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Lost Hobbit

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Z-Day London 2014[br]The Zeitgeist Movement

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On Rewards and Motivation[br]Zeitgeist Day 2014

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[inaudible conversation]

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Melissa Saviste

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[plays clip from the talk show[br]"The Lang and O'Leary Exchange"]

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(Amanda Lang) The combined wealth[br]- this according to Oxfam -

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of the world's 85 richest people

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is equal to the 3.5 billion[br]poorest people.

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(Kevin O’Leary) It’s fantastic.

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And this is a great thing[br]because it inspires everybody,

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gets them motivation[br]to look up to the 1% and say:

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“I wanna become one of those people,

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"I’m gonna fight hard to get up to the top.”

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This is fantastic news,[br]and of course I applaud it.

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[awkward silence]

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(O'Leary) What can be wrong with this?

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(Lang) Really?

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(O’Leary) Yes, really.

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(Lang) So, somebody living on...

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(O'Leary) I celebrate capitalism.

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(Lang) ...a dollar a day in Africa[br]is getting up in the morning

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and saying “I’m gonna be Bill Gates”?

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- O'Leary: That’s the motivation everybody needs.[br]- Lang: The only thing...

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- Lang: ...between me and that guy is 'motivation',[br]- O'Leary: I'm not against charity!

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- Lang: ... I just need to pull up my socks…[br]- O'Leary: I am not against...

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- Lang: ...oh wait, I don’t have socks!"

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(O'Leary) Look. Don't tell me that you want to[br]redistribute wealth again.

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That's never gonna happen, ok?

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(Lang) You know what, you take a simple stat like this[br]which is neither good nor bad. It's just a fact...

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(O'Leary) It's a celebratory stat. I'm very excited about it.[br]I'm wonderful to see it happen.

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I tell kids everyday: "if you"...

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- O'Leary: What's wrong with this?[br]- Lang: If this comes up at a cocktail party...

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- O'Leary: No, no. Amanda: What's wrong with this statement?[br]- Lang: ...what possible response to it...

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- O'Leary: If you work hard, you might be stinking rich someday.[br]- Lang: We're talking about people...

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...in extreme abject poverty.

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- Lang: ...that's how you get 3.5 billion...[br]- O'Leary: No we're not!

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- O'Leary: You were just talking...[br]- Lang: ...in this category.

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- O'Leary: ...about really rich people.[br]- Lang: No.

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That was Kevin O'Leary,[br]a Canadian businessman

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and probably someone[br]you would not want in charge of the world.

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Those were his ideas on human motivation.

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He claims that[br]money is what motivates people

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and especially the prospect of being among[br]the world's top percent richest

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which unfortunately seems to be[br]quite a common worldview today.

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But is that true?

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In Zeitgeist spirit, we're going to[br]look at what the actual evidence says

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because, as we obviously know,[br]majority opinion or common sense

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sometimes turns out to be incorrect.

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First, some psychological experiments

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which actually say that[br]rewards can reduce already existing motivation.

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In a 1971 experiment, Edward Deci[br]had students assembling puzzle cubes

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first without rewards, then for money[br]and finally without rewards again.

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He observed them secretly,[br]what they were doing in their free time

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and he noticed that, in their free time

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they would happily play with the puzzle cubes

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however, after the reward condition,[br]and when rewards were removed,

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they would work on the puzzles less,

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they suddenly had less motivation[br]to work on puzzles.

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Another similar experiment[br]was done with children

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who had an intrinsic interest in drawing.

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This means that they liked to draw[br]for its own sake

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just for the fun of it.

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Not because of any external motivation.

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Then, some of the children[br]were given a reward certificate

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on the condition of[br]continuing to draw

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and afterwards,[br]they showed less interest in drawing

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than those who never got any rewards

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and also less interest[br]than they themselves have had at the beginning.

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The research has called this effect[br]"over-justification":

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if you give and additional reason[br]to do something that is already interesting,

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that makes people think

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that the task is not worth doing[br]without the rewards.

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So, in other words,

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the focus shifts from doing the task[br]to just getting the reward.

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Now, you might say that, well,[br]motivation isn't that important,

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as long as things get done,[br]and things get done well.

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And obviously offering rewards[br]should make people try harder

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and get better results.

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So, Sam Glucksberg tested this[br]with a simple puzzle.

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Participants were given[br]a box of tacks, a candle, a matchbox

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and they were told[br]to attach the candle to the wall.

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Can you think of how you would do this?

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Half of the participants were told[br]that they would receive a monetary reward

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if they were among the quickest[br]to solve the problem.

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This is a simplified version of the puzzle

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that was given to another group of participants.

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There is one crucial difference:[br]the box of tacks has already been emptied

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and in this version,[br]the puzzle is really easy to solve.

