0:00:00.740,0:00:01.920
Hi,[br]I’m John Green;

0:00:01.920,0:00:03.120
this is[br]Crash Course: World History

0:00:03.120,0:00:05.300
and today we’re going to do[br]some compare and contrast,

0:00:05.300,0:00:07.580
because that’s what passes for[br]hip in world history circles.

0:00:07.580,0:00:08.809
Right, so you’ve probably heard of

0:00:08.809,0:00:11.799
Christopher Columbus who in 1492[br]sailed the ocean blue

0:00:11.799,0:00:14.910
and discovered America, a place that[br]had been previously discovered

0:00:14.910,0:00:16.190
only by millions of people--

0:00:16.190,0:00:17.400
Mr Green, Mr Green!

0:00:17.400,0:00:18.949
Columbus was just a lucky idiot.

0:00:18.949,0:00:19.650
Yeah, no.

0:00:19.650,0:00:21.529
Here’s a little rule of thumb,[br]Me from the Past:

0:00:21.529,0:00:23.210
If you are not an expert in something,

0:00:23.210,0:00:25.060
don’t pretend to be an expert.

0:00:25.060,0:00:27.990
This is going to serve you well[br]both in your academic career

0:00:27.990,0:00:29.460
and in your Kissing Career.

0:00:29.460,0:00:30.580
MOVING ON.

0:00:30.580,0:00:32.050
[music intro]

0:00:32.050,0:00:33.530
[music intro]

0:00:33.530,0:00:35.000
[music intro]

0:00:35.000,0:00:36.470
[music intro]

0:00:36.470,0:00:37.940
[music intro]

0:00:37.940,0:00:39.410
[music intro]

0:00:39.410,0:00:40.370
So unlike Me from the Past,

0:00:40.370,0:00:42.870
I’d argue that Columbus has a[br]deserved reputation in history—

0:00:42.870,0:00:42.980
[Save his Harry Potter[br]directional stint]

0:00:42.980,0:00:45.610
but was he really the greatest sailor[br]of the 15th Century?

0:00:45.610,0:00:46.940
Well, let’s meet the other contestants.

0:00:46.940,0:00:47.720
[playing for a lifetime supply of Garlique]

0:00:47.720,0:00:51.210
In the red corner, we have Zheng He,[br]who, when it comes to ocean-going voyages

0:00:51.210,0:00:54.370
was the first major figure of the 15th century.

0:00:54.370,0:00:56.680
And in the blue corner[br]is Vasco da Gama,

0:00:56.680,0:00:59.930
from scrappy little Portugal,[br]who managed to introduce Europeans

0:00:59.930,0:01:01.530
to the Indian Ocean trade network.

0:01:01.530,0:01:03.700
Columbus, you have to sit[br]in the polka-dotted corner.

0:01:03.700,0:01:04.269
[until you learn special effects[br]are a privilege, not a crutch]

0:01:04.269,0:01:06.469
As you’ll no doubt remember from[br]our discussion of Indian Ocean trade,

0:01:06.469,0:01:08.369
it was dominated by[br]Muslim merchants,

0:01:08.369,0:01:10.750
involved ports in Africa and[br]the Middle East and

0:01:10.750,0:01:12.810
India and Indonesia,[br]and China and

0:01:12.810,0:01:15.109
it made a lot of people super rich.

0:01:15.109,0:01:18.520
This last point explains why our three[br]contestants were so eager to set sail.

0:01:18.520,0:01:21.840
Well, that and the ceaseless desire of[br]human beings to discover things

0:01:21.840,0:01:23.020
and contract scurvy.

0:01:23.020,0:01:24.119
Let’s begin with Zheng He,

0:01:24.119,0:01:26.670
who is probably the greatest admiral[br]you’ve never have heard of.

0:01:26.670,0:01:28.219
Couple of important things about Zheng He:

0:01:28.219,0:01:29.490
First, he was a Muslim.

0:01:29.490,0:01:33.600
That may seem strange until you consider that[br]by the late 14th century China had long experience

0:01:33.600,0:01:34.289
with Muslims,

0:01:34.289,0:01:37.549
especially when they were ruled by,[br]wait for it....

