użył coraz większych wpływów z ropy 272 00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:40,160 by założyć setki szkół i instytutów w całym islamskim świecie - 273 00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:41,800 niektóre nawet tak daleko jak w Pakistanie. 274 00:31:43,440 --> 00:31:48,200 Ich zadaniem było rozprzestrzenianie wahabickich idei i pomoc w przemianie islamu w 275 00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:52,240 zunifikowaną międzynarodową siłę, dostatecznie silną by zmierzyć się z komunizmem. 276 00:31:54,720 --> 00:31:57,440 To co robił Faisal polegało na wzięciu niebezpiecznego 277 00:31:57,440 --> 00:32:00,880 i niestabilnego fanatyzmu będącego sercem saudyjskiego społeczeństwa 278 00:32:00,880 --> 00:32:04,120 i skierowaniu go na zewnątrz, poza granice. 279 00:32:05,520 --> 00:32:09,960 Był to bezwzględny sposób na stabilizację w jego własnym kraju. 280 00:32:09,960 --> 00:32:11,960 Ameryka dała na to milczące przyzwolenie 281 00:32:11,960 --> 00:32:15,920 ponieważ był to element globalnej walki z komunizmem. 282 00:32:17,320 --> 00:32:20,240 Ale w 1966, Faisal dał Ameryce 283 00:32:20,240 --> 00:32:24,120 zobaczyć przebłysk tego jak niekontrolowalnym sojusznikiem mogła byś Arabia Saudyjska. 284 00:32:25,160 --> 00:32:26,440 Wybrał się do Nowego Jorku 285 00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,480 i publicznie zaatakował amerykańskie poparcie dla Izraela. 286 00:32:29,480 --> 00:32:30,800 Wywołało to skandal. 287 00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:35,920 MÓWI PO ARABSKU 288 00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:55,680 Powody są takie że niestety, 289 00:32:55,680 --> 00:32:58,280 Żydzi na całym świecie popierają Izrael. 290 00:32:58,280 --> 00:33:03,000 Zapewniają wsparcie Izraelowi i, w naszej obecnej sytuacji, 291 00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:08,280 uważamy tych którzy wspierają naszego wroga 292 00:33:08,280 --> 00:33:10,000 jako naszych własnych wrogów. 293 00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:14,560 MÓWI PO ARABSKU 294 00:33:31,920 --> 00:33:34,000 Chciał bym wynająć ksero. 295 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:37,000 - OK. - Na trzy miesiące. 296 00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:38,600 W porządku. 297 00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:40,960 - Być może na sześć miesięcy. - Tak, czemu by nie? 298 00:33:40,960 --> 00:33:42,120 Um... 299 00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:45,560 Jeśli chcesz na rok, jedno za... 300 00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:51,560 To czego od ciebie potrzebuje to jakie są warunki i ile będzie to kosztować. 301 00:33:51,560 --> 00:33:54,840 MĘŻCZYZNA MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 302 00:34:00,560 --> 00:34:02,640 Ho, ho, ho, ho. 303 00:34:04,320 --> 00:34:09,400 Czy macie zapas... tego tonera i wywoływacza? 304 00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:14,360 Ta, chcemy żebyście wy je konserwowali i serwisowali. OK? 305 00:34:14,360 --> 00:34:18,560 MĘŻCZYŹNI ROZMAWIAJĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 306 00:34:28,480 --> 00:34:34,800 Sir, będziemy kupować papier i kolor od nich, tak będzie OK? 307 00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:37,440 Ta. Czy możecie podać mi cenę za trzy miesiące, 308 00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:38,920 być może sześć miesięcy? 309 00:34:38,920 --> 00:34:41,080 Umowa musi trwać trzy miesiące. 310 00:34:41,080 --> 00:34:42,320 OK. 311 00:34:42,320 --> 00:34:44,360 ROZMAWIAJĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 312 00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:50,239 500 dolarów za miesiąc. 313 00:34:50,239 --> 00:34:52,760 - 500 dolarów za miesiąc. - Za miesiąc? 314 00:34:52,760 --> 00:34:55,199 - To bardzo drogo. - To jest bardzo drogie. 315 00:34:55,199 --> 00:34:57,760 Co możesz mieć, jeśli sprowadzisz je tutaj, 316 00:34:57,760 --> 00:35:00,520 możesz ustawić je tutaj, ja będę dla was kopiował. 317 00:35:00,520 --> 00:35:03,120 Nie, nie, chcemy zabrać kopiarki. 318 00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:08,640 MUZYKA: The Bewlay Brothers - David Bowie 319 00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:21,280 # And so the story goes, they wore the clothes 320 00:35:21,280 --> 00:35:25,120 # They said the things to make it seem improbable 321 00:35:26,960 --> 00:35:29,480 # Whale of a lie like they hope it was 322 00:35:34,960 --> 00:35:38,960 # And the good men tomorrow had their feet in the wallow 323 00:35:38,960 --> 00:35:41,720 # And their heads of brawn were nicer shorn 324 00:35:41,720 --> 00:35:45,880 # And how they bought their positions with saccharin and trust 325 00:35:47,520 --> 00:35:51,000 # And the world was asleep to our latent fuss 326 00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:59,600 # Sighings swirl through the streets like the crust of the sun 327 00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:01,280 # The Bewlay Brothers 328 00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:04,640 # In our wings that bark 329 00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:08,760 # Flashing teeth of brass 330 00:36:10,720 --> 00:36:13,240 # Standing tall in the dark 331 00:36:13,240 --> 00:36:16,080 # Oh, and we were gone... # 332 00:36:17,720 --> 00:36:22,080 Wasza Ekscelencjo, wasza obecność wzbogaca mój skromny dom. 333 00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:26,520 Niech wspaniołomyślność boga Shivu niesie błogosławieństwo dla twego domu. 334 00:36:26,520 --> 00:36:28,400 I dla twego. 335 00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:33,360 A jego mądrość niesie sukces wszystkim twoim przedsięwzięciom. 336 00:36:33,360 --> 00:36:35,360 I twoim. 337 00:36:35,360 --> 00:36:39,360 I niech jego blask rozpali twoje życie. 338 00:36:39,360 --> 00:36:40,800 I ciebie też. 339 00:36:42,240 --> 00:36:43,920 - Czy kiedykolwiek... - Bardzo mnie to gniewa. 340 00:36:43,920 --> 00:36:46,040 Czy kiedykolwiek czuje pan frustrację z powodu, mam na myśli, 341 00:36:46,040 --> 00:36:48,560 mówił pan o korupcji i z całą pewnością w przeszłości 342 00:36:48,560 --> 00:36:51,440 przedstawiał bardzo mocne poglądy przeciw urzędnikom, na przykład, 343 00:36:51,440 --> 00:36:56,880 którzy są skorumpowani, ale wielu z nich nie opuściło swoich miejsc pracy, 344 00:36:56,880 --> 00:36:58,640 nie podporządkowali się pańskim rozkazom. 345 00:36:58,640 --> 00:37:02,040 Nie, wszyscy opuścili swoje posady. 346 00:37:02,040 --> 00:37:03,280 Z pewnością. 347 00:37:03,280 --> 00:37:06,280 W ostatnich kilku dniach, 28 którzy zostali zwolnieni, 348 00:37:06,280 --> 00:37:10,000 19, według naszych informacji 19 z nich wciąż zajmuje swoje stanowiska. 349 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:13,440 Nie, to nie prawda. Wszyscy odeszli. 350 00:37:13,440 --> 00:37:15,200 Wszyscy odeszli. 351 00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:18,600 - OK. - Zdecydowanie. Zdecydowanie. 352 00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,920 Jest pan więc pewien że pańska władza jest rozbudowywana 353 00:37:21,920 --> 00:37:24,080 w zakresie możliwości stanowienia, 354 00:37:24,080 --> 00:37:27,040 pewności że podporządkowuje się pańskim rozkazom. 355 00:37:27,040 --> 00:37:31,480 Ja... Ja buduję nową administrację dla Afganistanu. 356 00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:36,960 Pracuję nad czystą, wydajną administracją. 357 00:37:36,960 --> 00:37:40,440 Do tyłu! Cofnąć się! Cofnąć się, kurwa! 358 00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:43,520 Spierdalać z drogi. Wypierdalajcie! 359 00:37:43,520 --> 00:37:46,720 MUZYKA POWRACA: The Bewlay Brothers - David Bowie 360 00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:51,880 # I was stone, he was wax 361 00:37:51,880 --> 00:37:56,240 # So he could scream and still relax, unbelievable 362 00:37:56,240 --> 00:37:59,160 # And we frightened the small children away 363 00:38:05,320 --> 00:38:08,480 # And our talk was old and dust would flow through our veins 364 00:38:08,480 --> 00:38:12,360 # And though it was midnight back at the kitchen door 365 00:38:12,360 --> 00:38:14,880 # Like the grim face on the cathedral floor 366 00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:22,240 # The solid book we wrote cannot be found today 367 00:38:26,080 --> 00:38:30,960 # And it was stalking time for the moon boys, the Bewlay Brothers 368 00:38:33,520 --> 00:38:35,760 # With our backs on the arch 369 00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:39,880 # And the Devil may be here 370 00:38:41,480 --> 00:38:43,880 # But he can't sing about that 371 00:38:43,880 --> 00:38:47,400 # Oh, and we were gone 372 00:38:49,240 --> 00:38:51,840 # Real cool traders 373 00:38:52,880 --> 00:38:55,520 # We were so turned on... # 374 00:38:55,520 --> 00:38:57,040 MUZYKA ZNIEKSZTAŁCA SIĘ, CICHNIE 375 00:38:57,040 --> 00:38:59,360 # You thought we were fakers... # 376 00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:07,840 PIES SZCZEKA 377 00:39:07,840 --> 00:39:10,560 Niedawno, przyjaciel programu "Blue Peter", Angela Mulliner, 378 00:39:10,560 --> 00:39:14,000 zaprosila mnie aby pomóc w przygotowaniu psów o bardzo kudłatej sierści, 379 00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:16,000 parę chartów afgańskich 380 00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:19,240 To powinno być dobre miejsce 381 00:39:19,240 --> 00:39:21,680 'Potrzeba dużo przestrzeni aby wyczesać psy tej wielkości, 382 00:39:21,680 --> 00:39:23,160 'więc udaliśmy się do parku. 383 00:39:23,160 --> 00:39:25,920 'Ich imiona to Kingsley i Cleo i powiedziałam że ja zajmę się Cleo.' 384 00:39:25,920 --> 00:39:28,320 Jak często powinno się to robić? 385 00:39:28,320 --> 00:39:30,200 - Bardzo często. - O, rany. 386 00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:32,160 Nie siadaj, Cleo, Dobra dziewczynka. 387 00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:34,520 'Angela i ja chcemy aby psy wyglądały jak najlepiej 388 00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:37,320 'ponieważ zabieramy je na specjalne wydarzenie. 389 00:39:37,320 --> 00:39:39,160 'Udajemy się wszyscy na aleję The Mall 390 00:39:39,160 --> 00:39:41,240 'i musimy tam być przed godziną 12.' 391 00:39:41,240 --> 00:39:42,840 - Chodźcie, pieski. - Chodź. 392 00:39:42,840 --> 00:39:46,280 'Byłyśmy bardzo dumne z Kingsley'a i Cleo ponieważ zostały zaproszone 393 00:39:46,280 --> 00:39:47,800 'aby dołączyć do warty honorowej.' 394 00:39:47,800 --> 00:39:50,600 'Charty afgańskie zostały wybrane aby pozdrowić ich króla, ponieważ 395 00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:54,880 'po raz pierwszy, Król Afganistanu przybywa do Londynu.' 396 00:39:54,880 --> 00:39:57,440 ORKIESTRA GRA MARSZA 397 00:39:57,440 --> 00:40:00,560 'Około 20 członków Południowego Stowarzyszenia Chartów Afgańskich 398 00:40:00,560 --> 00:40:02,880 'ustawiło swoje psy wzdłuż trasy 399 00:40:02,880 --> 00:40:05,520 'i były afgańczyki wszystkich kolorów i rozmiarów.' 400 00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:10,520 'A kiedy Królowa wskazała na nas, 401 00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:13,760 'Król Afganistanu sprawiał wrażenie zachwyconego widząc nas. 402 00:40:13,760 --> 00:40:16,040 RADOŚĆ 403 00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:21,120 'Po raz pierwszy w ich życiach, 404 00:40:21,120 --> 00:40:24,240 'Brytyjskie charty afgańskie oglądały ludzi ze swojego kraju 405 00:40:24,240 --> 00:40:26,640 'ponieważ w karetach jadących za Królową, 406 00:40:26,640 --> 00:40:29,680 'było więcej ludzi z Dworu Królewskiego Afganistanu.' 407 00:40:29,680 --> 00:40:33,080 ADAM CURTIS: Ale uporządkowany świat, w którym rządzą królowie i królowe 408 00:40:33,080 --> 00:40:36,480 a psy zachowują się posłusznie, miał się już zawalić. 409 00:40:36,480 --> 00:40:39,080 W 1971, Król Afganistanu 410 00:40:39,080 --> 00:40:42,160 odbył swoją pierwszą wizytę panstwową do Brytanii 411 00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:44,680 ale była to równiej jego ostatnia, 412 00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:47,720 ponieważ jego ambitny Premier, Mohammed Daoud, 413 00:40:47,720 --> 00:40:50,080 już przeciwko niemu spiskował. 414 00:40:50,080 --> 00:40:54,200 I w 1973, Daoud przejął władzę w wyniku zamachu stanu. 415 00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:58,440 Ogłosił Afganistan republiką, i wysłał Króla na wygnanie. 416 00:40:58,440 --> 00:41:00,440 PSY SZCZEKAJĄ 417 00:41:11,520 --> 00:41:14,120 Dwa miesiące później, Egipt zaatakował Izrael 418 00:41:14,120 --> 00:41:16,040 i wojna na Bliskim Wschodzie się rozpoczęła. 419 00:41:17,160 --> 00:41:20,720 Na początku, wyglądało jakby Izrael był pokonany. 420 00:41:20,720 --> 00:41:24,160 Ale rząd Amerykański przybył z pomocą, armią powietrzną 421 00:41:24,160 --> 00:41:28,760 na masową skalę by zapobiec przed przytłoczeniem Izraelitów. 