[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.74,0:00:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi,\NI’m John Green;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.92,0:00:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is\NCrash Course: World History
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.12,0:00:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and today we’re going to do\Nsome compare and contrast,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.30,0:00:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that’s what passes for\Nhip in world history circles.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.58,0:00:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, so you’ve probably heard of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.81,0:00:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Christopher Columbus who in 1492\Nsailed the ocean blue
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.80,0:00:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discovered America, a place that\Nhad been previously discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.91,0:00:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only by millions of people--
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.19,0:00:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr Green, Mr Green!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.40,0:00:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Columbus was just a lucky idiot.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.95,0:00:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, no.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.65,0:00:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here’s a little rule of thumb,\NMe from the Past:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.53,0:00:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are not an expert in something,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.21,0:00:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don’t pretend to be an expert.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.06,0:00:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is going to serve you well\Nboth in your academic career
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.99,0:00:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in your Kissing Career.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.46,0:00:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOVING ON.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.58,0:00:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.05,0:00:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.53,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.47,0:00:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.94,0:00:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music intro]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.41,0:00:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So unlike Me from the Past,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.37,0:00:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’d argue that Columbus has a\Ndeserved reputation in history—
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.87,0:00:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Save his Harry Potter\Ndirectional stint]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.98,0:00:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but was he really the greatest sailor\Nof the 15th Century?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.61,0:00:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let’s meet the other contestants.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.94,0:00:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[playing for a lifetime supply of Garlique]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.72,0:00:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the red corner, we have Zheng He,\Nwho, when it comes to ocean-going voyages
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.21,0:00:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the first major figure of the 15th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.37,0:00:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the blue corner\Nis Vasco da Gama,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.68,0:00:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from scrappy little Portugal,\Nwho managed to introduce Europeans
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.93,0:01:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Indian Ocean trade network.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.53,0:01:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Columbus, you have to sit\Nin the polka-dotted corner.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.70,0:01:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[until you learn special effects\Nare a privilege, not a crutch]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.27,0:01:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you’ll no doubt remember from\Nour discussion of Indian Ocean trade,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.47,0:01:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was dominated by\NMuslim merchants,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.37,0:01:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involved ports in Africa and\Nthe Middle East and
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.75,0:01:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,India and Indonesia,\Nand China and
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.81,0:01:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it made a lot of people super rich.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.11,0:01:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This last point explains why our three\Ncontestants were so eager to set sail.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.52,0:01:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that and the ceaseless desire of\Nhuman beings to discover things
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.84,0:01:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and contract scurvy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.02,0:01:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s begin with Zheng He,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.12,0:01:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is probably the greatest admiral\Nyou’ve never have heard of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.67,0:01:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Couple of important things about Zheng He:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.22,0:01:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, he was a Muslim.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.49,0:01:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That may seem strange until you consider that\Nby the late 14th century China had long experience
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.60,0:01:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Muslims,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.29,0:01:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially when they were ruled by,\Nwait for it....