0:01:37.549,0:01:38.069
The Mongols.

0:01:38.069,0:01:40.479
[Hark! The commotive, cacophonic[br]caterwauling of clattering conquerors!]

0:01:40.479,0:01:41.960
Secondly, Zheng He was a eunuch.

0:01:41.960,0:01:42.840
(He was one of a kind?]

0:01:42.840,0:01:45.450
Fortunately, 15th century China had[br]excellent general anesthesia,

0:01:45.450,0:01:48.229
so I’m sure it didn’t hurt at all[br]when they castrated him—

0:01:48.229,0:01:48.979
what’s that,[br]Stan?

0:01:48.979,0:01:50.490
They didn’t have any anesthesia?

0:01:50.490,0:01:51.240
Oh, boy.

0:01:51.240,0:01:51.990
Oh. STAN,

0:01:51.990,0:01:52.840
I’M SEEING IT!

0:01:52.840,0:01:54.319
I can see, AH AH AHHHH.

0:01:54.319,0:01:54.569
Stan!

0:01:54.569,0:01:56.119
SHOW ME SOMETHING[br]CUTE RIGGHT NOW!

0:01:56.119,0:01:57.490
Oh, hi there kitty!

0:01:57.490,0:01:59.899
How’d you get in that little teacup?

0:01:59.899,0:02:00.450
Thank you,[br]Stan.

0:02:00.450,0:02:00.889
Right, so

0:02:00.889,0:02:03.709
Zheng He rose from humble beginnings[br]to lose both of his testicles,

0:02:03.709,0:02:06.259
and become the greatest[br]admiral in Chinese history.

0:02:06.259,0:02:07.530
Let’s go to the thought Bubble.

0:02:07.530,0:02:08.869
Between 1405 and 1433,

0:02:08.869,0:02:12.100
Zheng He led seven voyages[br]throughout the Indian Ocean,

0:02:12.100,0:02:15.630
the expeditions of the so-called[br]treasure ships, and they were huge.

0:02:15.630,0:02:18.120
Columbus’ first voyage[br]consisted of three ships.

0:02:18.120,0:02:20.730
Zheng He led an armada[br]of over 300 ships.

0:02:20.730,0:02:22.720
With a crew of over 27,000—

0:02:22.720,0:02:26.690
more than half of London’s[br]population at the time.

0:02:26.690,0:02:28.810
And some of these ships were,[br]well, enormous.

0:02:28.810,0:02:31.030
The flagships,[br]known as treasure ships,

0:02:31.030,0:02:34.470
were over 400 feet long and[br]had 7 or more masts.

0:02:34.470,0:02:37.400
See that little tiny ship there[br]in front of the Treasure Ship?

0:02:37.400,0:02:40.580
That’s a to-scale rendering of[br]Christopher Columbus’s flagship,

0:02:40.580,0:02:41.530
the Santa Maria.

0:02:41.530,0:02:43.350
Zheng He wasn’t an explorer:

0:02:43.350,0:02:45.570
The Indian Ocean trade routes[br]were already known to him

0:02:45.570,0:02:47.230
and other Chinese sailors.

0:02:47.230,0:02:49.570
He visited Africa,[br]India, and the Middle East,

0:02:49.570,0:02:52.080
and in a way,[br]his journeys were trade missions,

0:02:52.080,0:02:54.970
but not in the sense of filling his[br]ships up with stuff to

0:02:54.970,0:02:57.680
be sold later for higher prices.

0:02:57.680,0:03:00.360
China was the leading manufacturer[br]of quality goods in the world,

0:03:00.360,0:03:03.370
and there wasn’t anything they[br]actually needed to import.