422 00:41:28,760 --> 00:41:32,240 Izraelici kontratakowali i Arabowie ponieśli klęskę. 423 00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:39,440 Ale wtedy Arabia Saudyjska przyszła na ratunek 424 00:41:39,440 --> 00:41:41,240 ponieważ Król Faisal zdał sobie sprawę 425 00:41:41,240 --> 00:41:44,960 że jego kraj miał broń która mogłaby powstrzymać Izrael. 426 00:41:44,960 --> 00:41:48,560 W nocy, Faisal podwyższył cenę ropy pięciokrotnie 427 00:41:48,560 --> 00:41:50,480 i zagroził całkowitym embargo 428 00:41:50,480 --> 00:41:52,960 o ile Ameryka nie zmusi Izrael do odwrotu. 429 00:41:54,480 --> 00:41:57,200 To zadziałało. Uzgodniono zawieszenie ognia. 430 00:41:58,440 --> 00:42:01,840 I wszyscy zdali sobie sprawę że równowaga sił na świecie 431 00:42:01,840 --> 00:42:03,280 nagle się zmieniła. 432 00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:15,240 Czego chcemy to całkowite wycofanie sił Izraelskich 433 00:42:15,240 --> 00:42:17,960 z okupowanych Arabskich terytoriów 434 00:42:17,960 --> 00:42:19,920 a wtedy będziecie mieli ropę 435 00:42:19,920 --> 00:42:22,560 na tym samym poziomie co we wrześniu '73. 436 00:42:24,240 --> 00:42:28,360 Czy to rządanie jest ostateczne i sztywne czy jest to tylko pozycja do negocjacji? 437 00:42:28,360 --> 00:42:29,880 Zdecydowanie. Zdecydowanie. 438 00:42:29,880 --> 00:42:33,200 Nie oddamy ani cala tych ziemi. 439 00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:36,120 Czy ten nowy potężny wzrost w cenie ropy 440 00:42:36,120 --> 00:42:38,440 oznacza zmianę w światowej równowadze sił 441 00:42:38,440 --> 00:42:41,680 pomiędzy rozwijającymi się państwami jak wy, producenci, 442 00:42:41,680 --> 00:42:44,360 i nami, rozwiniętymi uprzemysłowionymi krajami? 443 00:42:44,360 --> 00:42:45,600 Tak, oznacza. 444 00:42:46,920 --> 00:42:49,760 I jak myślisz co z tego powstanie? 445 00:42:49,760 --> 00:42:52,080 Coż, nowy rodzaj stosunków. 446 00:42:52,080 --> 00:42:55,880 Musicie dostosować się do nowych okoliczności 447 00:42:55,880 --> 00:43:00,440 i myślę że musicie usiąść i poważnie z porozmawiać z nami 448 00:43:00,440 --> 00:43:02,040 o tej nowej erze. 449 00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:07,080 Kiedy Arabia Saudyjska podwyższyła cenę ropy, 450 00:43:07,080 --> 00:43:11,520 zrobiła to by zmienić polityczną równowagę sił na świecie. 451 00:43:11,520 --> 00:43:15,080 Ale to również miało inny, nieoczekiwany efekt 452 00:43:15,080 --> 00:43:18,760 ponieważ umożliwiło to ludziom którzy prowadzili banki i system finansowy 453 00:43:18,760 --> 00:43:22,920 w Ameryce i Brytanii rozpoczęcie procesu oderwania od politycznej kontroli. 454 00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:28,240 Miliardy dolarów popłynęły z Zachodu do Arabii Saudyjskiej - 455 00:43:28,240 --> 00:43:32,120 z którymi w większości Saudowie nie wiedzieli co zrobić. 456 00:43:32,120 --> 00:43:35,040 Więc przekazali je do Zachodnich banków na inwestycje. 457 00:43:36,200 --> 00:43:39,440 Banki dokonały wtedy kluczowej decyzji - zatrzymały wiele 458 00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:43,040 z tych dolarów z dala od kontroli Amerykańskiego rządu 459 00:43:43,040 --> 00:43:46,720 i stały się one ogromnym zasobem bogactwa, znanym jako petro-dolary, 460 00:43:46,720 --> 00:43:49,760 które może być pożyczane i obracane gdziekolwiek na świecie 461 00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:51,440 bez politycznej kontroli. 462 00:43:52,920 --> 00:43:56,320 W trakcie gdy zachodni politycy usiłowali poradzić sobie z ekonomią 463 00:43:56,320 --> 00:43:59,840 i chaosem społecznym który został wywołany przez rosnącą cenę ropy, 464 00:43:59,840 --> 00:44:04,200 ich bankierzy budowali nowy system finansowy 465 00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:07,080 oparty na obrocie Saudyjskich miliardów. 466 00:44:08,640 --> 00:44:11,880 I banki zaczęły stawać się ponownie bogate i wpływowe. 467 00:44:19,960 --> 00:44:25,160 ODLEGŁE STŁUMIONE KRZYKI 468 00:45:33,120 --> 00:45:35,080 Czy on wie gdzie są Talibowie? 469 00:45:35,080 --> 00:45:38,320 Największe schronienie Talibów... Taliban... 470 00:45:38,320 --> 00:45:41,480 ROZMAWIAJĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 471 00:45:41,480 --> 00:45:43,320 - Marjah? - Marjah. 472 00:45:43,320 --> 00:45:44,960 Powiedział Talibowie są w Marjah. 473 00:45:44,960 --> 00:45:48,560 ŚMIECH: Uh-huh, Marjah. Marjah. 474 00:45:48,560 --> 00:45:53,120 ROZMAWIAJĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 475 00:45:53,120 --> 00:45:56,080 Oni używają jego części jako... MĘŻCZYZNA MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 476 00:45:56,080 --> 00:46:00,320 - Assalamu alaikum. - Assalamu alaikum. 477 00:46:00,320 --> 00:46:03,080 Jasne. Czy jesteśmy w Kushal Kalay właśnie teraz? 478 00:46:03,080 --> 00:46:06,400 Czy to Kushal Kalay? Jaka jest nazwa tej wioski? 479 00:46:06,400 --> 00:46:09,160 MĘŻCZYZNA TŁUMACZY 480 00:46:09,160 --> 00:46:11,520 To krańce Kushal Kalay. 481 00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:15,240 Czy Talibowie już poszli czy wciąż są w Kushal Kalay? 482 00:46:15,240 --> 00:46:17,760 TŁUMACZY 483 00:46:17,760 --> 00:46:21,040 OK. Gdzie... Sh, sh, sh. 484 00:46:21,040 --> 00:46:24,880 Gdzie on widział Talibów? Gdzie? 485 00:46:24,880 --> 00:46:30,560 ROZMAWIAJĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 486 00:46:30,560 --> 00:46:32,160 Jasne, Jasne. 487 00:46:32,160 --> 00:46:35,600 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 488 00:46:35,600 --> 00:46:37,360 Jak daleko? 489 00:46:37,360 --> 00:46:40,880 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 490 00:46:40,880 --> 00:46:42,160 Tutaj, Talibowie? 491 00:46:42,160 --> 00:46:44,160 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 492 00:46:44,160 --> 00:46:46,840 Tam, tam! Dobra, sir - sir! 493 00:46:46,840 --> 00:46:53,320 MÓWIĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 494 00:46:53,320 --> 00:46:56,280 Ten człowiek zidentyfikował tych tutaj i mówi że to Talibowie. 495 00:46:56,280 --> 00:46:59,120 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU Tak. Dwóch ludzi. 496 00:46:59,120 --> 00:47:02,000 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU Tak, tam. 497 00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:03,200 Talibów, tak? 498 00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:05,120 MÓWI WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 499 00:47:35,040 --> 00:47:37,080 DZIECI KRZYCZĄ 500 00:47:55,080 --> 00:47:59,080 MÓWIĄ WE WŁASNYM JĘZYKU 501 00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:05,640 WIATR WIEJE 502 00:48:10,080 --> 00:48:13,840 Gdy zachodnie kraje zapadły się ekonomicznie w latach 70tych, 503 00:48:13,840 --> 00:48:17,960 studenci z Europy i Ameryki uciekli z chaosu. 504 00:48:17,960 --> 00:48:21,560 Przybyli do Afganistanu jak krainy snów. 505 00:48:21,560 --> 00:48:23,680 Inny, niewinny świat, 506 00:48:23,680 --> 00:48:26,600 wolny od korupcji polityków i pieniędzy z Zachodu. 507 00:48:31,240 --> 00:48:34,880 MĘŻCZYZNA: Wtem widzisz Afgańczyków wyłaniających się z piasku, 508 00:48:34,880 --> 00:48:37,800 ledwie rzucają spojrzenie, i odchodzą w przeszłość. 509 00:48:37,800 --> 00:48:40,680 Tęsknisz za pytaniem, "Dokąd zmierzasz? Skąd przychodzisz?" 510 00:48:40,680 --> 00:48:43,280 Ale on tylko znika w mroku, 511 00:48:43,280 --> 00:48:45,120 zajęty swoimi codziennymi sprawami. 512 00:48:51,560 --> 00:48:53,640 Podróżnik to ktoś 513 00:48:53,640 --> 00:48:55,760 kto porusza się po kraju 514 00:48:55,760 --> 00:48:57,560 dzięki własnej przedsiębiorczości, 515 00:48:57,560 --> 00:49:00,520 z pewną wewnętrzną potrzebą nauki, 516 00:49:00,520 --> 00:49:04,480 aby znaleźć coś więcej niż powierzchowność. 517 00:49:04,480 --> 00:49:08,320 Dla mnie, Afgańskość była pewną figurą z drzeworytu 518 00:49:08,320 --> 00:49:09,960 w księdze o Indiach. 519 00:49:09,960 --> 00:49:13,160 Rzeczywistość Afganistanu była dużo ponad to, 520 00:49:13,160 --> 00:49:15,440 ich siła charakteru która przemawia przez 521 00:49:15,440 --> 00:49:16,960 ich najprostsze działanie. 522 00:49:18,160 --> 00:49:21,040 To jest długa kurtka. Dla mężczyzn. 523 00:49:22,720 --> 00:49:26,080 Od pokoleń. Przechodzi z matki na córkę. 524 00:49:26,080 --> 00:49:27,720 Opos. 525 00:49:27,720 --> 00:49:30,320 To jest antylopa. 526 00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:32,680 Spójrz na ten płaszcz. 527 00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:18,240 But Afghan students still believed in the idea of revolution. 528 00:50:19,680 --> 00:50:23,920 Back in the 1960s, many students from Kabul University had been sent 529 00:50:23,920 --> 00:50:25,320 to universities in America. 530 00:50:26,600 --> 00:50:29,520 It had been part of the modernisation project. 531 00:50:29,520 --> 00:50:32,160 And they brought back with them radical ideas 532 00:50:32,160 --> 00:50:34,680 from the American student left. 533 00:50:34,680 --> 00:50:36,320 Back in Kabul, 534 00:50:36,320 --> 00:50:39,640 those ideas then got mixed up with other left-wing theories 535 00:50:39,640 --> 00:50:42,960 that the Afghan students found in badly-translated Russian books 536 00:50:42,960 --> 00:50:44,360 about Marxism. 537 00:50:45,560 --> 00:50:49,240 And in 1978 they decided to have a revolution. 538 00:50:53,240 --> 00:50:56,040 One of the leaders was Hafizullah Amin, 539 00:50:56,040 --> 00:50:59,360 and after the revolution he ordered a film to be made 540 00:50:59,360 --> 00:51:01,800 about the role he had played. 541 00:51:01,800 --> 00:51:04,800 Amin also starred in the film, playing himself. 542 00:51:06,120 --> 00:51:10,640 It shows policemen coming to Amin's house to arrest him. 543 00:51:10,640 --> 00:51:12,880 He tries to hide some secret papers. 544 00:51:16,960 --> 00:51:21,080 But the policemen take him to jail, leaving his wife and daughter. 545 00:51:34,920 --> 00:51:38,400 Amin is then shown directing the revolution from his prison cell. 546 00:51:39,520 --> 00:51:42,640 And then riding on a tank to the president's palace. 547 00:51:48,400 --> 00:51:51,240 REPORTER: Tanks loyal to young communist army officers 548 00:51:51,240 --> 00:51:54,360 now guard the palace where President Daoud ruled. 549 00:51:54,360 --> 00:51:58,840 Inside, he and his family, including his young grandchildren, 550 00:51:58,840 --> 00:52:02,320 are shot dead when his palace guard lost their courageous battle 551 00:52:02,320 --> 00:52:04,000 to defend him. 552 00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:07,280 Men from the different tribes who live in this backward country 553 00:52:07,280 --> 00:52:10,680 swarm all over tanks knocked out in the battle. 554 00:52:10,680 --> 00:52:14,200 They seem pleased to see the end of the old, feudal regime. 555 00:52:14,200 --> 00:52:16,800 ADAM CURTIS: The revolutionaries gave a press conference. 556 00:52:16,800 --> 00:52:19,680 Amin, it was announced, would become Foreign Minister. 557 00:52:19,680 --> 00:52:21,920 And the president of the revolutionary council 558 00:52:21,920 --> 00:52:25,200 was another ex-student - Mohammed Taraki. 559 00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:29,360 Our relationship with all the countries, including Soviet Union, 560 00:52:29,360 --> 00:52:33,480 and all our neighbours and throughout the world will be peace, 561 00:52:33,480 --> 00:52:38,440 will depend on the amount of their support to our government 562 00:52:38,440 --> 00:52:42,320 in political, economical field. 563 00:52:42,320 --> 00:52:43,920 Does this mean, Mr President, 564 00:52:43,920 --> 00:52:46,920 that you will be following a strict policy of non-alignment? 565 00:52:46,920 --> 00:52:48,720 This is quite correct. 566 00:52:50,960 --> 00:52:54,720 The aim of the revolution was to create a new Afghanistan, 567 00:52:54,720 --> 00:52:58,040 and parades were held in Kabul to celebrate the radical vision. 568 00:52:59,720 --> 00:53:03,320 One of the main aims was to redistribute land fairly, 569 00:53:03,320 --> 00:53:07,640 to get rid of a feudal system of landowners and peasants. 570 00:53:07,640 --> 00:53:10,800 Every farmer was to be allowed to own their own land. 571 00:53:10,800 --> 00:53:12,800 And young revolutionaries from Kabul 572 00:53:12,800 --> 00:53:15,080 were filmed going out into the countryside 573 00:53:15,080 --> 00:53:17,640 to measure out the new plots, 574 00:53:17,640 --> 00:53:21,520 followed by the grateful farmers kissing their new land certificates. 575 00:53:24,240 --> 00:53:28,000 But in reality, the land reforms set the seeds for a bitter conflict 576 00:53:28,000 --> 00:53:31,000 in Helmand. It made the divisions 577 00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:36,360 that had begun with President Daoud's reforms in the 1960s much worse. 