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.55,0:01:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Mongols.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.07,0:01:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Hark! The commotive, cacophonic\Ncaterwauling of clattering conquerors!]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.48,0:01:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, Zheng He was a eunuch.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.96,0:01:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(He was one of a kind?]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.84,0:01:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, 15th century China had\Nexcellent general anesthesia,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.45,0:01:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I’m sure it didn’t hurt at all\Nwhen they castrated him—
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.23,0:01:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what’s that,\NStan?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.98,0:01:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn’t have any anesthesia?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.49,0:01:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.24,0:01:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh. STAN,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.99,0:01:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’M SEEING IT!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.84,0:01:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can see, AH AH AHHHH.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.32,0:01:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stan!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.57,0:01:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SHOW ME SOMETHING\NCUTE RIGGHT NOW!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.12,0:01:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, hi there kitty!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.49,0:01:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How’d you get in that little teacup?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.90,0:02:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you,\NStan.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.45,0:02:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, so
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.89,0:02:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zheng He rose from humble beginnings\Nto lose both of his testicles,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.71,0:02:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and become the greatest\Nadmiral in Chinese history.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.26,0:02:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s go to the thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.53,0:02:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between 1405 and 1433,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.87,0:02:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zheng He led seven voyages\Nthroughout the Indian Ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.10,0:02:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the expeditions of the so-called\Ntreasure ships, and they were huge.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.63,0:02:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Columbus’ first voyage\Nconsisted of three ships.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.12,0:02:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zheng He led an armada\Nof over 300 ships.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.73,0:02:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a crew of over 27,000—
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.72,0:02:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than half of London’s\Npopulation at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.69,0:02:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of these ships were,\Nwell, enormous.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.81,0:02:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The flagships,\Nknown as treasure ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.03,0:02:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were over 400 feet long and\Nhad 7 or more masts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.47,0:02:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See that little tiny ship there\Nin front of the Treasure Ship?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.40,0:02:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s a to-scale rendering of\NChristopher Columbus’s flagship,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.58,0:02:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Santa Maria.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.53,0:02:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zheng He wasn’t an explorer:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.35,0:02:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Indian Ocean trade routes\Nwere already known to him
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.57,0:02:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other Chinese sailors.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.23,0:02:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He visited Africa,\NIndia, and the Middle East,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.57,0:02:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in a way,\Nhis journeys were trade missions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.08,0:02:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not in the sense of filling his\Nships up with stuff to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.97,0:02:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be sold later for higher prices.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.68,0:03:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China was the leading manufacturer\Nof quality goods in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.36,0:03:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there wasn’t anything they\Nactually needed to import.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.37,0:03:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they needed was prestige and respect\Nso that people would continue to see China
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.34,0:03:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the center of the economic universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.38,0:03:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there was a tribute system
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.68,0:03:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through which foreign rulers or their ambassadors\Nwould come to China and engage in a debasing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.93,0:03:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ritual
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.23,0:03:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the kowtow
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.40,0:03:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wherein they acknowledged the\Nsuperiority of the Chinese emperor
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.87,0:03:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and offered him or her\Nbut usually him
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.38,0:03:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gifts in return for the right\Nto trade with China.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.34,0:03:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The opportunity to humble yourself\Nbefore the Chinese emperor was
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.12,0:03:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so valuable that many a prince was\Nhappy to jump on a treasure ship
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.53,0:03:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sail back to China\Nwith Zheng He.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.88,0:03:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, these tribute missions brought\Nlots of crazy things to China,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.55,0:03:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including exotic animals:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.26,0:03:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From Africa, Zheng He brought\Nback a zoo’s worth of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.88,0:03:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rhinos, zebras, and even giraffes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.00,0:03:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, he was like the\Nmedieval Chinese Noah.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.02,0:03:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks, Thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.77,0:03:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Chinese were world\Nleaders in naval technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.14,0:03:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they wanted to dominate\Ntrade here in the Indian Ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.87,0:03:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why, then, did these voyages end?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.29,0:03:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One reason was that Zheng,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.20,0:03:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He couldn’t live forever,\Nand sure enough, he didn’t.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.71,0:04:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also his patron,\Nthe Yongle Emperor, died.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.87,0:04:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the emperor’s successors weren’t very\Ninterested in maritime trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.44,0:04:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were more concerned\Nwith protecting China from
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.85,0:04:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its traditional enemies,\Nnomads from the steppe.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.78,0:04:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.35,0:04:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they built a Rather Famous Wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.04,0:04:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Great Wall was mostly built under the\NMing with resources that they had because
