[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.54,0:00:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lost Hobbit
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.41,0:00:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Z-Day London 2014\NThe Zeitgeist Movement
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.39,0:00:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Rewards and Motivation\NZeitgeist Day 2014
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.30,0:00:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[inaudible conversation]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.96,0:00:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Melissa Saviste
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.83,0:00:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[plays clip from the talk show\N"The Lang and O'Leary Exchange"]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.85,0:00:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Amanda Lang) The combined wealth\N- this according to Oxfam -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.66,0:00:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the world's 85 richest people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.10,0:00:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is equal to the 3.5 billion\Npoorest people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.38,0:00:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Kevin O’Leary) It’s fantastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.55,0:00:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a great thing\Nbecause it inspires everybody,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.33,0:00:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gets them motivation\Nto look up to the 1% and say:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.30,0:00:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“I wanna become one of those people,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.75,0:00:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I’m gonna fight hard to get up to the top.”
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.63,0:01:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is fantastic news,\Nand of course I applaud it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.78,0:01:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[awkward silence]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.95,0:01:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(O'Leary) What can be wrong with this?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.10,0:01:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Lang) Really?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.60,0:01:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(O’Leary) Yes, really.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.47,0:01:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Lang) So, somebody living on...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.52,0:01:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(O'Leary) I celebrate capitalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.81,0:01:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Lang) ...a dollar a day in Africa\Nis getting up in the morning
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.14,0:01:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saying “I’m gonna be Bill Gates”?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.54,0:01:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- O'Leary: That’s the motivation everybody needs.\N- Lang: The only thing...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.46,0:01:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Lang: ...between me and that guy is 'motivation',\N- O'Leary: I'm not against charity!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.12,0:01:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Lang: ... I just need to pull up my socks…\N- O'Leary: I am not against...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.81,0:01:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Lang: ...oh wait, I don’t have socks!"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.62,0:01:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(O'Leary) Look. Don't tell me that you want to\Nredistribute wealth again.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.61,0:01:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's never gonna happen, ok?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.75,0:01:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Lang) You know what, you take a simple stat like this\Nwhich is neither good nor bad. It's just a fact...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.63,0:01:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(O'Leary) It's a celebratory stat. I'm very excited about it.\NI'm wonderful to see it happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.54,0:01:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tell kids everyday: "if you"...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.82,0:01:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- O'Leary: What's wrong with this?\N- Lang: If this comes up at a cocktail party...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.43,0:01:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- O'Leary: No, no. Amanda: What's wrong with this statement?\N- Lang: ...what possible response to it...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.66,0:01:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- O'Leary: If you work hard, you might be stinking rich someday.\N- Lang: We're talking about people...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.01,0:01:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in extreme abject poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.80,0:01:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Lang: ...that's how you get 3.5 billion...\N- O'Leary: No we're not!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.37,0:01:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- O'Leary: You were just talking...\N- Lang: ...in this category.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.38,0:01:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- O'Leary: ...about really rich people.\N- Lang: No.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.36,0:01:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was Kevin O'Leary,\Na Canadian businessman
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.72,0:01:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably someone\Nyou would not want in charge of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.47,0:02:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those were his ideas on human motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.64,0:02:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He claims that\Nmoney is what motivates people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.41,0:02:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially the prospect of being among\Nthe world's top percent richest
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.08,0:02:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which unfortunately seems to be\Nquite a common worldview today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.88,0:02:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But is that true?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.91,0:02:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Zeitgeist spirit, we're going to\Nlook at what the actual evidence says
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.76,0:02:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, as we obviously know,\Nmajority opinion or common sense
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.94,0:02:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes turns out to be incorrect.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.52,0:02:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, some psychological experiments
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.75,0:02:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which actually say that\Nrewards can reduce already existing motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.82,0:02:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a 1971 experiment, Edward Deci\Nhad students assembling puzzle cubes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.44,0:02:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first without rewards, then for money\Nand finally without rewards again.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.86,0:03:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He observed them secretly,\Nwhat they were doing in their free time
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.10,0:03:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he noticed that, in their free time
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.70,0:03:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would happily play with the puzzle cubes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.74,0:03:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,however, after the reward condition,\Nand when rewards were removed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.65,0:03:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would work on the puzzles less,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.44,0:03:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they suddenly had less motivation\Nto work on puzzles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.14,0:03:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another similar experiment\Nwas done with children
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.71,0:03:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had an intrinsic interest in drawing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.01,0:03:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that they liked to draw\Nfor its own sake