578 00:53:36,360 --> 00:53:38,480 As the land was parcelled out, 579 00:53:38,480 --> 00:53:41,800 families accused each other of stealing the best bits. 580 00:53:41,800 --> 00:53:44,040 And all sorts of hatreds and rivalries 581 00:53:44,040 --> 00:53:47,160 were born in Afghan rural society, 582 00:53:47,160 --> 00:53:51,480 rivalries that would set village against village, tribe against tribe. 583 00:53:53,680 --> 00:53:57,840 And in Kabul, the revolutionaries started to hate each other, too. 584 00:53:59,120 --> 00:54:02,720 Hafizullah Amin decided that he should be in charge, 585 00:54:02,720 --> 00:54:06,040 and he arranged for his rival, Taraki, to be killed. 586 00:54:06,040 --> 00:54:08,160 Taraki was smothered with a cushion. 587 00:54:09,480 --> 00:54:12,480 Amin ordered that anyone who opposed the reforms 588 00:54:12,480 --> 00:54:15,120 should be thrown in jail or killed. 589 00:54:15,120 --> 00:54:19,320 In Helmand, 100 political prisoners were taken up in a plane 590 00:54:19,320 --> 00:54:22,240 and thrown into the giant lake created by the American dam. 591 00:54:23,520 --> 00:54:27,040 The Soviet leaders in Moscow became terrified that Afghanistan 592 00:54:27,040 --> 00:54:31,320 was falling apart and they decided to intervene. 593 00:54:31,320 --> 00:54:34,120 They rang Amin to tell him that they were sending Russian troops 594 00:54:34,120 --> 00:54:36,400 to help his revolution. 595 00:54:36,400 --> 00:54:41,080 And at the end of 1979, the troops began to arrive at Kabul Airport. 596 00:54:43,920 --> 00:54:45,960 What the Russians didn't tell Amin 597 00:54:45,960 --> 00:54:48,320 was that the troops were also coming to kill him. 598 00:54:57,200 --> 00:55:01,200 The Russians put a sniper on one of the main roads in Kabul. 599 00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:05,360 But Amin's convoy drove too fast and the sniper missed. 600 00:55:05,360 --> 00:55:07,200 GUNSHOT 601 00:55:07,200 --> 00:55:09,480 THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE 602 00:55:14,920 --> 00:55:16,400 They tried again. 603 00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:19,280 This time they put poison in Amin's can of Pepsi 604 00:55:19,280 --> 00:55:22,040 in the presidential palace. 605 00:55:22,040 --> 00:55:25,200 But his nephew drank it instead... 606 00:55:25,200 --> 00:55:26,800 and died. 607 00:55:28,040 --> 00:55:31,840 Amin gave a banquet in a palace outside Kabul. 608 00:55:31,840 --> 00:55:35,680 The Soviets smuggled in a chef who poisoned the food. 609 00:55:35,680 --> 00:55:37,200 This time it worked - 610 00:55:37,200 --> 00:55:41,120 all the guests, and Amin, fell on the floor, writhing in agony. 611 00:55:41,120 --> 00:55:43,640 But the Afghan servants rang for help 612 00:55:43,640 --> 00:55:47,520 and two Russian doctors turned up who knew nothing of the plot. 613 00:55:47,520 --> 00:55:50,600 They pumped Amin's stomach and he revived. 614 00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:54,040 So the Russian troops attacked the palace, threw a grenade at Amin, 615 00:55:54,040 --> 00:55:55,320 and shot him. 616 00:56:39,520 --> 00:56:42,560 SHOUTING IN OWN LANGUAGE 617 00:58:23,440 --> 00:58:25,880 INDISTINCT VOICES ON RADIO 618 00:58:49,120 --> 00:58:53,120 INDISTINCT VOICES ON RADIO 619 00:59:24,120 --> 00:59:28,400 Couldn't be happier. And I'm particularly happy today. 620 00:59:28,400 --> 00:59:29,640 Why? 621 00:59:29,640 --> 00:59:32,000 We had a very good election last night 622 00:59:32,000 --> 00:59:35,760 and the people came out in huge numbers to vote. 623 00:59:35,760 --> 00:59:38,720 And voted a new president, which is the people's choice, 624 00:59:38,720 --> 00:59:41,640 and that's democracy in action. 625 00:59:41,640 --> 00:59:44,480 And I'm very proud of the people of the United States. 626 00:59:44,480 --> 00:59:45,840 Oh, I was thrilled. 627 00:59:45,840 --> 00:59:48,480 I think the stock market will go up, everyone will be happy, 628 00:59:48,480 --> 00:59:50,040 the economy is going to level off, 629 00:59:50,040 --> 00:59:53,080 our international relations will become much more stable. 630 00:59:53,080 --> 00:59:56,280 I've worked very, very hard on the election in some of the phone banks 631 00:59:56,280 --> 00:59:59,120 and all of my friends did. Thrilled to pieces about it. 632 01:00:00,200 --> 01:00:03,280 I, uh, always have voted, uh, Democrat. 633 01:00:03,280 --> 01:00:07,920 So, you know, times have changed now so, I'm not a baby any more 634 01:00:07,920 --> 01:00:10,800 so I had to make a change and I made a change. 635 01:00:10,800 --> 01:00:12,440 And so the right man won. 636 01:00:13,680 --> 01:00:17,040 President Reagan simplified everything for America. 637 01:00:17,040 --> 01:00:20,000 For ten years, the country had been battered and torn apart 638 01:00:20,000 --> 01:00:23,200 by waves of economic and social chaos. 639 01:00:23,200 --> 01:00:27,440 Reagan set out to give the country a new sense of purpose. 640 01:00:27,440 --> 01:00:30,240 He took all the problems, even the most complex, 641 01:00:30,240 --> 01:00:33,040 and turned them into reassuring moral fables. 642 01:00:34,120 --> 01:00:37,320 And abroad, the world he depicted was one where, 643 01:00:37,320 --> 01:00:40,680 although good might struggle with evil for a while, 644 01:00:40,680 --> 01:00:44,000 in the end, goodness and innocence would triumph. 645 01:00:45,960 --> 01:00:48,760 We have it in our power 646 01:00:48,760 --> 01:00:51,800 to begin the world over again. 647 01:00:51,800 --> 01:00:55,960 APPLAUSE 648 01:00:55,960 --> 01:00:59,200 It was a vision of the world that, over the next 20 years, 649 01:00:59,200 --> 01:01:03,960 would rise up to possess all of us in the West, both left and right. 650 01:01:03,960 --> 01:01:07,560 Conflicts that, in the past, would have been seen as political struggles 651 01:01:07,560 --> 01:01:13,360 were redefined. They became instead battles against dark, demonic forces 652 01:01:13,360 --> 01:01:15,760 that threatened innocent people. 653 01:01:15,760 --> 01:01:18,400 And the role of we, the good people of the West, 654 01:01:18,400 --> 01:01:21,880 was to intervene to save those innocents. 655 01:01:23,640 --> 01:01:26,560 One of the places this dream began was Afghanistan. 656 01:01:27,800 --> 01:01:30,040 America was already helping the rebels 657 01:01:30,040 --> 01:01:33,600 who were fighting the Russians, but Reagan increased the aid massively 658 01:01:33,600 --> 01:01:36,360 and made it the symbol of his new vision. 659 01:01:36,360 --> 01:01:40,040 He even dedicated the space shuttle to the Afghan freedom fighters. 660 01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:47,080 Just as the Columbia we think represents man's finest aspirations 661 01:01:47,080 --> 01:01:49,880 in the field of science and technology, 662 01:01:49,880 --> 01:01:53,240 so, too, does the struggle of the Afghan people represent man's 663 01:01:53,240 --> 01:01:55,920 highest aspirations for freedom. 664 01:01:55,920 --> 01:02:00,680 Accordingly, I am dedicating, on behalf of the American people, 665 01:02:00,680 --> 01:02:03,600 the March 22nd launch of the Columbia 666 01:02:03,600 --> 01:02:06,160 to the people of Afghanistan. 667 01:02:07,880 --> 01:02:10,400 But right from the beginning there was a dangerous, 668 01:02:10,400 --> 01:02:14,080 destructive force at the very heart of this project. 669 01:02:18,160 --> 01:02:21,120 This was because Reagan's partner in the battle to bring freedom 670 01:02:21,120 --> 01:02:23,280 to Afghanistan was Saudi Arabia. 671 01:02:28,000 --> 01:02:32,160 The Saudi intelligence agencies worked with the CIA to ship arms 672 01:02:32,160 --> 01:02:34,160 and money to the Afghan rebels. 673 01:02:35,440 --> 01:02:39,160 On the surface, the Saudis did this because a fellow Muslim country 674 01:02:39,160 --> 01:02:41,840 had been invaded by communists. 675 01:02:41,840 --> 01:02:45,200 But it was also part of their attempt to export the dangerous 676 01:02:45,200 --> 01:02:48,160 fundamentalism at the heart of their own society. 677 01:02:50,760 --> 01:02:52,960 In 1979, a group of Saudi radicals 678 01:02:52,960 --> 01:02:55,680 had taken over the Grand Mosque in Mecca. 679 01:02:57,040 --> 01:02:59,680 For two weeks, the authorities had fought running battles 680 01:02:59,680 --> 01:03:02,040 with the insurgents. 681 01:03:02,040 --> 01:03:05,280 They discovered that a number of the attackers had been taught 682 01:03:05,280 --> 01:03:07,840 by the most senior religious leader in the country. 683 01:03:09,040 --> 01:03:11,960 It made the ruling family realise just how fragile 684 01:03:11,960 --> 01:03:13,760 their grip on power was. 685 01:03:16,640 --> 01:03:19,600 So as well as sending the money and the weapons, 686 01:03:19,600 --> 01:03:23,800 they encouraged young radicals to go and fight in Afghanistan. 687 01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:26,480 One of them was a young Osama bin Laden. 688 01:03:27,560 --> 01:03:30,520 The aim was to divert their anger. 689 01:03:30,520 --> 01:03:34,080 But it meant that with the arms would also come the pessimistic 690 01:03:34,080 --> 01:03:37,560 and intolerant version of Islam - Wahhabism. 691 01:03:38,800 --> 01:03:42,480 To begin with, these ideas would have little influence in Afghanistan. 692 01:03:43,560 --> 01:03:47,920 But they would take hold there and mutate into a dark and violent force 693 01:03:47,920 --> 01:03:51,720 that was completely at odds with Reagan's vision of freedom. 694 01:03:55,000 --> 01:03:59,120 At the beginning, though, no-one knew who to give the weapons to, 695 01:03:59,120 --> 01:04:02,600 and an odd group of adventurers went into Afghanistan to find out. 696 01:04:03,920 --> 01:04:08,480 One of the first was a Texan socialite called Joanne Herring. 697 01:04:08,480 --> 01:04:13,400 When I went in to Afghanistan - I don't even know how I got in - 698 01:04:13,400 --> 01:04:18,160 the president of Pakistan flew me to the border, you know, 699 01:04:18,160 --> 01:04:22,240 the no man's land that the British created - very wisely - 700 01:04:22,240 --> 01:04:25,120 between Afghanistan and Pakistan. 701 01:04:25,120 --> 01:04:29,960 And we boarded a truck - I put on men's clothing - 702 01:04:29,960 --> 01:04:33,360 and we got on this truck and went somewhere. 703 01:04:40,200 --> 01:04:43,120 And we went into these camps 704 01:04:43,120 --> 01:04:46,000 and there would be these men 705 01:04:46,000 --> 01:04:51,080 with beards and turbans... in rags, really. 706 01:04:51,080 --> 01:04:53,440 They had nothing. 707 01:04:53,440 --> 01:04:56,800 And with their 1918 Enfield rifles, 708 01:04:56,800 --> 01:04:59,640 they would stand there and they'd say, 709 01:04:59,640 --> 01:05:01,680 "To the last drop of blood!" 710 01:05:01,680 --> 01:05:05,000 And your heart would just burst. But I thought, 711 01:05:05,000 --> 01:05:08,720 "What will they do with an unveiled woman coming in here?" 712 01:05:08,720 --> 01:05:10,920 And I thought, you know, they really may kill me 713 01:05:10,920 --> 01:05:15,960 because they might not understand why I'm here. But they did. 714 01:05:15,960 --> 01:05:18,840 They were so grateful. So grateful. 715 01:05:18,840 --> 01:05:22,720 They said, "The world doesn't know. Thank you for coming." 716 01:05:22,720 --> 01:05:28,080 PLANES PASS OVERHEAD 717 01:05:28,080 --> 01:05:30,360 EXPLOSION 718 01:05:30,360 --> 01:05:36,480 My...heart was given immediately to these people 719 01:05:36,480 --> 01:05:39,360 who believed so much in their god, 720 01:05:39,360 --> 01:05:41,800 and I think it's the same god... 721 01:05:43,080 --> 01:05:45,080 ..as I worship. 722 01:05:45,080 --> 01:05:47,000 Just in another way. 723 01:05:52,760 --> 01:05:55,440 And they would come back and, of course, completely exhausted 724 01:05:55,440 --> 01:05:58,600 and almost dead - those who were still alive - 725 01:05:58,600 --> 01:06:00,760 and then this new group would say, 726 01:06:00,760 --> 01:06:03,440 "I can't wait to go out and kill Russians." 727 01:06:05,440 --> 01:06:09,360 MAN: 'This is Radio Afghanistan calling Europe.' 728 01:06:09,360 --> 01:06:13,480 This is Radio Afghanistan, Kabul, and here is the news. 729 01:06:13,480 --> 01:06:17,160 43 cases of bullets for 300 3-bore guns, 730 01:06:17,160 --> 01:06:20,040 an Egyptian Kalashnikov, 731 01:06:20,040 --> 01:06:23,480 11,300 other bullets of various types, 732 01:06:23,480 --> 01:06:25,640 including rocket launchers and mines, 733 01:06:25,640 --> 01:06:28,680 and 170 various types of weapons, 734 01:06:28,680 --> 01:06:30,680 45 mortar shells, 735 01:06:30,680 --> 01:06:34,440 light and heavy machine guns, typewriters and cameras, 736 01:06:34,440 --> 01:06:38,080 have recently been seized from the counter revolutionary bandits... 737 01:07:46,200 --> 01:07:48,480 MALE REPORTER: Ask him to speak to the daughter. 738 01:07:48,480 --> 01:07:53,800 MAN TRANSLATES 739 01:07:53,800 --> 01:07:57,040 FEMALE REPORTER: Can he give her the flower? Give her the flower. 740 01:07:57,040 --> 01:07:59,760 MEN SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE 741 01:07:59,760 --> 01:08:01,560 MALE REPORTER: Karen, please. 