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The results showed that for the first task,

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which is more difficult and requires some creative thinking,

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performance suffers if rewards are involved.

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This could again be that the focus shifts [br]from the task to getting the money

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or they might be getting too excited [br]about the bonus reward.

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On the other hand, [br]they did do better in this version, [br]

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in the simple one,

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when they were offered rewards,

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because the task was really easy.

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So, it would seem that is okay to keep paying people [br]for simple manual tasks.

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However, as you all know, [br]this is not very relevant anymore

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because you have things like self-checkouts [br]and self-driving cars,

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and in some places in Asia, [br]you even have robot restaurants.

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So what's left for humans to do[br]are the mentally demanding creative tasks,

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such as building and maintaining those robots.

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These are the sort of tasks that

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Glucksberg showed are hindered[br]by the promise of rewards.

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In case you're wondering whether[br]increasing the reward amount might work,

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there was an experiment done[br]by Dan Ariely and colleagues in rural India,

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where they could offer the participants money

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that to them was worth a year's salary.

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They found that performance suffered most

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when they were offered the biggest amount.

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So, perhaps, when all you can think about is

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what you're gonna do [br]with your big bonus once you get it,

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you might not get much actual work done.

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One thing that all these experiments had in common

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was that a tangible reward such as[br]money or a reward certificate

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was offered on condition[br]of the participant doing something

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and even the biggest critics of this line of research agree that

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this is one condition where performance does suffer.

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So, what should we do while we're in a system[br]where we do need money to live?

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Dan Pink, in his book "Drive", [br]suggest that companies should pay their employees

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well and unconditionally,

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so the the issue of money would be off the table

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and they could focus on their work.

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The same idea could be applied to whole countries,

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which is what the proponents of Basic Income are suggesting.

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They believe that, if you provide everyone [br]with enough money to cover basic needs,

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then people would still continue to work.

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They would work on what they love doing

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because of people's natural desire[br]to make the world a better place,

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while being stuck in a non-rewarding job,

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just for the sake of being alive,

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more often hinders their ability to do so.

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This is similar to Maslow's Hierarchy of[br]Needs idea

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that there are some basic needs

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but once they're taken care of

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and people have security[br]about their job, house and so on,

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they can focus on higher needs

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which are relationships, self-esteem[br]and self-actualization.

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But if there's uncertainty about the future,

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then that prevents the individuals from achieving[br]their true potential.

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On top of this pyramid of needs is[br]self-actualization

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which essentially means contributing[br]something useful and lasting to society

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which is quite a different view

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from those who think that[br]people only want to work

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when externally incentivized.

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Back to the idea of Basic Income.

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So, what happens if people's[br]basic and security needs are taken care of?

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[br]Thankfully this experiment has been[br]carried out a few times in the world.

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Here is an early example from Canada.

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At that time, North American governments were[br]quite enthusiastic about the idea.

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They were even thinking about expanding this [br]all over the United States and Canada.

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This pilot project was run from 1974 to '79,

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but, unfortunately, it stopped due to the recession,

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and all the data from the project was archived

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because the government thought it had failed.

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They were finally discovered and analyzed in 2009

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and the results were quite interesting.

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They showed minimal effects on employment.

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The only groups that worked substantially less [br]were new mothers and teenagers,

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because, well, taking care of children and[br]studying are very important

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and also, as a result, graduation rates went up,

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other people had more opportunities[br]to choose the sort of work they were doing

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and, very importantly, hospital visits went down[br]and mental health improved

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which actually saves the country some money.

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A more recent pilot study was carried[br]out in a small settlement in Namibia,

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in the years 2008-09.

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The results were very dramatic.

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When at the start of the experiment,

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food poverty levels were at 76%[br]then they went down to 16%.

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So, essentially, people didn't have to worry about food anymore.

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They could have stopped working at all,

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but, to the contrary,[br]employment actually went up by 10%

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because people now had money[br]to start their own businesses

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and they had money to buy from those businesses.

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This shows how even a small boost to resources [br]helps people put them to good use

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rather than increasing dependency on the free money

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which the critics were predicting.

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In addition, parents could now pay their kids' school fees

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[br]so school attendance doubled,

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and drop out rates went to almost zero,

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[br]which is largely because the children[br]were no longer malnourished.

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Also crime rates went down by 42%

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'cause people no longer had to steal from each other.

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Unfortunately, though, the Namibian government[br]isn't planning to make this nationwide,

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even though the calculations show it would[br]only cost 3% of the GDP.

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However, there is a government somewhere[br]in the world where it might be possible.

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In Switzerland, there's still the old tradition[br]of direct democracy,

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and they hold regular referenda on major issues.

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To propose a referendum, you need 100 000 signatures

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[br]which is what the proponents of Basic Income have done.

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The votes will be held in the next two or three years,

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and it will be an interesting experiment to see.