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.23,0:03:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just for the fun of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.59,0:03:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not because of any external motivation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.18,0:03:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, some of the children\Nwere given a reward certificate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.89,0:03:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the condition of\Ncontinuing to draw
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.97,0:03:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and afterwards,\Nthey showed less interest in drawing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.83,0:03:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than those who never got any rewards
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.97,0:03:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also less interest\Nthan they themselves have had at the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.85,0:03:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The research has called this effect\N"over-justification":
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.61,0:03:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you give and additional reason\Nto do something that is already interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.31,0:03:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes people think
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.29,0:04:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the task is not worth doing\Nwithout the rewards.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.42,0:04:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.49,0:04:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the focus shifts from doing the task\Nto just getting the reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.19,0:04:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you might say that, well,\Nmotivation isn't that important,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.90,0:04:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as long as things get done,\Nand things get done well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.27,0:04:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And obviously offering rewards\Nshould make people try harder
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.26,0:04:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get better results.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.20,0:04:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Sam Glucksberg tested this\Nwith a simple puzzle.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.20,0:04:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Participants were given\Na box of tacks, a candle, a matchbox
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.77,0:04:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were told\Nto attach the candle to the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.35,0:04:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you think of how you would do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.10,0:04:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of the participants were told\Nthat they would receive a monetary reward
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.10,0:04:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they were among the quickest\Nto solve the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.53,0:04:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a simplified version of the puzzle
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.04,0:04:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was given to another group of participants.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.13,0:04:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is one crucial difference:\Nthe box of tacks has already been emptied
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.49,0:04:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in this version,\Nthe puzzle is really easy to solve.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.16,0:05:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The results showed that for the first task,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.84,0:05:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is more difficult and requires some creative thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.80,0:05:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,performance suffers if rewards are involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.56,0:05:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This could again be that the focus shifts \Nfrom the task to getting the money
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.57,0:05:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they might be getting too excited \Nabout the bonus reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.29,0:05:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand, \Nthey did do better in this version, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.51,0:05:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the simple one,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.58,0:05:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they were offered rewards,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.08,0:05:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the task was really easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.34,0:05:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it would seem that is okay to keep paying people \Nfor simple manual tasks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.18,0:05:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, as you all know, \Nthis is not very relevant anymore
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.43,0:05:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you have things like self-checkouts \Nand self-driving cars,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.72,0:05:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in some places in Asia, \Nyou even have robot restaurants.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.84,0:05:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's left for humans to do\Nare the mentally demanding creative tasks,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.91,0:05:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as building and maintaining those robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.27,0:05:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the sort of tasks that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.93,0:06:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Glucksberg showed are hindered\Nby the promise of rewards.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.61,0:06:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In case you're wondering whether\Nincreasing the reward amount might work,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.92,0:06:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was an experiment done\Nby Dan Ariely and colleagues in rural India,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.08,0:06:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they could offer the participants money
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.46,0:06:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that to them was worth a year's salary.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.44,0:06:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They found that performance suffered most
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.96,0:06:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they were offered the biggest amount.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.99,0:06:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, perhaps, when all you can think about is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.18,0:06:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you're gonna do \Nwith your big bonus once you get it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.42,0:06:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might not get much actual work done.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.01,0:06:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing that all these experiments had in common
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.58,0:06:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that a tangible reward such as\Nmoney or a reward certificate
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.62,0:06:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was offered on condition\Nof the participant doing something
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.23,0:06:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even the biggest critics of this line of research agree that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.59,0:06:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is one condition where performance does suffer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.86,0:06:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what should we do while we're in a system\Nwhere we do need money to live?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.36,0:07:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dan Pink, in his book "Drive", \Nsuggest that companies should pay their employees
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.29,0:07:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well and unconditionally,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.22,0:07:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the the issue of money would be off the table