742 01:08:01,560 --> 01:08:05,440 It is better if he gives her flower than if Karen gives her the flower. 743 01:08:05,440 --> 01:08:09,640 MEN TALK OWN LANGUAGE 744 01:08:09,640 --> 01:08:13,000 Sorry. Can you do it? Ask him to do it while I'm filming. 745 01:08:13,000 --> 01:08:14,880 Just ask him to put it down... 746 01:08:14,880 --> 01:08:19,720 MAN SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 747 01:08:19,720 --> 01:08:22,359 Yeah, yeah, yeah, OK. 748 01:08:23,560 --> 01:08:26,920 MAN SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 749 01:08:50,479 --> 01:08:52,319 EXPLOSION 750 01:09:09,160 --> 01:09:10,840 MAN COUGHS 751 01:09:10,840 --> 01:09:12,880 GUITAR PLAYS 752 01:09:39,000 --> 01:09:42,040 MAN SINGS IN OWN LANGUAGE 753 01:11:55,320 --> 01:11:59,160 In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union was falling apart. 754 01:11:59,160 --> 01:12:02,560 The attempt to create a planned socialist society had failed. 755 01:12:03,680 --> 01:12:07,200 It had become a stagnant world where the shops were half empty, 756 01:12:07,200 --> 01:12:09,400 criminal gangs looted the factories, 757 01:12:09,400 --> 01:12:12,240 and no-one believed in the system any longer. 758 01:12:21,560 --> 01:12:25,680 The ageing Soviet leaders knew that Russian society was collapsing 759 01:12:25,680 --> 01:12:27,800 but they had no idea what to do. 760 01:12:28,880 --> 01:12:33,480 And in the face of this, Afghanistan became, for them, a last desperate 761 01:12:33,480 --> 01:12:38,160 attempt to create a model version of their original communist ideal. 762 01:12:43,880 --> 01:12:46,080 Faced with a growing rebellion in the countryside, 763 01:12:46,080 --> 01:12:48,200 the Russians took over Afghanistan 764 01:12:48,200 --> 01:12:51,800 and installed another student revolutionary as president. 765 01:12:51,800 --> 01:12:54,240 He was called Babrak Karmal 766 01:12:54,240 --> 01:12:55,880 and he did what he was told. 767 01:12:57,760 --> 01:13:01,280 And as well as the Russian troops, thousands of teachers and doctors 768 01:13:01,280 --> 01:13:04,440 came to set up programmes and hospitals that were going to 769 01:13:04,440 --> 01:13:07,160 transform the lives of the Afghan people. 770 01:13:07,160 --> 01:13:09,200 SHE SINGS IN OWN LANGUAGE 771 01:13:18,560 --> 01:13:24,960 ..it was 151...in the right arm in sitting position. 772 01:13:24,960 --> 01:13:26,760 Why did you come to Afghanistan? 773 01:13:26,760 --> 01:13:31,560 Was it compulsory posting or was it of your own free choice? 774 01:13:31,560 --> 01:13:35,400 Why...I did come to Afghanistan? 775 01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:38,480 OK, I will tell you. 776 01:13:38,480 --> 01:13:40,080 I'm doctor. 777 01:13:40,080 --> 01:13:43,200 I want to help people. 778 01:13:43,200 --> 01:13:47,440 Patient. It is the main reason I come to Afghanistan. 779 01:13:47,440 --> 01:13:49,240 Do you say this right? 780 01:13:49,240 --> 01:13:52,400 But it was your free choice that you came here, you were not sent here? 781 01:13:52,400 --> 01:13:55,520 Only free choice. Only free choice. 782 01:13:57,000 --> 01:13:59,840 And Afghan women were taught to be independent 783 01:13:59,840 --> 01:14:02,240 so they could free themselves from the repression 784 01:14:02,240 --> 01:14:05,280 of what the Soviets saw as a backward religion. 785 01:14:05,280 --> 01:14:07,120 You know, after the revolution, 786 01:14:07,120 --> 01:14:11,240 the woman in Afghanistan will be same, like man, yes? 787 01:14:11,240 --> 01:14:13,440 They're the same. 788 01:14:13,440 --> 01:14:15,400 You know what I mean? 789 01:14:15,400 --> 01:14:17,480 You know, in society 790 01:14:17,480 --> 01:14:21,000 and also in economy and everything. 791 01:14:23,040 --> 01:14:25,840 But outside the cities, the mujaheddin rebels 792 01:14:25,840 --> 01:14:27,440 increased their attacks. 793 01:14:27,440 --> 01:14:30,000 They were becoming more confident and powerful. 794 01:14:31,000 --> 01:14:34,120 Using weapons supplied by the Americans and the Saudis, 795 01:14:34,120 --> 01:14:36,560 they ambushed Russian convoys. 796 01:14:40,120 --> 01:14:42,160 GUNFIRE AND EXPLOSIONS 797 01:14:53,360 --> 01:14:55,840 The mujaheddin treatment of their Russian prisoners 798 01:14:55,840 --> 01:14:57,480 was ruthless and cruel. 799 01:15:01,160 --> 01:15:04,200 ..and we captured two Russians alive. 800 01:15:04,200 --> 01:15:06,840 Then we took them to our commander. 801 01:15:06,840 --> 01:15:12,360 And then the commander told us to stone them into death. 802 01:15:12,360 --> 01:15:16,040 And we took them and we stoned them into death. 803 01:15:16,040 --> 01:15:18,040 - They stoned them to death? Yes. 804 01:15:19,120 --> 01:15:24,480 Have many people here stoned Russians or Afghan communists to death? 805 01:15:25,960 --> 01:15:30,720 MAN TRANSLATES 806 01:15:30,720 --> 01:15:32,840 MURMURS OF AGREEMENT 807 01:15:35,240 --> 01:15:39,480 In response, the Russians launched search and destroy missions, 808 01:15:39,480 --> 01:15:41,720 often bombing whole villages, 809 01:15:41,720 --> 01:15:43,640 massacring hundreds of civilians. 810 01:15:47,120 --> 01:15:48,960 The war became a vicious struggle, 811 01:15:48,960 --> 01:15:52,640 with the mujaheddin using equally brutal tactics. 812 01:15:52,640 --> 01:15:57,880 And any idea of transforming Afghanistan began to slip away, 813 01:15:57,880 --> 01:15:59,920 and the Russians retreated into the cities. 814 01:15:59,920 --> 01:16:02,960 INDISTINCT RADIO CHATTER 815 01:16:06,760 --> 01:16:10,320 Comrade General, what is the military situation in the country? 816 01:16:22,680 --> 01:16:24,840 But the rebels came into the cities 817 01:16:24,840 --> 01:16:27,560 and began to kill the Russian civilians. 818 01:16:27,560 --> 01:16:29,680 They hid bombs in everyday objects 819 01:16:29,680 --> 01:16:31,920 that exploded the moment anyone used them. 820 01:16:34,880 --> 01:16:38,920 Everything around the Russians became frightening and unstable. 821 01:16:38,920 --> 01:16:42,360 The forces that they had unleashed were pursuing them 822 01:16:42,360 --> 01:16:46,000 and as they did so they began to eat away at the very foundations 823 01:16:46,000 --> 01:16:48,280 of Soviet communism. 824 01:16:48,280 --> 01:16:51,160 One of the bravest and most honest of the Russian journalists 825 01:16:51,160 --> 01:16:55,000 in Afghanistan was Artyom Borovik. 826 01:16:55,000 --> 01:16:59,520 He wrote, "We thought that we were civilising a backwards country 827 01:16:59,520 --> 01:17:04,080 "by exposing it to television, to modern bombers, to schools, 828 01:17:04,080 --> 01:17:06,080 "to the latest models of tanks, 829 01:17:06,080 --> 01:17:08,800 "to books, to long-range artillery, 830 01:17:08,800 --> 01:17:13,920 "to newspapers, to economic aid, to AK-47s. 831 01:17:13,920 --> 01:17:19,080 "But we rarely stopped to think how Afghanistan would influence us, 832 01:17:19,080 --> 01:17:23,160 "despite the hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers, diplomats, 833 01:17:23,160 --> 01:17:27,920 "journalists and political advisers who passed through it. 834 01:17:27,920 --> 01:17:31,520 "They were thrown into a country where bribery, corruption, 835 01:17:31,520 --> 01:17:34,280 "profiteering and drugs were no less common 836 01:17:34,280 --> 01:17:37,960 "than the long lines in Soviet stores. 837 01:17:37,960 --> 01:17:41,560 "These diseases can be far more infectious and dangerous 838 01:17:41,560 --> 01:17:46,520 "than hepatitis, particularly when they reach epidemic proportions." 839 01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:17,040 HE LAUGHS 840 01:18:29,960 --> 01:18:32,880 Borovik said the Russians resembled the astronauts 841 01:18:32,880 --> 01:18:36,040 in a famous Soviet science fiction film called Solaris. 842 01:18:37,600 --> 01:18:40,720 The astronauts find a planet covered with a giant ocean 843 01:18:40,720 --> 01:18:43,280 that seems to be conscious. 844 01:18:43,280 --> 01:18:45,080 And to try and influence the ocean, 845 01:18:45,080 --> 01:18:46,800 they bombard it with X-rays. 846 01:18:48,040 --> 01:18:52,720 What they don't realise is that the ocean is irradiating them. 847 01:18:52,720 --> 01:18:55,720 It is playing back, in the astronauts' minds, 848 01:18:55,720 --> 01:18:57,520 memories of the past, 849 01:18:57,520 --> 01:19:00,560 but in such a vivid way that they begin not to trust anything 850 01:19:00,560 --> 01:19:02,320 that they think or believe. 851 01:19:06,840 --> 01:19:08,960 Afghanistan, Borovik said, 852 01:19:08,960 --> 01:19:11,720 was doing the same to the Russians. 853 01:19:11,720 --> 01:19:16,400 It had led them to distrust the very basis of everything they believed in. 854 01:19:16,400 --> 01:19:19,240 And they were taking that distrust back with them 855 01:19:19,240 --> 01:19:21,760 into the heart of Russia. 856 01:22:45,400 --> 01:22:47,440 APPLAUSE ON TV 857 01:22:50,000 --> 01:22:53,520 'Could Labour have managed a rally like this?' 858 01:22:53,520 --> 01:22:56,280 AUDIENCE: 'No!' 859 01:22:56,280 --> 01:22:59,920 'In the old days, perhaps, but not now. 860 01:22:59,920 --> 01:23:03,080 'For they are the party of yesterday, 861 01:23:03,080 --> 01:23:05,320 'and tomorrow is ours.' 862 01:23:05,320 --> 01:23:07,320 APPLAUSE ON TV 863 01:23:07,320 --> 01:23:10,440 The massive increase in the price of oil imposed by the Saudis 864 01:23:10,440 --> 01:23:13,400 had caused economic and social chaos in the West. 865 01:23:14,760 --> 01:23:19,040 Governments had struggled to deal with it, but they had failed. 866 01:23:19,040 --> 01:23:22,840 And in the 1980s, right-wing governments came to power in Britain 867 01:23:22,840 --> 01:23:27,080 and America who turned to radical new ways to create economic growth. 868 01:23:29,280 --> 01:23:32,560 To begin with, the new policies seemed to work. 869 01:23:32,560 --> 01:23:35,080 Inflation was squeezed out of the system 870 01:23:35,080 --> 01:23:37,040 and the economies began to stabilise. 871 01:23:40,840 --> 01:23:44,320 But then there were other unexpected consequences. 872 01:23:44,320 --> 01:23:46,440 Interest rates had risen massively - 873 01:23:46,440 --> 01:23:50,560 and this decimated manufacturing industry in both Britain and America. 874 01:23:51,840 --> 01:23:54,000 Factory after factory closed. 875 01:23:55,240 --> 01:23:58,760 High-paid skilled jobs were replaced by low-wage jobs 876 01:23:58,760 --> 01:24:01,200 in the service industries, 877 01:24:01,200 --> 01:24:02,960 and living standards began to fall. 878 01:24:05,560 --> 01:24:08,200 But then the politicians found a solution. 879 01:24:08,200 --> 01:24:11,040 If you couldn't make wages grow any longer, 880 01:24:11,040 --> 01:24:13,600 instead you would get the banks to lend people money. 881 01:24:15,040 --> 01:24:18,000 And in the mid-1980s, governments removed the restrictions 882 01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:20,080 on the banks' lending, 883 01:24:20,080 --> 01:24:23,320 and a wave of borrowing spread through Britain and America. 884 01:24:24,560 --> 01:24:29,080 Even if their wages were static, people felt wealthier, 885 01:24:29,080 --> 01:24:34,040 and had the money to buy things and keep the economy working. 886 01:24:34,040 --> 01:24:38,280 And the power to manage society began to move even more from politics 887 01:24:38,280 --> 01:24:40,160 to the financial system. 888 01:24:47,600 --> 01:24:50,680 Weapons free, battle stations. 889 01:24:50,680 --> 01:24:52,680 Weapons free, weapons free. 890 01:24:59,440 --> 01:25:02,280 But there was one industry in Britain that had survived 891 01:25:02,280 --> 01:25:04,360 and, in fact, was growing. 892 01:25:04,360 --> 01:25:08,240 It was the arms industry and its vast trade with Saudi Arabia. 893 01:25:09,520 --> 01:25:12,160 But rather than strengthening the politicians' power, 894 01:25:12,160 --> 01:25:15,040 it undermined it further, through corruption. 895 01:25:16,440 --> 01:25:18,840 REPORTER: The King's train was 20 minutes late 896 01:25:18,840 --> 01:25:20,640 arriving at Victoria Station. 897 01:25:20,640 --> 01:25:23,920 It was delayed while a suspicious box on a bridge over the track 898 01:25:23,920 --> 01:25:27,160 was checked, and found to be harmless. 899 01:25:27,160 --> 01:25:29,400 When he eventually stepped on to the platform, 900 01:25:29,400 --> 01:25:32,040 it was to a full royal welcome. 901 01:25:32,040 --> 01:25:35,040 ADAM CURTIS: Through the 1970s, British arms companies had signed 902 01:25:35,040 --> 01:25:38,080 more and more contracts with the Saudis, 903 01:25:38,080 --> 01:25:40,760 and they became a central part of a new industry 904 01:25:40,760 --> 01:25:44,040 that was run from the very heart of the British government. 905 01:25:46,360 --> 01:25:50,000 We're in the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall. 906 01:25:50,000 --> 01:25:52,480 Behind these doors there's a room. 907 01:25:52,480 --> 01:25:55,360 A room which few people apart from Arab Sheiks 908 01:25:55,360 --> 01:25:59,560 and other potential foreign customers have ever set eyes on before. 