0:03:03.370,0:03:07.340
What they needed was prestige and respect[br]so that people would continue to see China

0:03:07.340,0:03:09.380
as the center of the economic universe,

0:03:09.380,0:03:10.680
so there was a tribute system

0:03:10.680,0:03:14.930
through which foreign rulers or their ambassadors[br]would come to China and engage in a debasing

0:03:14.930,0:03:15.230
ritual

0:03:15.230,0:03:16.400
called the kowtow

0:03:16.400,0:03:18.870
wherein they acknowledged the[br]superiority of the Chinese emperor

0:03:18.870,0:03:21.380
and offered him or her[br]but usually him

0:03:21.380,0:03:24.340
gifts in return for the right[br]to trade with China.

0:03:24.340,0:03:27.120
The opportunity to humble yourself[br]before the Chinese emperor was

0:03:27.120,0:03:30.530
so valuable that many a prince was[br]happy to jump on a treasure ship

0:03:30.530,0:03:32.880
and sail back to China[br]with Zheng He.

0:03:32.880,0:03:36.550
Also, these tribute missions brought[br]lots of crazy things to China,

0:03:36.550,0:03:38.260
including exotic animals:

0:03:38.260,0:03:40.880
From Africa, Zheng He brought[br]back a zoo’s worth of

0:03:40.880,0:03:44.000
rhinos, zebras, and even giraffes.

0:03:44.000,0:03:47.020
Basically, he was like the[br]medieval Chinese Noah.

0:03:47.020,0:03:47.770
Thanks, Thought Bubble.

0:03:47.770,0:03:50.140
So the Chinese were world[br]leaders in naval technology,

0:03:50.140,0:03:52.870
and they wanted to dominate[br]trade here in the Indian Ocean.

0:03:52.870,0:03:55.290
So why, then, did these voyages end?

0:03:55.290,0:03:56.200
One reason was that Zheng,

0:03:56.200,0:03:58.710
He couldn’t live forever,[br]and sure enough, he didn’t.

0:03:58.710,0:04:00.870
Also his patron,[br]the Yongle Emperor, died.

0:04:00.870,0:04:03.440
And the emperor’s successors weren’t very[br]interested in maritime trade.

0:04:03.440,0:04:05.850
They were more concerned[br]with protecting China from

0:04:05.850,0:04:08.780
its traditional enemies,[br]nomads from the steppe.

0:04:08.780,0:04:09.350
To do this,

0:04:09.350,0:04:11.040
they built a Rather Famous Wall.

0:04:11.040,0:04:15.400
The Great Wall was mostly built under the[br]Ming with resources that they had because

0:04:15.400,0:04:17.719
they stopped building gigantic ships.

0:04:17.719,0:04:21.030
Just imagine what might have happened if the[br]Ming emperors had embraced a different strategy.

0:04:21.030,0:04:24.430
One that was based on outreach[br]instead of isolationism.

0:04:24.430,0:04:25.680
And now,[br]to the blue corner…

0:04:25.680,0:04:27.129
Representing[br]Portuguese exploration,

0:04:27.129,0:04:28.979
we have Vasco da Gama.

0:04:28.979,0:04:29.849
Couple things about Portugal:

0:04:29.849,0:04:31.370
First, it has a fair bit of coast line.

0:04:31.370,0:04:33.509
Secondly it was also[br]relatively resource poor,

0:04:33.509,0:04:35.789
which meant it relied[br]upon trade to grow.

0:04:35.789,0:04:38.960
Also, the Iberian peninsula was the only place[br]in Europe where Muslims could be found in

0:04:38.960,0:04:40.509
large numbers in the 15th century,

0:04:40.509,0:04:44.460
which meant the Christian Crusading spirit[br]was quite strong there, presumably because

0:04:44.460,0:04:47.580
Muslims had brought so much stability[br]and prosperity to the region.

0:04:47.580,0:04:49.050
And chief among these[br]would-be crusaders was

0:04:49.050,0:04:51.360
Prince Henry the Navigator,[br]so called because

0:04:51.360,0:04:51.960
he was not a navigator.

0:04:51.960,0:04:52.550
[What is in a name,[br]Metta World Peace?]