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.72,0:07:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they could focus on their work.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.74,0:07:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same idea could be applied to whole countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.43,0:07:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what the proponents of Basic Income are suggesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.57,0:07:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They believe that, if you provide everyone \Nwith enough money to cover basic needs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.40,0:07:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then people would still continue to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.62,0:07:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would work on what they love doing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.59,0:07:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of people's natural desire\Nto make the world a better place,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.12,0:07:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while being stuck in a non-rewarding job,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.48,0:07:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just for the sake of being alive,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.58,0:07:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more often hinders their ability to do so.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.58,0:07:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is similar to Maslow's Hierarchy of\NNeeds idea
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.66,0:07:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are some basic needs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.93,0:07:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but once they're taken care of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.28,0:07:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people have security\Nabout their job, house and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.98,0:07:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can focus on higher needs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.70,0:07:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are relationships, self-esteem\Nand self-actualization.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.14,0:07:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if there's uncertainty about the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.49,0:08:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then that prevents the individuals from achieving\Ntheir true potential.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.35,0:08:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On top of this pyramid of needs is\Nself-actualization
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.78,0:08:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which essentially means contributing\Nsomething useful and lasting to society
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.36,0:08:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is quite a different view
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.45,0:08:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from those who think that\Npeople only want to work
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.88,0:08:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when externally incentivized.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.76,0:08:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back to the idea of Basic Income.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.04,0:08:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what happens if people's\Nbasic and security needs are taken care of?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.38,0:08:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,\NThankfully this experiment has been\Ncarried out a few times in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.65,0:08:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is an early example from Canada.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.40,0:08:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that time, North American governments were\Nquite enthusiastic about the idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.44,0:08:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were even thinking about expanding this \Nall over the United States and Canada.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.94,0:08:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This pilot project was run from 1974 to '79,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.24,0:08:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, unfortunately, it stopped due to the recession,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.72,0:08:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the data from the project was archived
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.54,0:09:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the government thought it had failed.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.37,0:09:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were finally discovered and analyzed in 2009
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.54,0:09:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the results were quite interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.42,0:09:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They showed minimal effects on employment.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.15,0:09:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only groups that worked substantially less \Nwere new mothers and teenagers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.01,0:09:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, well, taking care of children and\Nstudying are very important
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.20,0:09:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also, as a result, graduation rates went up,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.98,0:09:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other people had more opportunities\Nto choose the sort of work they were doing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.20,0:09:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, very importantly, hospital visits went down\Nand mental health improved
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.25,0:09:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which actually saves the country some money.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.11,0:09:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A more recent pilot study was carried\Nout in a small settlement in Namibia,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.44,0:09:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the years 2008-09.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.81,0:09:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The results were very dramatic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.90,0:09:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When at the start of the experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.66,0:09:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,food poverty levels were at 76%\Nthen they went down to 16%.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.14,0:09:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, essentially, people didn't have to worry about food anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.68,0:10:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could have stopped working at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.26,0:10:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, to the contrary,\Nemployment actually went up by 10%
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.34,0:10:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because people now had money\Nto start their own businesses
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.30,0:10:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had money to buy from those businesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.28,0:10:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This shows how even a small boost to resources \Nhelps people put them to good use
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.41,0:10:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than increasing dependency on the free money
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.16,0:10:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which the critics were predicting.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.22,0:10:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition, parents could now pay their kids' school fees
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.98,0:10:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,\Nso school attendance doubled,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.40,0:10:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and drop out rates went to almost zero,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.18,0:10:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,\Nwhich is largely because the children\Nwere no longer malnourished.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.90,0:10:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also crime rates went down by 42%