909 01:26:04,360 --> 01:26:05,760 This way, please. 910 01:26:05,760 --> 01:26:10,040 This is it, the permanent Defence Equipment Exhibition, 911 01:26:10,040 --> 01:26:13,480 the supermarket of the sales organisation which this year 912 01:26:13,480 --> 01:26:17,520 will sell nearly £600 million worth of British military hardware 913 01:26:17,520 --> 01:26:19,520 to foreign governments. 914 01:26:19,520 --> 01:26:23,680 Week in, week out, overseas service chiefs come here discreetly 915 01:26:23,680 --> 01:26:27,280 to shop for anything from guided missile destroyers and aircraft 916 01:26:27,280 --> 01:26:29,040 to a pair of army boots. 917 01:26:29,040 --> 01:26:31,120 And they've got quite a choice. 918 01:26:31,120 --> 01:26:33,720 There are hundreds of individual British manufacturers 919 01:26:33,720 --> 01:26:37,560 in this business. Glossy coloured brochures in every language, 920 01:26:37,560 --> 01:26:39,520 including, of course, Arabic. 921 01:26:39,520 --> 01:26:42,840 Everywhere in this amazing exhibition there are models showing 922 01:26:42,840 --> 01:26:46,320 the hardware in action, showing what the hardware can do. 923 01:26:46,320 --> 01:26:48,160 Big missiles, little missiles - 924 01:26:48,160 --> 01:26:51,560 here's the short blowpipe surface-to-air missile with which 925 01:26:51,560 --> 01:26:54,400 one soldier can bring an aircraft out of the sky, 926 01:26:54,400 --> 01:26:56,000 straight from the shoulder. 927 01:26:56,000 --> 01:26:59,120 More missiles here, the short Tigercat missile, 928 01:26:59,120 --> 01:27:04,360 simple in operation, recommended for its high lethality at low cost. 929 01:27:04,360 --> 01:27:07,240 Aircraft are very expensive these days 930 01:27:07,240 --> 01:27:10,160 and so you don't want them to have just one... 931 01:27:10,160 --> 01:27:14,000 ADAM CURTIS: By the 1980s, the giant orders from Saudi Arabia 932 01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:16,240 had become essential to Britain. 933 01:27:16,240 --> 01:27:18,760 While much of British industry had closed, 934 01:27:18,760 --> 01:27:21,120 the arms business kept growing. 935 01:27:21,120 --> 01:27:22,680 ..from air to ground. 936 01:27:22,680 --> 01:27:24,720 No, no, no, I'm the Prime Minister. 937 01:27:24,720 --> 01:27:27,320 I have to see the super saleswomen do their job. 938 01:27:27,320 --> 01:27:30,720 ADAM CURTIS: And in 1985 Mrs Thatcher announced what was going to be 939 01:27:30,720 --> 01:27:32,840 the biggest arms deal in history. 940 01:27:36,800 --> 01:27:38,480 The extraordinary arms deal, 941 01:27:38,480 --> 01:27:41,080 which has impressed military experts throughout the world. 942 01:27:41,080 --> 01:27:43,680 It emerged today that Britain and Saudi Arabia have signed 943 01:27:43,680 --> 01:27:46,680 what's thought to be one of the biggest arms agreements. 944 01:27:46,680 --> 01:27:49,680 The deal will mean Saudi Arabia will get many more combat planes, 945 01:27:49,680 --> 01:27:53,320 training aircraft, new mine hunters, two new airbases, 946 01:27:53,320 --> 01:27:55,000 and much training and support. 947 01:27:55,000 --> 01:27:57,880 It means Britain is pulling level with, if not overtaking, 948 01:27:57,880 --> 01:28:01,440 the United States as the biggest military supplier to the Saudis. 949 01:28:01,440 --> 01:28:04,920 ADAM CURTIS: The Al-Yamamah deal was presented as a triumph 950 01:28:04,920 --> 01:28:08,160 of British ingenuity and skill. 951 01:28:08,160 --> 01:28:11,480 But ever since, there have been allegations that really it was 952 01:28:11,480 --> 01:28:15,440 secured by vast bribes to key members of the Saudi establishment. 953 01:28:16,960 --> 01:28:19,920 British Aerospace admit that there were payments, 954 01:28:19,920 --> 01:28:22,480 but insist they were not bribes. 955 01:28:24,560 --> 01:28:26,840 But then, in 1990, 956 01:28:26,840 --> 01:28:30,480 it became clear that all the arms trade with Saudi Arabia 957 01:28:30,480 --> 01:28:32,320 had been a complete charade. 958 01:28:33,960 --> 01:28:36,160 Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait 959 01:28:36,160 --> 01:28:38,880 and the leaders of Saudi Arabia realised that, 960 01:28:38,880 --> 01:28:42,560 despite all this hardware - all the planes, the missiles, 961 01:28:42,560 --> 01:28:44,640 the bombs and the radar systems - 962 01:28:44,640 --> 01:28:49,240 that their country was incapable of using it properly to defend itself 963 01:28:49,240 --> 01:28:51,720 against Saddam Hussein. 964 01:28:51,720 --> 01:28:56,040 So they had to turn to America and its military might for help. 965 01:29:03,280 --> 01:29:07,320 At my direction, elements of the 82nd Airborne Division, 966 01:29:07,320 --> 01:29:10,600 as well as key units of the United States Air Force, 967 01:29:10,600 --> 01:29:16,000 are arriving today to take up defensive positions in Saudi Arabia. 968 01:29:16,000 --> 01:29:19,520 I took this action to assist the Saudi Arabian government 969 01:29:19,520 --> 01:29:22,400 in the defence of its homeland. 970 01:29:22,400 --> 01:29:25,680 Osama bin Laden had returned from Afghanistan 971 01:29:25,680 --> 01:29:29,480 and he went to see the Saudi Defence Minister and pleaded with him 972 01:29:29,480 --> 01:29:32,280 not to let the Americans come. 973 01:29:32,280 --> 01:29:36,120 He offered to raise a force of mujaheddin fighters in Afghanistan 974 01:29:36,120 --> 01:29:38,800 and bring them to defend Saudi Arabia instead. 975 01:29:40,240 --> 01:29:43,560 But the Defence Minister turned him down. 976 01:29:43,560 --> 01:29:46,680 And within weeks, over half a million American soldiers 977 01:29:46,680 --> 01:29:50,000 had arrived in Saudi Arabia. 978 01:29:50,000 --> 01:29:53,560 Bin Laden saw it as the corrupt takeover by the West 979 01:29:53,560 --> 01:29:55,400 of the very heart of Islam. 980 01:29:57,720 --> 01:30:00,640 Cameraman, please show them what's going on, if you could. 981 01:30:00,640 --> 01:30:02,120 Show the street, if nothing else. 982 01:30:02,120 --> 01:30:05,160 ADAM CURTIS: And he decided that America, although it had been 983 01:30:05,160 --> 01:30:08,000 his ally in Afghanistan, was the real enemy. 984 01:30:13,640 --> 01:30:15,480 Show them the sky, if you could. 985 01:31:10,080 --> 01:31:13,120 GENTLE CLASSICAL MUSIC PLAYS 986 01:31:13,120 --> 01:31:16,560 No, wait, what strange noise is that? 987 01:31:16,560 --> 01:31:18,600 MUSIC CONTINUES 988 01:31:22,400 --> 01:31:24,400 What trickery is this? 989 01:31:32,280 --> 01:31:35,800 You, up there, what is this noise? Can you see what is happening? 990 01:31:35,800 --> 01:31:38,280 Oh, yes, they are sitting down to dinner. 991 01:31:38,280 --> 01:31:41,840 Sitting down to dinner? Are they stark raving bonkers? 992 01:31:41,840 --> 01:31:44,320 These people, sometimes, they infuriate me! 993 01:31:44,320 --> 01:31:47,000 Oh, they come out here with their starched uniforms 994 01:31:47,000 --> 01:31:51,360 and their stiff upper lips and their dirty great flags hanging out. 995 01:31:51,360 --> 01:31:54,240 - Think they own the place! - They do. 996 01:31:54,240 --> 01:31:57,280 Well, they won't much longer. Start the attack! 997 01:31:57,280 --> 01:32:00,280 By the time I've finished with them, their stiff upper lips will be 998 01:32:00,280 --> 01:32:02,920 so limp they'll be hanging down to their navels. 999 01:32:02,920 --> 01:32:06,360 I will kill the pigs! Fire! 1000 01:32:06,360 --> 01:32:08,560 GUNFIRE AND EXPLOSIONS 1001 01:32:10,080 --> 01:32:12,480 INDISTINCT SHOUTING 1002 01:32:12,480 --> 01:32:14,000 Fuckin' hell! 1003 01:32:14,000 --> 01:32:16,200 GUNFIRE 1004 01:32:16,200 --> 01:32:18,520 INDISTINCT SHOUTING 1005 01:32:18,520 --> 01:32:20,320 EXPLOSION 1006 01:32:20,320 --> 01:32:23,920 - Jesus, fucking target... - Right! 1007 01:32:23,920 --> 01:32:28,240 GUNFIRE CONTINUES 1008 01:32:28,240 --> 01:32:30,720 SHOUTING CONTINUES 1009 01:32:40,880 --> 01:32:44,520 I'm not denying that I'm not a mullah, I'm a mullah in a mosque. 1010 01:32:44,520 --> 01:32:46,880 - Not with the Taliban. - Right, yeah. 1011 01:32:46,880 --> 01:32:49,360 So, I mean, they arrest me and they brought me here... 1012 01:32:49,360 --> 01:32:51,680 Did he say they were... Did he say they beat him? 1013 01:32:51,680 --> 01:32:54,120 Beat him and electrocution, yeah. 1014 01:32:54,120 --> 01:32:56,120 Signed a false confession? 1015 01:32:56,120 --> 01:32:58,840 Does he say they forced him to sign a confession? 1016 01:32:58,840 --> 01:33:00,560 No, no, he didn't say that. 1017 01:33:00,560 --> 01:33:06,440 THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE 1018 01:33:06,440 --> 01:33:10,080 TRANSLATOR: Yeah, I mean, they force me, they beat me 1019 01:33:10,080 --> 01:33:12,480 and they put my stamp, 1020 01:33:12,480 --> 01:33:14,480 saying that you are talib. 1021 01:33:14,480 --> 01:33:19,240 Does he know... Does he know - are there lots of Taliban here? 1022 01:33:19,240 --> 01:33:24,160 HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 1023 01:33:24,160 --> 01:33:26,480 TRANSLATOR: Well, I mean, as I have told you before, 1024 01:33:26,480 --> 01:33:29,280 it's 90% of the people who are here, 1025 01:33:29,280 --> 01:33:33,720 they came by the name of Taliban here but they are not actually Taliban. 1026 01:33:33,720 --> 01:33:36,400 They arrest them and they brought them here. 1027 01:33:47,800 --> 01:33:50,040 When the Russians left Afghanistan, 1028 01:33:50,040 --> 01:33:52,640 the different mujaheddin groups turned on each other 1029 01:33:52,640 --> 01:33:54,880 and began a vicious struggle for power. 1030 01:33:56,200 --> 01:33:59,600 Kabul was completely destroyed as the different groups fired 1031 01:33:59,600 --> 01:34:04,360 thousands of rockets indiscriminately into the heart of the city. 1032 01:34:04,360 --> 01:34:06,520 And Kabul became a living hell. 1033 01:34:13,040 --> 01:34:15,400 PEOPLE SHOUT 1034 01:34:15,400 --> 01:34:18,440 SHE SHOUTS IN OWN LANGUAGE 1035 01:34:40,280 --> 01:34:42,480 EXPLOSION 1036 01:34:42,480 --> 01:34:44,000 MAN: Jesus Christ. 1037 01:35:02,120 --> 01:35:04,880 The mujaheddin leaders transformed. 1038 01:35:04,880 --> 01:35:08,360 They became brutal warlords, tearing the country apart. 1039 01:35:10,360 --> 01:35:13,480 The Americans had stopped sending any money or arms, 1040 01:35:13,480 --> 01:35:17,840 so to fund themselves, the warlords turned to the heroin trade, 1041 01:35:17,840 --> 01:35:21,640 and they began to export more and more opium to the West. 1042 01:35:23,760 --> 01:35:25,720 The poppy fields of Helmand 1043 01:35:25,720 --> 01:35:28,880 became the centre of a multimillion-dollar business, 1044 01:35:28,880 --> 01:35:31,240 irrigated by the dams and canals 1045 01:35:31,240 --> 01:35:34,320 built 40 years before by the American government. 1046 01:35:37,320 --> 01:35:41,840 Out of the chaos came two extreme and violent reactions. 1047 01:35:41,840 --> 01:35:44,640 Both ruthlessly simplified the world 1048 01:35:44,640 --> 01:35:48,000 and both, although they were completely contradictory, 1049 01:35:48,000 --> 01:35:50,560 were rooted in Wahhabism, 1050 01:35:50,560 --> 01:35:54,680 the intolerant fundamentalism that came from Saudi Arabia. 1051 01:35:54,680 --> 01:35:57,480 One was the Taliban. 1052 01:35:57,480 --> 01:36:01,400 They started as a group of students in religious schools in Pakistan 1053 01:36:01,400 --> 01:36:05,200 called madrassas, where many Afghan children had gone to study. 1054 01:36:06,480 --> 01:36:08,720 They became the core of a revolution 1055 01:36:08,720 --> 01:36:11,320 that spread rapidly through Afghanistan. 1056 01:36:41,880 --> 01:36:45,800 Although they were in Pakistan, most of the madrassas had been created 1057 01:36:45,800 --> 01:36:49,840 over the previous 20 years by money from Saudi Arabia. 1058 01:36:49,840 --> 01:36:54,000 They were part of the massive effort that had been started by King Faisal 1059 01:36:54,000 --> 01:36:57,600 to spread fundamentalism throughout the Islamic world. 1060 01:36:57,600 --> 01:37:00,040 And the ideas that the madrassas taught 1061 01:37:00,040 --> 01:37:03,040 were very close to Saudi Wahhabism. 1062 01:37:07,960 --> 01:37:12,560 When the Taliban swept into Kabul, they went to the Presidential Palace 1063 01:37:12,560 --> 01:37:15,840 and tore out all painted images of living things, 1064 01:37:15,840 --> 01:37:19,080 even removing the faces off the stone lions. 1065 01:37:21,640 --> 01:37:25,600 The society the Taliban built was based on an imagined idea 1066 01:37:25,600 --> 01:37:30,080 of the past, a re-creation of how they thought Islamic society 1067 01:37:30,080 --> 01:37:33,160 had been run in the 7th century. 1068 01:37:33,160 --> 01:37:36,160 All modernization was swept away. 1069 01:37:36,160 --> 01:37:38,280 Women were not to be educated, 1070 01:37:38,280 --> 01:37:40,760 and all film and music was banned. 