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.40,0:04:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they stopped building gigantic ships.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.72,0:04:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just imagine what might have happened if the\NMing emperors had embraced a different strategy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.03,0:04:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One that was based on outreach\Ninstead of isolationism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.43,0:04:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now,\Nto the blue corner…
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.68,0:04:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Representing\NPortuguese exploration,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.13,0:04:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have Vasco da Gama.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.98,0:04:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Couple things about Portugal:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.85,0:04:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, it has a fair bit of coast line.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.37,0:04:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly it was also\Nrelatively resource poor,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.51,0:04:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant it relied\Nupon trade to grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.79,0:04:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, the Iberian peninsula was the only place\Nin Europe where Muslims could be found in
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.96,0:04:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,large numbers in the 15th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.51,0:04:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant the Christian Crusading spirit\Nwas quite strong there, presumably because
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.46,0:04:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Muslims had brought so much stability\Nand prosperity to the region.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.58,0:04:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And chief among these\Nwould-be crusaders was
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.05,0:04:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prince Henry the Navigator,\Nso called because
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.36,0:04:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was not a navigator.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.96,0:04:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[What is in a name,\NMetta World Peace?]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.55,0:04:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was, however, a patron, not only of sailors\Nthemselves, but of a special school at Sagres
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.90,0:04:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which nautical knowledge was collected\Nand new maps were made,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.78,0:05:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all kinds of\Nawesome stuff happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.42,0:05:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all that knowledge gave Portuguese sailors\Na huge competitive advantage when it came
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.46,0:05:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.33,0:05:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Henry commissioned sailors\Nto search for two things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.25,0:05:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.52,0:05:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a path to the Indian Ocean\Nso they could get in on
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.73,0:05:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lucrative spice trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.21,0:05:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And second,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.65,0:05:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find the kingdom of Prester John,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.38,0:05:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mythical Christian King who was supposed\Nto live in Africa somewhere, so that Henry
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.17,0:05:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could have Prester John’s help in a crusade.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.32,0:05:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Da Gama was the first\Nof Henry’s protégés
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.01,0:05:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make it around Africa,\Nand into the Indian Ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.08,0:05:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1498,\Nhe landed at Calicut,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.65,0:05:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a major trading center on\NIndia’s west coast.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.89,0:05:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when he got there, merchants\Nasked him what he was looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.96,0:05:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He answered with three words:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.59,0:05:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gold and Christians.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.43,0:05:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which basically sums up\NPortugal’s reasons for exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.71,0:05:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, once the Portuguese breached\Nthe Indian Ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.69,0:05:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they didn’t create, like,\Nhuge colonies,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.58,0:05:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there were already\Npowerful empires in the region.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.24,0:05:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.50,0:05:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they apparently sat in the middle\Nof the Indian Ocean doing nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.13,0:05:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, they were able to capture\N& control a number of coastal cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.25,0:05:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating what historians call a
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.45,0:05:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“trading post empire.”
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.82,0:05:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could do this thanks\Nto their well-armed ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.64,0:05:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which captured cities by
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.52,0:05:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,firing cannons into city walls
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.32,0:05:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like IRL Angry Birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.01,0:06:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But since the Portuguese didn’t\Nhave enough people or boats
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.23,0:06:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to run the Indian Ocean trade,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.90,0:06:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had to rely on extortion.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.76,0:06:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[C.R.E.A.M. Get the money-\NDollar, dollar bill y'all.]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.49,0:06:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Portuguese merchant ships\Nwould capture other ships
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.29,0:06:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and force them to purchase\Na permit to trade
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.53,0:06:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a cartaz.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.70,0:06:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And without a cartaz,\Na merchant couldn’t trade
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.34,0:06:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in any of the towns that\NPortugal controlled.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.43,0:06:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To merchants,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.74,0:06:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who’d plied the Indian Ocean\Nfor years in relative freedom,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.41,0:06:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese were\Njust glorified pirates,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.72,0:06:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extracting value from\Ntrade without
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.45,0:06:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adding to its efficiency or volume.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.33,0:06:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the cartaz strategy sort of\Nworked for a while, but