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.22,0:10:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause people no longer had to steal from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.72,0:10:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, though, the Namibian government\Nisn't planning to make this nationwide,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.94,0:10:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though the calculations show it would\Nonly cost 3% of the GDP.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.89,0:11:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, there is a government somewhere\Nin the world where it might be possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.39,0:11:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Switzerland, there's still the old tradition\Nof direct democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.42,0:11:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they hold regular referenda on major issues.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.06,0:11:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To propose a referendum, you need 100 000 signatures
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.56,0:11:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,\Nwhich is what the proponents of Basic Income have done.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.47,0:11:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The votes will be held in the next two or three years,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.44,0:11:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will be an interesting experiment to see.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.58,0:11:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will the Swiss people become desensitized and stop working?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.32,0:11:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,\NThe evidence so far is just probably not,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.52,0:11:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if the evidence so far has not been enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.60,0:11:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are plenty of more examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.15,0:11:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[different open-source projects shown on screen]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.100,0:11:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in addition to all of these,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.70,0:11:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,various statistics show that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.30,0:11:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between 30 to 50% of people \Nvolunteer at least once a month,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.90,0:11:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remember, all of this happens while they\Nstill have day jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.38,0:12:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, after all these examples, you might be wondering
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.41,0:12:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is it then that motivates people?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.03,0:12:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll give you four theories, which probably,\Nall have a lot of truth in it and they will overlap.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.33,0:12:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all there's the Maslow theory mentioned before,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.92,0:12:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then there's Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination theory
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.17,0:12:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which lists the elements as competence, \Nautonomy and relatedness,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.74,0:12:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a large emphasis is on autonomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.06,0:12:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being able to choose what to do, how to do it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.92,0:12:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when to do it and who to do it with.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.10,0:12:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say that this also explains the previous experiments
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.20,0:12:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because getting someone to do something for a reward
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.40,0:12:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is essentially a form of control,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.44,0:12:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's trying to control the people's behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.70,0:12:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by offering them something\Nthat they really need.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.12,0:13:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often in workplaces,\Nthe needs for autonomy are not covered,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.99,0:13:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause you don't often have a choice
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.67,0:13:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what sort of work you do\Nor how.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.39,0:13:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, in some more progressive work places,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.53,0:13:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they do try to increase autonomy, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.22,0:13:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Google gives employees 20% of time \Nto work on whatever they want,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.45,0:13:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from this you have things \Nlike Gmail and Google News.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.27,0:13:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also "Post-it notes" were developed by \Nthe stationery company 3M
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.89,0:13:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by letting the employees come up \Nwith whatever they wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.10,0:13:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dan Pink slightly modified the three words
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.78,0:13:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his version is autonomy, \Nmastery and purpose.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.06,0:13:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll come back to mastery and\Npurpose in the next few slides.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.72,0:13:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, Alfie Kohn in his book "Punished by Rewards",
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.16,0:13:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he uses 3 C's: \Ncollaboration, content and choice,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.67,0:13:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which you could possibly add challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.74,0:13:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He also quotes this fellow name Herzberg, who said:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.41,0:13:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If you want people to do a good job,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.57,0:14:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"give them a good job to do", and
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.93,0:14:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Idleness, indifference and irresponsibility
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.59,0:14:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a perfectly valid responses to absurd work".
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.75,0:14:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Screen: MOTIVATION\NIt's not that I'm lazy, it's that I just don't care]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.47,0:14:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from the film "Office Space".\N
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.38,0:14:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coming back to mastery.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.67,0:14:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a theory by a Hungarian psychologist\Nwith a ridiculously difficult name [screen: Csikszentmihalyi],
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.31,0:14:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I'm not going to pronounce,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.51,0:14:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he describes the state of optimal experience,\Ncalled "flow"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.15,0:14:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that\Nyou're completely immersed in your task,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.32,0:14:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you almost loose sense of the passing of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.33,0:14:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you even forget if you're hungry or thirsty.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.47,0:14:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kinda of like the quote by Isaac Asimov:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.91,0:14:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Nothing interferes with my concentration. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.04,0:14:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You could put an orgy in my office
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.50,0:14:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and I wouldn't look up - well, maybe once".