1071 01:37:47,920 --> 01:37:51,480 And even the bodies of dead communists were dug up and burnt - 1072 01:37:51,480 --> 01:37:53,880 to cleanse and purify the land. 1073 01:37:59,200 --> 01:38:03,440 The other reaction came from Osama bin Laden. 1074 01:38:03,440 --> 01:38:05,600 Bin Laden had come back to Afghanistan 1075 01:38:05,600 --> 01:38:08,840 determined to lead an Islamist revolution. 1076 01:38:08,840 --> 01:38:12,360 But his ideas were very different from the Taliban. 1077 01:38:12,360 --> 01:38:16,320 He wanted to use Islamic principles in a new way - 1078 01:38:16,320 --> 01:38:19,440 to make it a revolutionary force in the modern world, 1079 01:38:19,440 --> 01:38:22,080 to go forwards, not backwards. 1080 01:38:23,720 --> 01:38:25,680 But the problem was that these ideas 1081 01:38:25,680 --> 01:38:28,440 had failed to capture the public imagination, 1082 01:38:28,440 --> 01:38:30,640 not just in Afghanistan 1083 01:38:30,640 --> 01:38:32,840 but throughout most of the Islamic world. 1084 01:38:34,320 --> 01:38:37,520 Bin Laden was convinced that what was stopping this revolution 1085 01:38:37,520 --> 01:38:39,520 was America. 1086 01:38:39,520 --> 01:38:43,880 He had seen how American money had corrupted Saudi Arabia. 1087 01:38:43,880 --> 01:38:47,920 Now he believed that America was corrupting the minds of Muslim people 1088 01:38:47,920 --> 01:38:52,160 everywhere, and preventing them from rising up and liberating themselves. 1089 01:38:52,160 --> 01:38:56,240 HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 1090 01:38:56,240 --> 01:38:59,520 Bin Laden's Islamist ideas began to mutate 1091 01:38:59,520 --> 01:39:02,040 and become mixed with the intolerant 1092 01:39:02,040 --> 01:39:05,400 and anti-modern anger of Wahhabism. 1093 01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:09,760 Out of it came a dark and apocalyptic jihadism. 1094 01:39:09,760 --> 01:39:12,880 It said that the only way to create a revolution 1095 01:39:12,880 --> 01:39:17,440 would be to attack what he called "the far enemy" directly. 1096 01:39:17,440 --> 01:39:21,600 The dramatic shock would somehow liberate the masses, 1097 01:39:21,600 --> 01:39:26,440 but all discussion of what kind of society would result dropped away, 1098 01:39:26,440 --> 01:39:29,960 and was replaced by stark vision of the coming battle 1099 01:39:29,960 --> 01:39:32,040 between good and evil. 1100 01:42:51,520 --> 01:42:53,560 CHEERING AND APPLAUSE 1101 01:43:01,680 --> 01:43:04,720 CROWD CHANTS 1102 01:44:25,040 --> 01:44:28,120 America and the coalition forces invaded Afghanistan 1103 01:44:28,120 --> 01:44:31,040 not just to find those behind the attacks on America 1104 01:44:31,040 --> 01:44:34,200 but also to transform Afghanistan 1105 01:44:34,200 --> 01:44:36,640 into a modern democracy. 1106 01:44:36,640 --> 01:44:38,800 It was a grand plan 1107 01:44:38,800 --> 01:44:41,880 but the logic behind it was simple. 1108 01:44:41,880 --> 01:44:44,960 If the innocent people of Afghanistan could be liberated 1109 01:44:44,960 --> 01:44:47,920 from the evil forces that had terrorised them, 1110 01:44:47,920 --> 01:44:50,880 then they would become free individuals. 1111 01:44:50,880 --> 01:44:52,960 And out of that, a democracy, 1112 01:44:52,960 --> 01:44:55,440 like those in the West, would grow naturally. 1113 01:44:59,640 --> 01:45:03,120 Tens of thousands of Americans and Europeans would pass through 1114 01:45:03,120 --> 01:45:05,600 the country over the next ten years - 1115 01:45:05,600 --> 01:45:08,480 soldiers, diplomats, experts, 1116 01:45:08,480 --> 01:45:11,320 political advisers and journalists. 1117 01:45:11,320 --> 01:45:14,440 All of them trying to build this new society. 1118 01:45:16,040 --> 01:45:19,080 But few of them stopped to think whether what had happened 1119 01:45:19,080 --> 01:45:21,280 to the Russians 20 years before 1120 01:45:21,280 --> 01:45:23,720 might also happen to them. 1121 01:45:23,720 --> 01:45:28,600 That, in a strange way, Afghanistan has revealed to us the emptiness 1122 01:45:28,600 --> 01:45:31,480 and hypocrisy of many our beliefs. 1123 01:45:31,480 --> 01:45:34,360 And that we may be returning from there 1124 01:45:34,360 --> 01:45:37,280 also haunted by mujaheddin ghosts, 1125 01:45:37,280 --> 01:45:40,920 knowing that, underneath, we believe in nothing. 1126 01:46:07,160 --> 01:46:11,320 After the shock of the attacks in September 2001, the greatest fear 1127 01:46:11,320 --> 01:46:13,960 was that the American economy might collapse as well. 1128 01:46:15,520 --> 01:46:19,280 In response, the politicians, advised by their economic experts, 1129 01:46:19,280 --> 01:46:22,320 cut interest rates to almost zero. 1130 01:46:22,320 --> 01:46:24,840 This allowed cheap money to flood through the system 1131 01:46:24,840 --> 01:46:26,720 and avoid disaster. 1132 01:46:26,720 --> 01:46:29,760 The banks lent money to anyone and everyone. 1133 01:46:31,000 --> 01:46:33,960 It was the politicians looking to the financial system 1134 01:46:33,960 --> 01:46:35,800 to stabilise the country. 1135 01:46:39,400 --> 01:46:42,280 SHE TALKS IN OWN LANGUAGE 1136 01:46:42,280 --> 01:46:45,560 At the same time, thousands of experts and advisers 1137 01:46:45,560 --> 01:46:47,840 flooded into Afghanistan. 1138 01:46:47,840 --> 01:46:53,160 Their aim was to transform the country into a modern democracy. 1139 01:46:53,160 --> 01:46:55,960 This optimistic vision of a future Afghanistan 1140 01:46:55,960 --> 01:46:58,960 was celebrated in the Kabul Stadium. 1141 01:46:58,960 --> 01:47:02,040 It was the same stadium where the Russians had celebrated 1142 01:47:02,040 --> 01:47:05,440 their new model for Afghanistan 20 years before. 1143 01:47:06,600 --> 01:47:11,480 Last year we think that we can never can be alive again, we will die. 1144 01:47:11,480 --> 01:47:15,400 But now we are...we are thinking that we are alive again, 1145 01:47:15,400 --> 01:47:17,080 and we are too happy. 1146 01:47:17,080 --> 01:47:20,480 And also, from America, that they help a lot, 1147 01:47:20,480 --> 01:47:24,520 we are very appreciative of them. Thanks a lot. 1148 01:47:24,520 --> 01:47:26,840 I think now everything is normal. 1149 01:47:26,840 --> 01:47:30,320 The man and woman can work in one place 1150 01:47:30,320 --> 01:47:32,680 and no any different between them, 1151 01:47:32,680 --> 01:47:37,360 and I think everything is going to...good day by day. 1152 01:47:37,360 --> 01:47:40,120 - And this is our school... - That's your school board. 1153 01:47:40,120 --> 01:47:42,280 - Yeah. - OK. 1154 01:47:42,280 --> 01:47:44,840 Actually, can I just... Hello? Hello? 1155 01:47:44,840 --> 01:47:48,680 ADAM CURTIS: All kinds of groups came to Kabul to help the project. 1156 01:47:48,680 --> 01:47:52,720 It was like a snapshot of what those in power in America and Britain 1157 01:47:52,720 --> 01:47:54,840 believed made democracy work. 1158 01:47:56,840 --> 01:48:00,000 As well as the obvious lessons in how to organise elections 1159 01:48:00,000 --> 01:48:04,000 and conferences on how to stop the narcotics trade, 1160 01:48:04,000 --> 01:48:06,960 young Afghan students were also given lessons 1161 01:48:06,960 --> 01:48:09,360 in how to make conceptual art. 1162 01:48:13,640 --> 01:48:16,200 So, this is, in some ways, 1163 01:48:16,200 --> 01:48:18,960 often called the first piece of conceptual art. 1164 01:48:18,960 --> 01:48:23,000 MAN TRANSLATES 1165 01:48:26,840 --> 01:48:29,240 Does anyone know what it is? 1166 01:48:29,240 --> 01:48:31,200 MAN TRANSLATES 1167 01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:33,160 I don't expect the ladies to know. 1168 01:48:33,160 --> 01:48:35,240 MAN TRANSLATES 1169 01:48:35,240 --> 01:48:38,240 MAN: Toilets. - Exactly. 1170 01:48:38,240 --> 01:48:41,440 An artist called Marcel Duchamp, 1171 01:48:41,440 --> 01:48:43,800 who's very important in Western art, 1172 01:48:43,800 --> 01:48:48,120 put this toilet in an art gallery 1173 01:48:48,120 --> 01:48:50,160 about 100 years ago. 1174 01:48:50,160 --> 01:48:52,400 It was a huge revolution. 1175 01:48:52,400 --> 01:48:56,120 Are you ready to see how it is used? 1176 01:49:17,480 --> 01:49:20,040 Underlying it all was a belief that the battle 1177 01:49:20,040 --> 01:49:22,200 was to create a good society, 1178 01:49:22,200 --> 01:49:25,280 one that would be strong enough to stand against the bad, 1179 01:49:25,280 --> 01:49:28,880 anti-democratic forces that had overwhelmed Afghanistan. 1180 01:49:30,320 --> 01:49:33,480 But then it began to get confusing. 1181 01:49:33,480 --> 01:49:37,000 The Americans discovered that was it was very difficult to know exactly 1182 01:49:37,000 --> 01:49:40,120 who was good and who was bad. 1183 01:49:40,120 --> 01:49:43,680 When they had invaded, they had been helped by Afghans 1184 01:49:43,680 --> 01:49:47,160 who were already fighting the Taliban. 1185 01:49:47,160 --> 01:49:51,120 The Americans had assumed they would help to create the new democracy, 1186 01:49:51,120 --> 01:49:54,600 and appointed many of them to run the country. 1187 01:49:54,600 --> 01:49:58,280 But now it turned out that many of them were actually the very same 1188 01:49:58,280 --> 01:50:02,280 corrupt and violent warlords who the Taliban had overthrown. 1189 01:50:03,280 --> 01:50:05,440 And they were using their new power 1190 01:50:05,440 --> 01:50:08,040 to terrorise the country all over again. 1191 01:50:12,240 --> 01:50:15,960 Gul Agha Sherzai had been made Governor of Kandahar. 1192 01:50:15,960 --> 01:50:18,920 But he was also alleged to be making a million dollars a week 1193 01:50:18,920 --> 01:50:20,920 from running the opium trade, 1194 01:50:20,920 --> 01:50:24,280 while at the same time siphoning off millions from the Americans 1195 01:50:24,280 --> 01:50:26,720 in inflated contracts. 1196 01:50:26,720 --> 01:50:30,480 When President Karzai was persuaded to remove Sherzai, 1197 01:50:30,480 --> 01:50:34,440 he simply made him governor of another province. 1198 01:50:34,440 --> 01:50:36,280 But he was not alone. 1199 01:50:36,280 --> 01:50:40,760 Throughout much of Afghanistan, the warlords had returned to power. 1200 01:50:40,760 --> 01:50:42,600 But this time it was worse. 1201 01:50:42,600 --> 01:50:47,000 The massive influx of American money allowed them to extend their networks 1202 01:50:47,000 --> 01:50:50,960 of bribery and corruption to every corner of Afghan society. 1203 01:51:28,040 --> 01:51:30,800 But the money was not just corrupting individuals. 1204 01:51:30,800 --> 01:51:33,920 It was undermining the whole structure of society, 1205 01:51:33,920 --> 01:51:36,160 above all the police. 1206 01:51:36,160 --> 01:51:38,040 Rather than enforcing the law, 1207 01:51:38,040 --> 01:51:41,120 the police had become transformed into violent militias 1208 01:51:41,120 --> 01:51:44,040 who worked for the warlords. 1209 01:51:44,040 --> 01:51:47,560 They organised a massive expansion of the drug trade. 1210 01:51:47,560 --> 01:51:49,920 And they also terrorised the local people. 1211 01:51:51,200 --> 01:51:53,800 Ordinary Afghans came to hate the police 1212 01:51:53,800 --> 01:51:55,880 and they saw them as the enemy. 1213 01:52:08,640 --> 01:52:11,880 And the Americans also weren't as good as they appeared. 1214 01:52:18,520 --> 01:52:20,920 Jack Idema had been portrayed as a hero, 1215 01:52:20,920 --> 01:52:24,080 working with the US Special Forces to hunt down bin Laden. 1216 01:52:25,480 --> 01:52:29,560 He had arrived in Kabul three years before and become a legendary figure. 1217 01:52:33,280 --> 01:52:37,160 CBS television had made an hour-long special about the secret world 1218 01:52:37,160 --> 01:52:41,040 of terror that Idema had discovered in the mountains. 1219 01:52:41,040 --> 01:52:45,480 It showed a tape that he said he had found of the Al-Qaeda group training. 1220 01:52:47,560 --> 01:52:50,360 But then Idema was arrested. 1221 01:52:50,360 --> 01:52:52,920 The Americans said that he was a fake. 1222 01:52:52,920 --> 01:52:56,680 He had nothing to do with them, and had conned CBS. 1223 01:52:56,680 --> 01:52:59,240 They alleged that Idema had a dungeon, 1224 01:52:59,240 --> 01:53:01,360 hidden underneath his house in Kabul, 1225 01:53:01,360 --> 01:53:03,560 where he tortured innocent Afghans. 1226 01:53:14,360 --> 01:53:18,240 Tell him, basically I'm tired of the lies. Where's his village? 1227 01:53:19,520 --> 01:53:22,400 In three minutes...he'll be dead. 1228 01:53:25,000 --> 01:53:28,560 MAN SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 1229 01:53:35,040 --> 01:53:37,480 Idema was put on trial in Kabul. 1230 01:53:37,480 --> 01:53:40,920 He insisted, though, he had been working with the highest levels 1231 01:53:40,920 --> 01:53:43,120 of the US military and government. 1232 01:53:50,520 --> 01:53:52,320 I know what's wrong with you... 1233 01:53:52,320 --> 01:53:54,320 Jack, who are you working for? 1234 01:53:54,320 --> 01:53:56,880 Uh, we were working for the US Counter-Terrorist Group 1235 01:53:56,880 --> 01:54:00,040 and working with the Pentagon and some other federal agencies. 