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.61,0:06:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Portuguese never really took\Ncontrol of Indian Ocean trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.71,0:06:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were successful enough\Nthat their neighbors Spain,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.33,0:06:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became interested in their\Nown route to the Indies,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.51,0:06:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that brings us to Columbus.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.63,0:06:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first, let’s dispel some myths:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.70,0:06:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.04,0:06:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Columbus and his crew\Nknew the earth was round.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.28,0:06:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Some folks still\Naren't convinced]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.69,0:06:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was just wrong\Nabout the earth’s size.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.93,0:06:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Columbus used\NPtolemy’s geography
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.14,0:06:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Imago Mundi, based\Non Muslim scholarship—
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.51,0:06:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ended up overestimating\Nthe size of Asia and
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.20,0:06:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,underestimating the size\Nof the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.12,0:06:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.50,0:06:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Columbus never thought\Nhe’d made it to China.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.16,0:06:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He called the people he\Nencountered “Indians” because
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.26,0:06:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he thought that he’d made it to
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.18,0:06:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the East Indies,\Nwhat we know as Indonesia.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.74,0:06:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three:\NColumbus was not a lucky idiot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.61,0:07:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He navigated completely unknown\Nwaters primarily relying on
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.66,0:07:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a technique known as\Ndead reckoning,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.20,0:07:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which you figure out your position\Nbased on three pieces of information:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.67,0:07:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The direction you’re going,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.74,0:07:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your speed,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.56,0:07:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.40,0:07:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you figure out via hourglass.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.49,0:07:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With only that technology\Nto guide you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.01,0:07:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its not actually that easy\Nto hit a continent.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.45,0:07:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come here people who are\Nsaying he didn’t hit a continent,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.15,0:07:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he only hit some islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.37,0:07:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.27,0:07:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dahhh!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.72,0:07:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.17,0:07:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s time for the Open Letter?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.09,0:07:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An open letter to\Nthe Line of Demarcation…
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.19,0:07:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.41,0:07:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let’s see what’s in the\Nsecret compartment today.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.46,0:07:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh,\Nits a globe. T
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.54,0:07:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hanks Stan!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.24,0:07:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just what I always needed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.31,0:07:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dear Line of Demarcation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.45,0:07:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have so much to teach us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.63,0:07:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the way that the world\Nused to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.63,0:07:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the way that it works now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.56,0:07:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1494, Pope Alexander VI
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.33,0:07:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,settled a dispute between\NPortugal and Spain by
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.89,0:07:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dividing the world into two parts:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.65,0:07:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Spanish part, and\Nthe Portuguese part.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.63,0:07:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This whole thing, at least
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.60,0:07:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to\NPope Alexander VI,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.23,0:07:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be split between\NSpain and Portugal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.69,0:07:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least when it came to\Nso-called unclaimed land.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.92,0:08:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, unclaimed by whom?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.72,0:08:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know all the\NAmerican Indians were like,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.15,0:08:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“wait, this land is available?\NIn, in that case, we’ll just,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.60,0:08:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we’ll just keep it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.72,0:08:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If its all the same to you.”
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.18,0:08:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, Line of Demarcation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.97,0:08:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have great news for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.25,0:08:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What Alexander VI did
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.16,0:08:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,totally worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.97,0:08:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We haven’t had a\Nproblem since.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.26,0:08:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Best wishes, John Green.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.01,0:08:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Columbus’s first journey
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.16,0:08:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(he made four,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.79,0:08:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the last three of which\Nwere pretty calamitous)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.44,0:08:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was tiny,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.100,0:08:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he initially landed on a s\Nmall Caribbean island he called
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.53,0:08:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,San Salvador in search,\Nlike the Portuguese,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.97,0:08:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Gold and Christians.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.100,0:08:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was able to convince
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.91,0:08:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ferdinand and Isabella\Nof Spain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.28,0:08:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fund his expedition by
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.46,0:08:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,promising riches and\Nconversions of the natives,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.04,0:08:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hopefully to sign them up\Nfor yet another crusade.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.48,0:08:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there’s a long-standing\Nmyth that Columbus tricked
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.97,0:08:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ferdinand and Isabella\Ninto paying for his trip,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.99,0:08:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in fact they’d commissioned\Ntwo different sets of experts
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.53,0:08:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to analyze his plans,\Nboth of which agreed,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.99,0:08:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was [totes cray cray].