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.59,0:14:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to the theory,\Nthe state of flow will be reached
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.33,0:15:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the difficulty of the task\Nmatches the person's skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.08,0:15:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if the task is just a little bit challenging,\Nas if it's too easy, then it will be boring;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.68,0:15:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it's too hard, it will produce more anxiety than anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.98,0:15:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The study showed that this state is three times \Nas likely to happen at work
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.96,0:15:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than in free time and also \Npeople are often happier in workflow
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.96,0:15:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than in leisure activities that \Ndo not produce a flow state
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.08,0:15:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as watching TV,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.15,0:15:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which creates a quite odd paradox
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.18,0:15:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because people still spend \Nan awful lot of time watching TV
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.50,0:15:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this brings up an important point \Nthat people often don't realize:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.30,0:15:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much they can enjoy work.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.22,0:15:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they think that work must be boring \Njust because it's work,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.28,0:15:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an attitude worth challenging.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.30,0:15:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The importance of purpose is \Npretty much self-evident.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.78,0:15:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have a purpose then you\Nhave a reason to do something
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.70,0:15:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you must have motivation to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.15,0:16:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we said about common sense before,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.95,0:16:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's still worth looking at it scientifically.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.46,0:16:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dan Ariely has tested this with experiments \Nwith Lego Bionicles and paper shredders.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.76,0:16:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Bionicle experiment, participants\Nwere instructed to put together Lego Bionicles,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.83,0:16:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were paid\Ndecreasing amounts of money to do it
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.30,0:16:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but everyone was paid the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.07,0:16:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, there were two conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.84,0:16:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the first condition,\Nas soon as they built the Bionicle,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.41,0:16:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the experimenter would take it apart again;
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.81,0:16:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the second condition, the Bionicles would stay there
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.20,0:16:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the participants could see all \Nthe previous Bionicoles they had built.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.35,0:16:44.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the second condition, they built on average\Nmore Bionicles than in the other condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.88,0:16:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, with paper shredders,\Nthey did a task on paper
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.42,0:16:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the first condition, the experimenter\Nwould acknowledge the work they had done,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.54,0:16:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scan it in, and put in a pile.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.73,0:17:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the second condition, \Nthe experimenter ignored what they had done
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.23,0:17:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just put it in a pile;
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.60,0:17:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in a third condition,\Nthey ran it through a paper shredder.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.49,0:17:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can guess, in the third condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.03,0:17:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the participants lost their motivation quite quickly,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.00,0:17:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas if their work was acknowledged, \Nthen they had more motivation to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.43,0:17:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, having to do an pointless job is so unpleasant
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.76,0:17:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has actually been used as a punishment.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.21,0:17:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First in the Greek myth of Sisyphus who, \Nas a punishment, had to run a boulder up a hill,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.11,0:17:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as soon as he almost reached the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.88,0:17:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the boulder come down again\Nand he had to start over.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.54,0:17:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the real world, it has been used in prisons \Nwhere prisoners had to dig holes
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.30,0:17:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fill them up again.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.93,0:17:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was before the institutions realized\Nthat they could actually profit off the prisoners
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.70,0:17:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by making them do real work.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.49,0:17:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's no wonder that too many people \Nin today's jobs lack motivation
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.84,0:17:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hate going to work every day,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.97,0:17:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause there are so many jobs that \Nsimply don't seem to have a purpose,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.99,0:18:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes jobs we could even do without
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.46,0:18:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as sandwich board advertisements.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.12,0:18:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But often jobs are even created \Nfor the sake of creating jobs\N
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.68,0:18:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because of the way the monetary system works
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.78,0:18:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...or malfunctions, more like.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.01,0:18:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sadly, though, sometimes the most purposeful jobs \Ndon't even pay you a single penny
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.01,0:18:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if they do, then they pay you\Nmuch less than the other jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.33,0:18:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on the bright side,\Npeople do them anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.42,0:18:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what I would like to leave you with is a few ideas\Non what to do with all of this info.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.62,0:18:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First , obviously, you can use all these examples
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.46,0:18:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whenever someone claims that \Nwithout money nothing would get done
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.24,0:18:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is something we all probably hear a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.25,0:18:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, I would like you to ask yourself:\Nwhat motivates you?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.81,0:18:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it that you do, in your free time,\Nthat you feel has a purpose,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.07,0:19:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fulfills you, that challenges you?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.49,0:19:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if there isn't anything like that\Nright now, maybe you can think of something
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.73,0:19:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you could be doing because often \Nit's best to lead by example
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.21,0:19:16.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could also be\Nyet another contribution
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.100,0:19:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the growing evidence that \Npeople do things
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.97,0:19:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because of intrinsic motivation,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.50,0:19:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not because of money.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.88,0:19:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally you could ask your friends the same questions:\N
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.88,0:19:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What motivates them? Would they still be\Nworking if a Resource-Based Economy happened
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.58,0:19:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if they received a Basic Income?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.79,0:19:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or would they just sit on their couch all day?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.17,0:19:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, after all,\Neven Kevin from the beginning video...
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.01,0:19:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(There should be a picture here...)
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.69,0:19:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(There we go.)
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.01,0:20:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even Kevin from the beginning video is \Noccasionally intrinsically motivated.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.60,0:20:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Screen: Kevin O'Leary playing guitar]
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.60,0:20:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.