1236 01:54:00,040 --> 01:54:02,240 So you were working with US knowledge, 1237 01:54:02,240 --> 01:54:04,040 with US government knowledge? 1238 01:54:04,040 --> 01:54:07,040 We were in touch with the Pentagon sometimes five times a day, 1239 01:54:07,040 --> 01:54:09,000 at the highest level, every day. 1240 01:54:09,000 --> 01:54:12,400 How do you feel about being sort of let go by the Americans? 1241 01:54:12,400 --> 01:54:13,720 Fucked. 1242 01:54:15,240 --> 01:54:16,920 You can't use that quote. 1243 01:54:16,920 --> 01:54:20,400 Well, there you go, that's the quote, my dear. 1244 01:54:20,400 --> 01:54:22,160 This government and our government 1245 01:54:22,160 --> 01:54:24,360 knew every single thing we were doing. 1246 01:54:24,360 --> 01:54:27,960 ADAM CURTIS: Jack Idema was found guilty and sent to jail. 1247 01:54:27,960 --> 01:54:31,160 But then it got even more confusing. 1248 01:54:31,160 --> 01:54:34,160 Because reports emerged that the real American military 1249 01:54:34,160 --> 01:54:37,920 had been doing exactly the same as Jack Idema. 1250 01:54:37,920 --> 01:54:41,640 They had set up a special torture centre in an old Soviet hangar 1251 01:54:41,640 --> 01:54:44,240 at Bagram Air Base. 1252 01:54:44,240 --> 01:54:46,760 Ordinary Afghans were shackled to the ceiling 1253 01:54:46,760 --> 01:54:49,320 and subjected to all kinds of violent abuse. 1254 01:54:51,240 --> 01:54:53,920 But they went further than Jack Idema. 1255 01:54:53,920 --> 01:54:57,680 The reports said that two of the victims had been tortured to death. 1256 01:55:04,040 --> 01:55:06,080 Of course, it was very provocative. 1257 01:55:06,080 --> 01:55:09,200 People were very angry, and I think it's important to understand 1258 01:55:09,200 --> 01:55:12,280 that when this kind of art emerged 1259 01:55:12,280 --> 01:55:14,240 it was partly political. 1260 01:55:14,240 --> 01:55:17,360 It was to fight against the system and say, 1261 01:55:17,360 --> 01:55:20,000 "What is art is what I think it is." 1262 01:55:35,360 --> 01:55:38,880 One of the biggest concerns we have is about the casualties 1263 01:55:38,880 --> 01:55:41,360 that took place because of the result of cluster bombs. 1264 01:55:41,360 --> 01:55:42,880 OK, that's fine. 1265 01:55:42,880 --> 01:55:45,040 - OK, is that fly going to...? - That fly. 1266 01:55:45,040 --> 01:55:47,400 - You can hear it, actually. - You can, can't you? 1267 01:55:47,400 --> 01:55:49,840 FLY BUZZES It's a blowie. 1268 01:55:49,840 --> 01:55:53,800 - It'll land. - It's a blowie. Fuck off. 1269 01:55:53,800 --> 01:55:55,200 It's a bug. 1270 01:55:56,520 --> 01:55:57,760 Ah... 1271 01:56:00,720 --> 01:56:03,120 THUMP! 1272 01:56:03,120 --> 01:56:05,600 LAUGHING: This is an interview about casualties. 1273 01:56:05,600 --> 01:56:08,160 There's going to be one more. 1274 01:56:08,160 --> 01:56:10,800 Ah! Jesus. 1275 01:56:25,480 --> 01:56:30,880 On the whole, I think everyone finds it a very important event 1276 01:56:30,880 --> 01:56:34,200 and even more so, the fact we're abroad 1277 01:56:34,200 --> 01:56:36,240 and not able to celebrate it at home. 1278 01:56:36,240 --> 01:56:38,960 Hence we're very happy to, uh, 1279 01:56:38,960 --> 01:56:43,240 do some small token towards the Queen's celebrations. 1280 01:56:44,480 --> 01:56:47,960 And why, why a beacon here in Kabul? 1281 01:56:47,960 --> 01:56:50,040 I have absolutely no idea. 1282 01:56:53,760 --> 01:56:58,280 By 2006, the British and the Americans realised that their project 1283 01:56:58,280 --> 01:57:01,920 to bring democracy to Afghanistan was failing, 1284 01:57:01,920 --> 01:57:05,080 and large parts of the country were descending into anarchy. 1285 01:57:07,000 --> 01:57:10,600 In Helmand, in Southern Afghanistan, armed groups had risen up 1286 01:57:10,600 --> 01:57:13,160 and there was constant fighting. 1287 01:57:13,160 --> 01:57:17,360 The coalition were convinced that this was the return of the Taliban, 1288 01:57:17,360 --> 01:57:20,760 and British troops were sent there to restore order 1289 01:57:20,760 --> 01:57:22,840 and to help protect the regional government. 1290 01:57:28,480 --> 01:57:31,320 But when the British commanders asked the Ministry of Defence 1291 01:57:31,320 --> 01:57:34,280 for information about what was happening in Helmand, 1292 01:57:34,280 --> 01:57:35,960 there was none. 1293 01:57:35,960 --> 01:57:38,880 There weren't even any satellites looking at it. 1294 01:57:38,880 --> 01:57:41,240 They had all been moved to look at Iraq. 1295 01:57:43,600 --> 01:57:47,080 The one thing they did know was that they were going to the very heartland 1296 01:57:47,080 --> 01:57:50,320 of the tribe that had decisively defeated the British 1297 01:57:50,320 --> 01:57:52,800 125 years before 1298 01:57:52,800 --> 01:57:54,440 at the Battle of Maiwand. 1299 01:58:01,680 --> 01:58:05,440 The British commander called a meeting with the local elders. 1300 01:58:05,440 --> 01:58:08,320 It was in the very same town that the American engineers had built, 1301 01:58:08,320 --> 01:58:11,200 50 years before, when they were constructing the dam 1302 01:58:11,200 --> 01:58:13,000 across the Helmand River. 1303 01:58:16,440 --> 01:58:18,600 All three of us, the security, 1304 01:58:18,600 --> 01:58:21,840 governance, and for development. 1305 01:58:21,840 --> 01:58:24,800 We are the three who work together as the British. 1306 01:58:24,800 --> 01:58:29,040 I know you've seen many foreigners arriving in your country. 1307 01:58:29,040 --> 01:58:31,720 ADAM CURTIS: The commander reassured the elders 1308 01:58:31,720 --> 01:58:34,240 that the British were there to defeat the Taliban 1309 01:58:34,240 --> 01:58:36,040 and support the regional government. 1310 01:58:36,040 --> 01:58:38,800 COMMANDER: ..my forefathers were even here before. 1311 01:58:38,800 --> 01:58:42,200 ADAM CURTIS: Next door, his officers were preparing to entertain 1312 01:58:42,200 --> 01:58:44,760 the elders with a showing of David Attenborough's series 1313 01:58:44,760 --> 01:58:47,440 The Blue Planet. 1314 01:58:47,440 --> 01:58:50,960 But the elders thought that the British had completely misunderstood 1315 01:58:50,960 --> 01:58:52,640 the problem. 1316 01:58:52,640 --> 01:58:55,000 The real enemy was not the Taliban, 1317 01:58:55,000 --> 01:58:58,000 but the corrupt and vicious government that President Karzai 1318 01:58:58,000 --> 01:59:01,520 had installed in Helmand and was doing nothing to stop. 1319 01:59:03,240 --> 01:59:06,280 HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 1320 01:59:15,720 --> 01:59:18,240 And tell Mr President Karzai 1321 01:59:18,240 --> 01:59:21,560 if he bring a good governance, 1322 01:59:21,560 --> 01:59:24,080 the security situation will be the same. 1323 01:59:24,080 --> 01:59:26,960 If you are here for 100 years, it will be not good. 1324 01:59:26,960 --> 01:59:28,840 Once he brought good governance, 1325 01:59:28,840 --> 01:59:30,480 good people to the government, 1326 01:59:30,480 --> 01:59:34,480 then we have hope that the security will be change. 1327 01:59:37,800 --> 01:59:40,720 The elders left without watching The Blue Planet. 1328 01:59:45,480 --> 01:59:47,320 Before they came to Helmand, 1329 01:59:47,320 --> 01:59:51,200 the British had forced President Karzai to get rid of its governor. 1330 01:59:51,200 --> 01:59:53,960 But they didn't realise that he had left behind him 1331 01:59:53,960 --> 01:59:57,000 a completely corrupted society. 1332 01:59:57,000 --> 01:59:59,280 And nothing was what it seemed. 1333 02:00:01,880 --> 02:00:04,840 When the British went into towns like Sangin, 1334 02:00:04,840 --> 02:00:07,560 they tried to support the police. 1335 02:00:07,560 --> 02:00:11,360 But the police were really the armed militia for the sacked governor. 1336 02:00:12,520 --> 02:00:15,120 To the locals, this meant that the western troops 1337 02:00:15,120 --> 02:00:17,480 were supporting their oppressors. 1338 02:00:17,480 --> 02:00:19,840 So they started to attack the British. 1339 02:00:19,840 --> 02:00:21,080 Get inside! 1340 02:00:22,840 --> 02:00:24,200 Shit the bed. 1341 02:00:24,200 --> 02:00:26,360 That's close, that one, out the back there. 1342 02:00:26,360 --> 02:00:27,760 It was. 1343 02:00:27,760 --> 02:00:29,720 Right, mate, get under it. 1344 02:00:29,720 --> 02:00:32,120 - Shit. - Shit. 1345 02:00:32,120 --> 02:00:35,080 - They're overshooting on us. - Stay down, lads, stay down. 1346 02:00:35,080 --> 02:00:38,080 - Is that incoming or outcoming? - Fucking incoming now. 1347 02:00:38,080 --> 02:00:41,160 ADAM CURTIS: The British thought that this must mean they were Taliban. 1348 02:00:41,160 --> 02:00:44,880 So in response they dropped giant bombs on them. 1349 02:00:48,640 --> 02:00:50,120 Fuckin' hell. 1350 02:00:50,120 --> 02:00:51,520 MAN LAUGHS 1351 02:00:51,520 --> 02:00:54,160 - Did you get that, did you? - Yes, I did. Fucking hell. 1352 02:00:54,160 --> 02:00:55,760 MAN LAUGHS 1353 02:00:55,760 --> 02:00:58,040 LAUGHING: Holy shit. 1354 02:01:00,880 --> 02:01:03,880 But this then devastated the town centres, 1355 02:01:03,880 --> 02:01:06,840 which made even more local people join in the attacks. 1356 02:01:09,200 --> 02:01:10,640 Seeing their chance, 1357 02:01:10,640 --> 02:01:14,120 the real ideological Taliban, who were now based in Pakistan, 1358 02:01:14,120 --> 02:01:17,880 flooded back in and they started attacking the British, too. 1359 02:01:19,560 --> 02:01:21,640 GUNFIRE 1360 02:01:29,240 --> 02:01:33,520 At the same time the corrupt militias who worked for the local government 1361 02:01:33,520 --> 02:01:35,240 also turned against the British. 1362 02:01:44,760 --> 02:01:48,760 Faced by the chaos, the British still clung to their simple narrative 1363 02:01:48,760 --> 02:01:50,640 of good and evil. 1364 02:01:50,640 --> 02:01:53,400 They - the Western forces - were good. 1365 02:01:53,400 --> 02:01:56,680 And all the different groups who were attacking them were Taliban, 1366 02:01:56,680 --> 02:01:58,080 and were bad. 1367 02:01:59,480 --> 02:02:03,520 But this extraordinary simplification had terrible consequences. 1368 02:02:03,520 --> 02:02:06,960 Because if you were an Afghan and wanted to kill a rival, 1369 02:02:06,960 --> 02:02:09,640 all you had to do was go to the British 1370 02:02:09,640 --> 02:02:11,800 and tell them that he was a Taliban 1371 02:02:11,800 --> 02:02:15,320 and the British would obediently wipe him out. 1372 02:02:25,240 --> 02:02:26,880 INCOMING ROCKET 1373 02:02:26,880 --> 02:02:29,080 - Fuck! - Fuckin' hell! 1374 02:02:29,080 --> 02:02:31,240 - Yeah! - Whoo! 1375 02:02:31,240 --> 02:02:33,280 The British were being used. 1376 02:02:35,600 --> 02:02:38,400 The terrible truth was that the British presence 1377 02:02:38,400 --> 02:02:40,400 did not contain the war. 1378 02:02:40,400 --> 02:02:42,200 It did the very opposite. 1379 02:02:42,200 --> 02:02:45,840 It escalated it so much that it ran out of control. 1380 02:02:45,840 --> 02:02:50,440 And the bodies - Afghan and British - piled up. 1381 02:03:01,840 --> 02:03:04,120 The dynamic was one of manipulation. 1382 02:03:04,120 --> 02:03:07,040 They understood how we saw the conflict. 1383 02:03:07,040 --> 02:03:09,800 They presented their local group conflict, 1384 02:03:09,800 --> 02:03:12,840 their civil war between groups that had been going on for 35 years. 1385 02:03:12,840 --> 02:03:15,280 They presented everything in that dynamic. 1386 02:03:15,280 --> 02:03:19,480 So they came to us and said, "Those people over there are Taliban." 1387 02:03:19,480 --> 02:03:22,080 And we went, "OK." And we went off and dealt with them. 1388 02:03:22,080 --> 02:03:24,680 But, actually, we were dealing with their previous enemies. 1389 02:03:24,680 --> 02:03:27,040 So we were just creating more enemies for ourselves. 1390 02:03:27,040 --> 02:03:30,000 And you ended up in a downward spiral where, 1391 02:03:30,000 --> 02:03:32,240 because everyone was manipulating us, 1392 02:03:32,240 --> 02:03:33,920 we ended up fighting everyone. 1393 02:03:33,920 --> 02:03:38,600 And then, in return, everyone who fought us immediately became Taliban. 1394 02:03:38,600 --> 02:03:41,280 The way that we decided whether you were Taliban or not 1395 02:03:41,280 --> 02:03:43,040 was whether you were firing at us. 1396 02:03:46,840 --> 02:03:48,520 SPORADIC GUNFIRE 1397 02:03:51,600 --> 02:03:55,720 Post 2001, whereas we've understood the conflict as good/bad, 1398 02:03:55,720 --> 02:03:57,440 black/white, government/Taliban, 1399 02:03:57,440 --> 02:04:01,280 they've understood it as a shifting mosaic of different groups 1400 02:04:01,280 --> 02:04:04,240 and leaders fighting each other, effectively over power. 1401 02:04:04,240 --> 02:04:07,920 And the currency of power in Helmand is opium. 1402 02:04:07,920 --> 02:04:09,840 That's largely what the conflict's about. 1403 02:04:23,520 --> 02:04:26,400 So what you're saying is that the...what we thought were 1404 02:04:26,400 --> 02:04:30,920 the Taliban was actually an allergic reaction to us turning up 1405 02:04:30,920 --> 02:04:33,680 into the middle of a complex civil war? 1406 02:04:33,680 --> 02:04:34,720 Correct. 