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.69,0:08:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One called the plan,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.61,0:08:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“Impossible to any educated person.”
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.38,0:08:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even so,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.99,0:08:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ferdinand and Isabella\Nfooted the bill,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.41,0:08:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partly because they were\Nfull of Crusading zeal
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.42,0:08:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after expelling the\NMuslims from Spain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.47,0:08:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and partly because they were\Ndesperate to get their hands
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.04,0:08:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on some of that pepper richness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.40,0:08:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Also some Kleenex, to help with\Nthe subsequent sneezy richness?]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.97,0:08:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Columbus of course,\Nfailed at finding riches—
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.61,0:09:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he returned with\Nneither spices nor gold.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.57,0:09:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did create some Christians, as\Nwe’ll discuss in a future episode,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.18,0:09:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in terms of\Ngoal accomplishment,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.01,0:09:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Columbus was much less\Nsuccessful than either
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.11,0:09:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zheng He or Vasco de Gama.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.84,0:09:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[and most certainly, David Yates]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.09,0:09:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But within two generations\Nof Columbus,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.65,0:09:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spain would become\Nfantastically wealthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.53,0:09:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for a time they were\Nthe leading power in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.83,0:09:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Columbus’s voyages also\Nhad a huge, largely negative,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.42,0:09:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,impact on the people the Spanish\Nencountered in the Americas.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.74,0:09:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And excitingly\Nfrom my perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.62,0:09:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once Columbus returned\Nfrom San Salvador,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.28,0:09:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can speak for the first time\Nof a truly world history.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.90,0:09:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except for you Australia.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.07,0:09:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So who was the greatest\Nmariner of the 15th century?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.11,0:09:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, as usual,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.94,0:09:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it depends on your\Ndefinition of greatness.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.59,0:09:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Eccleston, Tennant, Smith?\NFrak it... Adipose?]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.99,0:09:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you value
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.41,0:09:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,administrative competence\Nover ill-advised adventure,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.74,0:09:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than Zheng He is\Ncertainly the winner.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.79,0:09:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the reason we remember\NColumbus over him
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.49,0:09:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Vasco de Gama
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.42,0:09:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that Columbus’s voyages had\Na lasting impact on the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.65,0:09:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if it wasn’t\Nnecessarily a positive one.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.99,0:09:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that makes me wonder what\Nkind of person you’d want to be:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.05,0:09:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A capable administrator and\Nbrilliant sailor like Zheng He?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.75,0:09:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A daring captain like de Gama?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.77,0:09:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or the bearer of a complicated\Nbut famous legacy like Columbus?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.30,0:09:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me know in comments.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.60,0:10:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching,\Nand we’ll see you next week.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.28,0:10:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crash Course is\Nproduced and directed by
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.61,0:10:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stan Muller,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.40,0:10:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our script supervisor is
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.55,0:10:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Danica Johnson.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.03,0:10:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The show is written by my
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.11,0:10:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high school history teacher
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.00,0:10:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raoul Meyer and myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.29,0:10:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our graphics team is
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.67,0:10:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.90,0:10:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Seriously, no Canadians made\Nit past Stanley Cup Round 1?]
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.50,0:10:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last week’s\NPhrase of the Week was,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.19,0:10:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“You smell pretty.”
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.17,0:10:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[missed an opportunity\Nfor banjo picking there...]
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.38,0:10:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for that suggestion,\Nby the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.45,0:10:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to suggest\Nfuture phrases of the week,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.02,0:10:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can do so in comments
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.05,0:10:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can also guess at\Nthis weeks phrase of the week
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.10,0:10:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or ask questions about today’s video
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.74,0:10:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will be answered\Nby our team of historians.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.25,0:10:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching\NCrash Course,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.33,0:10:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as we say in my home town,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.74,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don’t forget you're Stuck In My\NHeart Now, Where My Blood Belongs.