0:04:52.550,0:04:56.900
He was, however, a patron, not only of sailors[br]themselves, but of a special school at Sagres

0:04:56.900,0:04:59.780
in which nautical knowledge was collected[br]and new maps were made,

0:04:59.780,0:05:01.419
and all kinds of[br]awesome stuff happened.

0:05:01.419,0:05:04.460
And all that knowledge gave Portuguese sailors[br]a huge competitive advantage when it came

0:05:04.460,0:05:05.330
to exploration.

0:05:05.330,0:05:07.249
Henry commissioned sailors[br]to search for two things.

0:05:07.249,0:05:07.520
First,

0:05:07.520,0:05:09.729
a path to the Indian Ocean[br]so they could get in on

0:05:09.729,0:05:11.210
the lucrative spice trade.

0:05:11.210,0:05:11.650
And second,

0:05:11.650,0:05:13.379
to find the kingdom of Prester John,

0:05:13.379,0:05:17.169
a mythical Christian King who was supposed[br]to live in Africa somewhere, so that Henry

0:05:17.169,0:05:19.319
could have Prester John’s help in a crusade.

0:05:19.319,0:05:21.009
Da Gama was the first[br]of Henry’s protégés

0:05:21.009,0:05:24.080
to make it around Africa,[br]and into the Indian Ocean.

0:05:24.080,0:05:25.650
In 1498,[br]he landed at Calicut,

0:05:25.650,0:05:27.889
a major trading center on[br]India’s west coast.

0:05:27.889,0:05:30.960
And when he got there, merchants[br]asked him what he was looking for.

0:05:30.960,0:05:32.590
He answered with three words:

0:05:32.590,0:05:34.430
Gold and Christians.

0:05:34.430,0:05:36.710
Which basically sums up[br]Portugal’s reasons for exploration.

0:05:36.710,0:05:38.689
So, once the Portuguese breached[br]the Indian Ocean,

0:05:38.689,0:05:40.580
they didn’t create, like,[br]huge colonies,

0:05:40.580,0:05:43.240
because there were already[br]powerful empires in the region.

0:05:43.240,0:05:43.499
Instead,

0:05:43.499,0:05:46.129
they apparently sat in the middle[br]of the Indian Ocean doing nothing.

0:05:46.129,0:05:49.249
Actually, they were able to capture[br]& control a number of coastal cities,

0:05:49.249,0:05:50.449
creating what historians call a

0:05:50.449,0:05:51.819
“trading post empire.”

0:05:51.819,0:05:53.639
They could do this thanks[br]to their well-armed ships,

0:05:53.639,0:05:54.520
which captured cities by

0:05:54.520,0:05:56.319
firing cannons into city walls

0:05:56.319,0:05:58.009
like IRL Angry Birds.

0:05:58.009,0:06:00.229
But since the Portuguese didn’t[br]have enough people or boats

0:06:00.229,0:06:01.900
to run the Indian Ocean trade,

0:06:01.900,0:06:02.759
they had to rely on extortion.

0:06:02.759,0:06:03.490
[C.R.E.A.M. Get the money-[br]Dollar, dollar bill y'all.]

0:06:03.490,0:06:05.289
So, Portuguese merchant ships[br]would capture other ships

0:06:05.289,0:06:07.529
and force them to purchase[br]a permit to trade

0:06:07.529,0:06:08.699
called a cartaz.

0:06:08.699,0:06:10.340
And without a cartaz,[br]a merchant couldn’t trade

0:06:10.340,0:06:12.430
in any of the towns that[br]Portugal controlled.

0:06:12.430,0:06:12.740
To merchants,

0:06:12.740,0:06:15.409
who’d plied the Indian Ocean[br]for years in relative freedom,

0:06:15.409,0:06:17.719
the Portuguese were[br]just glorified pirates,

0:06:17.719,0:06:19.449
extracting value from[br]trade without

0:06:19.449,0:06:21.330
adding to its efficiency or volume.

0:06:21.330,0:06:23.610
So, the cartaz strategy sort of[br]worked for a while, but

0:06:23.610,0:06:26.710
the Portuguese never really took[br]control of Indian Ocean trade.