1407 02:04:36,880 --> 02:04:39,520 - We made things worse? - Tak. 1408 02:04:45,040 --> 02:04:46,840 EXPLOSION 1409 02:04:49,160 --> 02:04:51,520 - Where was that? - That's over there on the left. 1410 02:04:51,520 --> 02:04:53,040 Oh, for fuck's sakes. 1411 02:04:57,600 --> 02:05:01,480 But then the British and the Americans had to face up to the fact 1412 02:05:01,480 --> 02:05:05,760 that they might not be as good and innocent as they thought they were. 1413 02:05:05,760 --> 02:05:08,800 HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 1414 02:05:14,160 --> 02:05:18,600 In 2009, the Presidential elections were held. 1415 02:05:18,600 --> 02:05:20,920 Hamid Karzai stood and allied himself 1416 02:05:20,920 --> 02:05:23,560 with some of the most powerful warlords. 1417 02:05:24,880 --> 02:05:28,160 But there were allegations that the warlords rigged the vote 1418 02:05:28,160 --> 02:05:30,360 on a massive scale. 1419 02:05:30,360 --> 02:05:33,440 This was backed up with videos that seemed to show 1420 02:05:33,440 --> 02:05:36,200 the warlords' followers stuffing the ballot boxes 1421 02:05:36,200 --> 02:05:38,160 with hundreds of fake voting papers. 1422 02:05:48,440 --> 02:05:51,400 The coalition tried to rerun the election. 1423 02:05:51,400 --> 02:05:53,520 But Karzai's main opponent refused 1424 02:05:53,520 --> 02:05:56,480 because he said it would be even more corrupt. 1425 02:05:57,920 --> 02:06:00,360 So the British and Americans had no choice 1426 02:06:00,360 --> 02:06:05,400 but to abandon their great dream of a real democracy in Afghanistan. 1427 02:06:05,400 --> 02:06:09,360 They gave in and allowed Karzai to become president again. 1428 02:06:18,600 --> 02:06:20,920 I still don't trust that fella. 1429 02:06:20,920 --> 02:06:23,480 Things look rather bad, sir. What are we going to do? 1430 02:06:23,480 --> 02:06:25,960 Do, Captain? We're British, we won't do anything. 1431 02:06:25,960 --> 02:06:27,440 - Till it's too late. - Precisely. 1432 02:06:27,440 --> 02:06:29,200 That's the first sensible thing you've said today. 1433 02:06:29,200 --> 02:06:31,120 - Thank you, sir. - No, gentlemen, as always, 1434 02:06:31,120 --> 02:06:33,440 we will carry on as if nothing was going to happen. 1435 02:06:33,440 --> 02:06:34,920 This morning... 1436 02:06:34,920 --> 02:06:38,800 the Federal Reserve, with support of the Treasury Department, 1437 02:06:38,800 --> 02:06:42,720 took additional actions to mitigate disruptions to our financial markets. 1438 02:06:44,240 --> 02:06:46,960 Today's events are fast moving. 1439 02:06:46,960 --> 02:06:49,600 But the chairman of the Federal Reserve and the secretary 1440 02:06:49,600 --> 02:06:53,120 of the Treasury are on top of them, and will take the appropriate steps 1441 02:06:53,120 --> 02:06:55,680 to promote stability in our markets. 1442 02:06:55,680 --> 02:06:57,600 ADAM CURTIS: And at the very same time 1443 02:06:57,600 --> 02:07:00,680 as their simple plan was falling apart in Afghanistan, 1444 02:07:00,680 --> 02:07:03,560 the politicians had to face a crisis at home. 1445 02:07:05,120 --> 02:07:06,920 They had given power to the banks 1446 02:07:06,920 --> 02:07:10,240 because the bankers and the financial technocrats had promised 1447 02:07:10,240 --> 02:07:12,960 that they could hold the economy stable. 1448 02:07:12,960 --> 02:07:17,000 But in 2008, the whole intricate system of credit and loans 1449 02:07:17,000 --> 02:07:20,280 that the banks had created collapsed, 1450 02:07:20,280 --> 02:07:23,720 and there was growing panic as giant financial institutions 1451 02:07:23,720 --> 02:07:25,280 faced bankruptcy. 1452 02:07:28,600 --> 02:07:31,320 The politicians in America and Britain stepped in 1453 02:07:31,320 --> 02:07:33,800 and rescued the banks. 1454 02:07:33,800 --> 02:07:37,400 As they did so, they began to discover that most of the major 1455 02:07:37,400 --> 02:07:41,000 financial institutions were also riddled with corruption. 1456 02:07:42,560 --> 02:07:45,520 But unlike President Roosevelt in the 1930s, 1457 02:07:45,520 --> 02:07:49,160 they didn't then try and reform the system. 1458 02:07:49,160 --> 02:07:51,640 Instead they simply propped it up 1459 02:07:51,640 --> 02:07:56,520 by literally pouring billions more pounds and dollars into the banks, 1460 02:07:56,520 --> 02:08:01,080 hoping that this would somehow spread through the economies. 1461 02:08:01,080 --> 02:08:03,920 They had no other idea. 1462 02:08:03,920 --> 02:08:05,840 GUNFIRE 1463 02:08:05,840 --> 02:08:07,760 CHILDREN CRY 1464 02:08:12,840 --> 02:08:15,760 And, faced by disaster in Afghanistan, 1465 02:08:15,760 --> 02:08:18,480 the politicians did exactly the same there, too. 1466 02:08:19,880 --> 02:08:23,680 The Americans knew that the idea of democracy was failing. 1467 02:08:23,680 --> 02:08:29,200 In desperation, they poured even more money into the Afghan economy. 1468 02:08:29,200 --> 02:08:32,080 The idea was that this would somehow create a simpler, 1469 02:08:32,080 --> 02:08:33,760 economic form of democracy 1470 02:08:33,760 --> 02:08:36,760 and that the free market would liberate people. 1471 02:08:38,080 --> 02:08:40,040 They would become model consumers 1472 02:08:40,040 --> 02:08:43,040 following their own rational self-interest, 1473 02:08:43,040 --> 02:08:46,600 just like in the economies of the west. 1474 02:08:46,600 --> 02:08:49,240 And in an odd way, it worked. 1475 02:08:49,240 --> 02:08:51,200 Many of those in charge of the money 1476 02:08:51,200 --> 02:08:54,320 did behave in their own rational self-interest. 1477 02:08:54,320 --> 02:08:56,280 They simply stole the money, 1478 02:08:56,280 --> 02:08:59,440 smuggled it out through Kabul Airport, 1479 02:08:59,440 --> 02:09:02,560 and used it to buy luxury properties in Dubai. 1480 02:09:04,600 --> 02:09:08,760 During this period it was estimated that 10 million a day 1481 02:09:08,760 --> 02:09:11,240 was being taken out of Afghanistan this way. 1482 02:09:21,600 --> 02:09:25,280 SHOUTING IN OWN LANGUAGE 1483 02:09:25,280 --> 02:09:27,880 The scandal seemed to confirm for many Afghans 1484 02:09:27,880 --> 02:09:31,600 that the United States had not brought democracy or free markets 1485 02:09:31,600 --> 02:09:33,240 to their country, 1486 02:09:33,240 --> 02:09:37,080 but instead a corrupt crony capitalism that had taken over 1487 02:09:37,080 --> 02:09:39,240 Afghanistan and its government. 1488 02:09:41,480 --> 02:09:43,640 Which was the very same allegation 1489 02:09:43,640 --> 02:09:46,000 that as being made against politicians at home, 1490 02:09:46,000 --> 02:09:48,280 in America and in Britain. 1491 02:10:12,720 --> 02:10:14,800 At the end of 2014, 1492 02:10:14,800 --> 02:10:16,960 British soldiers left Afghanistan. 1493 02:10:18,160 --> 02:10:21,400 All the bases were wiped out as if nothing had been there. 1494 02:10:22,560 --> 02:10:27,080 Even the war memorials were packed up and taken back to Staffordshire. 1495 02:10:40,480 --> 02:10:45,040 But they weren't the only fighters who had left Afghanistan. 1496 02:10:45,040 --> 02:10:47,760 Abu Musab al-Zarqawi had gone to Afghanistan 1497 02:10:47,760 --> 02:10:50,960 to fight the Soviets back in the 1980s. 1498 02:10:50,960 --> 02:10:53,760 Then he had stayed on to work with Osama bin Laden. 1499 02:10:55,600 --> 02:10:58,600 And in 2003 he went to Iraq 1500 02:10:58,600 --> 02:11:01,680 and set up a jihadist group called Al-Qaeda in Iraq 1501 02:11:01,680 --> 02:11:04,040 to fight the American invasion. 1502 02:11:06,120 --> 02:11:08,160 Allahu Akbar! 1503 02:11:13,880 --> 02:11:15,240 Allahu Akbar! 1504 02:11:15,240 --> 02:11:19,280 Al Zarqawi was powerfully influenced by bin Laden's ideas. 1505 02:11:19,280 --> 02:11:21,720 But he took them much further. 1506 02:11:21,720 --> 02:11:25,480 He and his group killed anyone who they decided did not believe 1507 02:11:25,480 --> 02:11:29,440 in their fundamentalist ideas and deserved to die. 1508 02:11:29,440 --> 02:11:32,640 Even the original founders of Al-Qaeda were shocked, 1509 02:11:32,640 --> 02:11:36,800 and they sent him a letter telling him to stop killing civilians. 1510 02:11:36,800 --> 02:11:38,960 But al-Zarqawi ignored them. 1511 02:11:38,960 --> 02:11:41,960 He was convinced that the insurgency in Iraq 1512 02:11:41,960 --> 02:11:45,880 could be used to spread an Islamist revolution throughout the Arab world. 1513 02:11:45,880 --> 02:11:48,280 HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 1514 02:11:57,640 --> 02:11:59,200 But before he could do this, 1515 02:11:59,200 --> 02:12:02,720 the Americans found al-Zarqawi and dropped a large bomb on him. 1516 02:12:05,120 --> 02:12:07,360 But it didn't stop the spread of the idea. 1517 02:12:11,440 --> 02:12:13,320 Despite al-Zarqarwi's death 1518 02:12:13,320 --> 02:12:15,640 his organisation survived, 1519 02:12:15,640 --> 02:12:21,320 and began to mutate into something even more ferocious and ambitious. 1520 02:12:21,320 --> 02:12:24,840 But as it did so, it was possessed by ghosts from the past. 1521 02:12:26,720 --> 02:12:30,880 What re-emerged was the fierce, intolerant vision of Wahhabism 1522 02:12:30,880 --> 02:12:34,120 that had survived from the 1920s. 1523 02:12:34,120 --> 02:12:38,560 It had spread outwards through Afghanistan in the 1980s and '90s 1524 02:12:38,560 --> 02:12:42,480 where it had become mixed with modern Islamist ideas. 1525 02:12:43,880 --> 02:12:48,240 But now, faced by the nihilistic horror in post-invasion Iraq, 1526 02:12:48,240 --> 02:12:52,720 any ideas of building a new revolutionary future disappeared, 1527 02:12:52,720 --> 02:12:57,000 and, instead, the conservative and backward-looking Wahhabism 1528 02:12:57,000 --> 02:12:59,760 became the dominating influence, 1529 02:12:59,760 --> 02:13:02,920 with its desire to retreat to an imagined past. 1530 02:13:04,800 --> 02:13:09,360 In 2013, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was formed. 1531 02:13:09,360 --> 02:13:11,360 Known as ISIS in the West. 1532 02:13:12,640 --> 02:13:14,920 Its aim is to create a unified caliphate 1533 02:13:14,920 --> 02:13:17,280 throughout the Islamic world. 1534 02:13:17,280 --> 02:13:20,800 And although it uses the techniques of modern media 1535 02:13:20,800 --> 02:13:24,960 it is, at heart, the same violent dream that had driven the Bedouins 1536 02:13:24,960 --> 02:13:29,600 who had created the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the 1920s. 1537 02:13:32,120 --> 02:13:34,880 Back then, the King of Saudi Arabia had found it necessary 1538 02:13:34,880 --> 02:13:36,800 to try and exterminate them 1539 02:13:36,800 --> 02:13:39,440 because they, too, wanted to go on and conquer 1540 02:13:39,440 --> 02:13:41,920 the whole of the Islamic world. 1541 02:13:41,920 --> 02:13:45,960 He machine-gunned them in the bleak sands of the Arabian Peninsula. 1542 02:13:47,440 --> 02:13:50,800 And now the Saudis, along with the British and Americans, 1543 02:13:50,800 --> 02:13:53,280 are trying to do the same thing again - 1544 02:13:53,280 --> 02:13:56,240 to kill the jihadists and their ideas 1545 02:13:56,240 --> 02:13:59,080 in the sand dunes of Northern Iraq and Syria. 1546 02:14:00,920 --> 02:14:03,080 But it is an uncertain war. 1547 02:14:03,080 --> 02:14:06,720 Western politicians are having to accept that the simple division 1548 02:14:06,720 --> 02:14:10,240 between good and evil doesn't exist. 1549 02:14:10,240 --> 02:14:13,680 By bombing ISIS, they are helping the evil President Assad 1550 02:14:13,680 --> 02:14:14,760 to remain in power. 1551 02:14:18,920 --> 02:14:23,760 And those in charge don't even know how big a threat ISIS really is. 1552 02:14:23,760 --> 02:14:26,760 Is it a dark, existential threat? 1553 02:14:26,760 --> 02:14:28,320 Or is it really a front, 1554 02:14:28,320 --> 02:14:33,200 being used in an ongoing complex power struggle inside Iraq? 1555 02:14:33,200 --> 02:14:34,880 We just don't know. 1556 02:14:37,200 --> 02:14:40,120 At the end of the Soviet science fiction film Solaris, 1557 02:14:40,120 --> 02:14:42,320 the astronaut returns home. 1558 02:14:43,880 --> 02:14:46,040 Everything seems real and normal. 1559 02:14:46,040 --> 02:14:49,600 But somehow he doesn't trust in anything any longer. 1560 02:14:53,560 --> 02:14:56,320 Although we have the returned from Afghanistan, 1561 02:14:56,320 --> 02:14:59,960 our leaders also seem to have lost faith in anything. 1562 02:14:59,960 --> 02:15:03,640 And the simple stories they tell us don't make sense any longer. 1563 02:15:06,400 --> 02:15:08,640 The experience of Afghanistan 1564 02:15:08,640 --> 02:15:12,560 has made us begin to realise that there is something else out there 1565 02:15:12,560 --> 02:15:15,080 but we just don't have the apparatus to see it. 1566 02:15:16,880 --> 02:15:19,760 What is needed is a new story. 1567 02:15:19,760 --> 02:15:22,040 And one that we can believe in.