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Will the Swiss people become desensitized and stop working?

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[br]The evidence so far is just probably not,

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but if the evidence so far has not been enough,

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there are plenty of more examples.

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[different open-source projects shown on screen]

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And in addition to all of these,

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various statistics show that

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between 30 to 50% of people [br]volunteer at least once a month,

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and remember, all of this happens while they[br]still have day jobs.

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So, after all these examples, you might be wondering

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what is it then that motivates people?

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I'll give you four theories, which probably,[br]all have a lot of truth in it and they will overlap.

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First of all there's the Maslow theory mentioned before,

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then there's Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination theory

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which lists the elements as competence, [br]autonomy and relatedness,

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a large emphasis is on autonomy,

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being able to choose what to do, how to do it,

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when to do it and who to do it with.

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They say that this also explains the previous experiments

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because getting someone to do something for a reward

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is essentially a form of control,

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it's trying to control the people's behavior

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by offering them something[br]that they really need.

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Often in workplaces,[br]the needs for autonomy are not covered,

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'cause you don't often have a choice

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of what sort of work you do[br]or how.

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However, in some more progressive work places,

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they do try to increase autonomy, for example,

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Google gives employees 20% of time [br]to work on whatever they want,

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and from this you have things [br]like Gmail and Google News.

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Also "Post-it notes" were developed by [br]the stationery company 3M

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by letting the employees come up [br]with whatever they wanted.

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Dan Pink slightly modified the three words

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and his version is autonomy, [br]mastery and purpose.

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We'll come back to mastery and[br]purpose in the next few slides.

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Finally, Alfie Kohn in his book "Punished by Rewards",

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he uses 3 C's: [br]collaboration, content and choice,

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to which you could possibly add challenge.

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He also quotes this fellow name Herzberg, who said:

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"If you want people to do a good job,[br]

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"give them a good job to do", and

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"Idleness, indifference and irresponsibility

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are a perfectly valid responses to absurd work".

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[Screen: MOTIVATION[br]It's not that I'm lazy, it's that I just don't care]

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This is from the film "Office Space".[br]

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Coming back to mastery.

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There's a theory by a Hungarian psychologist[br]with a ridiculously difficult name [screen: Csikszentmihalyi],

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which I'm not going to pronounce,[br]

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he describes the state of optimal experience,[br]called "flow"

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which means that[br]you're completely immersed in your task,

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you almost loose sense of the passing of time,

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and you even forget if you're hungry or thirsty.

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Kinda of like the quote by Isaac Asimov:

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"Nothing interferes with my concentration. [br]

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"You could put an orgy in my office

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"and I wouldn't look up - well, maybe once".

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According to the theory,[br]the state of flow will be reached

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if the difficulty of the task[br]matches the person's skills.

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So if the task is just a little bit challenging,[br]as if it's too easy, then it will be boring;

0:15:06.685,0:15:10.711
if it's too hard, it will produce more anxiety than anything.

0:15:10.975,0:15:14.965
The study showed that this state is three times [br]as likely to happen at work

0:15:14.965,0:15:18.965
than in free time and also [br]people are often happier in workflow

0:15:18.965,0:15:22.085
than in leisure activities that [br]do not produce a flow state

0:15:22.085,0:15:24.148
such as watching TV,

0:15:24.148,0:15:26.185
which creates a quite odd paradox

0:15:26.185,0:15:30.495
because people still spend [br]an awful lot of time watching TV

0:15:30.495,0:15:34.295
and this brings up an important point [br]that people often don't realize:

0:15:34.295,0:15:36.215
how much they can enjoy work.

0:15:36.215,0:15:40.285
And they think that work must be boring [br]just because it's work,

0:15:40.285,0:15:43.535
which is an attitude worth challenging.

0:15:47.296,0:15:50.776
The importance of purpose is [br]pretty much self-evident.

0:15:50.776,0:15:54.696
If you have a purpose then you[br]have a reason to do something

0:15:54.696,0:15:58.332
and then you must have motivation to do it.

0:15:59.146,0:16:00.946
As we said about common sense before,

0:16:00.946,0:16:03.743
it's still worth looking at it scientifically.

0:16:04.458,0:16:11.758
Dan Ariely has tested this with experiments [br]with Lego Bionicles and paper shredders.

0:16:11.758,0:16:17.828
In the Bionicle experiment, participants[br]were instructed to put together Lego Bionicles,

0:16:17.828,0:16:20.298
and they were paid[br]decreasing amounts of money to do it

0:16:20.298,0:16:22.068
but everyone was paid the same.

0:16:22.068,0:16:24.838
However, there were two conditions.

0:16:24.838,0:16:28.408
In the first condition,[br]as soon as they built the Bionicle,

0:16:28.408,0:16:30.806
the experimenter would take it apart again;

0:16:30.806,0:16:34.196
In the second condition, the Bionicles would stay there

0:16:34.196,0:16:38.490
and the participants could see all [br]the previous Bionicoles they had built.

