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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.60,0:00:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's look at mobility \Nin the Indian caste system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.80,0:00:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how that mobility \Nhas increased in recent times.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.31,0:00:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll consider the Scheduled \NCaste and Tribes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.56,0:00:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,groups which were formally defined \Nin the Indian Constitution of 1950.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.57,0:00:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Historically, these have been \Ndisadvantaged groups in India.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.08,0:00:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Researchers find that their \Neducational and income mobility
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.86,0:00:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is converging to levels \Nfor Non-Scheduled groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.49,0:00:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For education, we can ask:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.18,0:00:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the probability of an individual\Nfrom Scheduled Castes or Tribes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.78,0:00:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changing the level of education \Nacross one generation?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.52,0:00:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we go back to 1983,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.82,0:00:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that probability was 42%.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.95,0:00:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2004-2005,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.24,0:00:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that probability has gone up to 67%.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.47,0:00:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To put that in perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.95,0:01:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compare it to the probabilities for\NNon-Scheduled Castes/Tribes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.75,0:01:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That Probability went from 57% to 67%.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.46,0:01:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we can see is that, \Nby 2004-2005 for both groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.13,0:01:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was 67%.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.99,0:01:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the Scheduled Castes \Nand Tribes, the largest changes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.87,0:01:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are movements out of illiteracy \Nto being able to read and write.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.40,0:01:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's consider income,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.02,0:01:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically the median wage premium
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.89,0:01:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comparing the Non-Scheduled Castes\Nand Non-Scheduled Tribes groups
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.79,0:01:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Scheduled Castes \Nand Scheduled Tribes groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.03,0:01:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As of 1983,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.15,0:01:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Non-Scheduled Castes \Nand Non-Scheduled Tribes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.36,0:01:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enjoyed a median wage premium of 36%.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.61,0:01:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 2004-2005,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.15,0:01:52.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that premium had fallen to about 21%.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.88,0:01:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to put that in perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.71,0:01:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's smaller than the gap between
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.93,0:02:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,White and African-American incomes\Nin the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.39,0:02:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can also consider elasticity of income
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.30,0:02:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Scheduled Castes \Nand Scheduled Tribes groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.75,0:02:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, we're comparing now\Nthe children with respect to their parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.47,0:02:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the parents earn, say, \Nan extra 1000 rupees a year,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.54,0:02:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.38,0:02:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much more can we be expecting\Nchildren from those families to be earning.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.37,0:02:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1983, that elasticity \Nwas quite high, 0.9.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.25,0:02:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that the incomes \Nof parents are quite well
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.31,0:02:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,predicting the subsequent \Nincomes of their children.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.31,0:02:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, by 2004-2005,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.24,0:02:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that elasticity had gone down to 0.55.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.61,0:02:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the Non-Scheduled Castes \Nand Non-Scheduled Tribes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.85,0:02:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that elasticity in 2004-2005 \Nis sitting at about 0.61.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.59,0:02:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means for the Scheduled Castes\Nand Scheduled Tribes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.05,0:02:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the incomes of parents actually \Nhave less predictive power
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.58,0:02:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the incomes of children
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.25,0:03:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the Non-Scheduled Castes\Nand Non-Scheduled Tribes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.98,0:03:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That indicates rising income mobility.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.28,0:03:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Overall, for the Scheduled Castes \Nand Scheduled Tribes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.36,0:03:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can be said that socio-economic\Nmobility has been rising
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.05,0:03:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the last 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.06,0:03:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One Dalit businessman put it quite well.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.62,0:03:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "We are fighting \Nthe caste system with capitalism."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.40,0:03:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A Dalit activist put it this way:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.19,0:03:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Because of the new market economy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.24,0:03:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,material markers are\Nreplacing social markers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.53,0:03:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dalits can buy rank in \Nthe market economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.41,0:03:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,India is moving from a caste-based\Nto a class-based society
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.84,0:03:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where, if you have all the goodies in life\Nand your bank account is booming,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.70,0:03:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are acceptable."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.57,0:03:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, indeed in India, we are now \Nfinding millionaires coming from
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.98,0:03:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more disadvantaged groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.85,0:03:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,typically rising up \Nthrough small business.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.35,0:04:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking for the reasons of \Nthis partial convergence of fates,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.24,0:04:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've already mentioned economic reforms \Nand also the freer economy in India,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.62,0:04:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.09,0:04:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's also been a strengthening\Nof caste-based networks
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.03,0:04:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the lower castes now have \Ngreater representation in politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.49,0:04:22.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To read more on this fascinating topic,\Nwell, at the popular level,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.75,0:04:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's that New York Times article\Nreferenced earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.86,0:04:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to take a look at \Nthe numbers and the formal research,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.02,0:04:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are two papers \Nby Hnatkovska, Lahiri, and Paul,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.01,0:04:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are here and \Nthey are both available online.