0:16:39.346,0:16:44.996
In the second condition, they built on average[br]more Bionicles than in the other condition.

0:16:45.884,0:16:50.424
Also, with paper shredders,[br]they did a task on paper

0:16:50.424,0:16:57.544
and in the first condition, the experimenter[br]would acknowledge the work they had done,

0:16:57.544,0:16:59.726
scan it in, and put in a pile.

0:16:59.732,0:17:03.229
In the second condition, [br]the experimenter ignored what they had done

0:17:03.229,0:17:04.605
and just put it in a pile;

0:17:04.605,0:17:07.490
and in a third condition,[br]they ran it through a paper shredder.

0:17:07.490,0:17:10.030
As you can guess, in the third condition,

0:17:10.030,0:17:13.000
the participants lost their motivation quite quickly,

0:17:13.000,0:17:17.880
whereas if their work was acknowledged, [br]then they had more motivation to do it.

0:17:18.433,0:17:21.758
In fact, having to do an pointless job is so unpleasant

0:17:21.758,0:17:24.208
that has actually been used as a punishment.[br]

0:17:24.208,0:17:29.108
First in the Greek myth of Sisyphus who, [br]as a punishment, had to run a boulder up a hill,

0:17:29.108,0:17:31.878
but as soon as he almost reached the top,

0:17:31.878,0:17:35.307
the boulder come down again[br]and he had to start over.

0:17:35.538,0:17:40.298
In the real world, it has been used in prisons [br]where prisoners had to dig holes

0:17:40.298,0:17:41.928
and fill them up again.

0:17:41.928,0:17:45.698
That was before the institutions realized[br]that they could actually profit off the prisoners

0:17:45.698,0:17:48.178
by making them do real work.

0:17:49.486,0:17:53.836
So it's no wonder that too many people [br]in today's jobs lack motivation

0:17:53.836,0:17:55.966
and hate going to work every day,

0:17:55.966,0:17:58.986
'cause there are so many jobs that [br]simply don't seem to have a purpose,[br]

0:17:58.986,0:18:01.456
sometimes jobs we could even do without

0:18:01.456,0:18:04.269
such as sandwich board advertisements.

0:18:06.116,0:18:11.676
But often jobs are even created [br]for the sake of creating jobs[br]

0:18:11.676,0:18:14.776
just because of the way the monetary system works

0:18:14.776,0:18:17.096
...or malfunctions, more like.

0:18:18.008,0:18:24.008
Sadly, though, sometimes the most purposeful jobs [br]don't even pay you a single penny

0:18:24.008,0:18:27.994
or if they do, then they pay you[br]much less than the other jobs.

0:18:28.334,0:18:30.966
But on the bright side,[br]people do them anyway.

0:18:33.423,0:18:38.813
So, what I would like to leave you with is a few ideas[br]on what to do with all of this info.

0:18:39.618,0:18:42.458
First , obviously, you can use all these examples

0:18:42.458,0:18:46.238
whenever someone claims that [br]without money nothing would get done

0:18:46.238,0:18:49.248
which is something we all probably hear a lot.

0:18:49.248,0:18:53.808
Secondly, I would like you to ask yourself:[br]what motivates you?

0:18:53.808,0:18:59.068
What is it that you do, in your free time,[br]that you feel has a purpose,

0:18:59.068,0:19:02.488
that fulfills you, that challenges you?

0:19:02.488,0:19:06.728
And if there isn't anything like that[br]right now, maybe you can think of something

0:19:06.728,0:19:12.208
that you could be doing because often [br]it's best to lead by example

0:19:12.208,0:19:16.998
and you could also be[br]yet another contribution

0:19:16.998,0:19:19.971
to the growing evidence that [br]people do things

0:19:19.971,0:19:23.504
just because of intrinsic motivation,

0:19:23.504,0:19:25.318
not because of money.

0:19:25.876,0:19:29.876
And finally you could ask your friends the same questions:[br]

0:19:29.876,0:19:35.576
What motivates them? Would they still be[br]working if a Resource-Based Economy happened

0:19:35.576,0:19:37.786
or if they received a Basic Income?

0:19:37.786,0:19:40.802
Or would they just sit on their couch all day?

0:19:42.174,0:19:46.944
Well, after all,[br]even Kevin from the beginning video...

0:19:48.008,0:19:49.909
(There should be a picture here...)

0:19:54.688,0:19:56.008
(There we go.)

0:19:56.008,0:20:00.600
Even Kevin from the beginning video is [br]occasionally intrinsically motivated.

0:20:00.600,0:20:02.712
[Screen: Kevin O'Leary playing guitar]

0:20:03.602,0:20:04.844
Thank you.