0:06:26.710,0:06:29.330
They were successful enough[br]that their neighbors Spain,

0:06:29.330,0:06:31.509
became interested in their[br]own route to the Indies,

0:06:31.509,0:06:33.629
and that brings us to Columbus.

0:06:33.629,0:06:34.699
But first, let’s dispel some myths:

0:06:34.699,0:06:35.039
One:

0:06:35.039,0:06:37.279
Columbus and his crew[br]knew the earth was round.

0:06:37.279,0:06:37.689
[Some folks still[br]aren't convinced]

0:06:37.689,0:06:39.930
He was just wrong[br]about the earth’s size.

0:06:39.930,0:06:41.139
Columbus used[br]Ptolemy’s geography

0:06:41.139,0:06:43.509
and the Imago Mundi, based[br]on Muslim scholarship—

0:06:43.509,0:06:46.199
and ended up overestimating[br]the size of Asia and

0:06:46.199,0:06:48.120
underestimating the size[br]of the oceans.

0:06:48.120,0:06:48.499
Two:

0:06:48.499,0:06:50.159
Columbus never thought[br]he’d made it to China.

0:06:50.159,0:06:52.259
He called the people he[br]encountered “Indians” because

0:06:52.259,0:06:53.180
he thought that he’d made it to

0:06:53.180,0:06:55.740
the East Indies,[br]what we know as Indonesia.

0:06:55.740,0:06:58.610
Three:[br]Columbus was not a lucky idiot.

0:06:58.610,0:07:01.659
He navigated completely unknown[br]waters primarily relying on

0:07:01.659,0:07:03.199
a technique known as[br]dead reckoning,

0:07:03.199,0:07:06.669
in which you figure out your position[br]based on three pieces of information:

0:07:06.669,0:07:07.740
The direction you’re going,

0:07:07.740,0:07:08.559
your speed,

0:07:08.559,0:07:09.400
and the time,

0:07:09.400,0:07:11.490
which you figure out via hourglass.

0:07:11.490,0:07:13.009
With only that technology[br]to guide you,

0:07:13.009,0:07:16.449
its not actually that easy[br]to hit a continent.

0:07:16.449,0:07:18.150
Come here people who are[br]saying he didn’t hit a continent,

0:07:18.150,0:07:19.370
that he only hit some islands.

0:07:19.370,0:07:20.270
Come here.

0:07:20.270,0:07:20.719
Dahhh!

0:07:20.719,0:07:21.169
Oh,

0:07:21.169,0:07:25.089
it’s time for the Open Letter?

0:07:25.089,0:07:29.189
An open letter to[br]the Line of Demarcation…

0:07:29.189,0:07:29.409
But first,

0:07:29.409,0:07:31.460
let’s see what’s in the[br]secret compartment today.

0:07:31.460,0:07:33.539
Oh,[br]its a globe. T

0:07:33.539,0:07:34.240
hanks Stan!

0:07:34.240,0:07:35.309
Just what I always needed.

0:07:35.309,0:07:36.449
Dear Line of Demarcation,

0:07:36.449,0:07:37.629
You have so much to teach us

0:07:37.629,0:07:39.629
about the way that the world[br]used to work,

0:07:39.629,0:07:40.559
and the way that it works now.

0:07:40.559,0:07:43.330
In 1494, Pope Alexander VI

0:07:43.330,0:07:45.889
settled a dispute between[br]Portugal and Spain by

0:07:45.889,0:07:48.650
dividing the world into two parts:

0:07:48.650,0:07:51.629
The Spanish part, and[br]the Portuguese part.

0:07:51.629,0:07:52.599
This whole thing, at least

0:07:52.599,0:07:54.229
according to[br]Pope Alexander VI,

0:07:54.229,0:07:56.689
could be split between[br]Spain and Portugal.

0:07:56.689,0:07:59.919
At least when it came to[br]so-called unclaimed land.

0:07:59.919,0:08:01.719
I mean, unclaimed by whom?

0:08:01.719,0:08:03.150
You know all the[br]American Indians were like,

0:08:03.150,0:08:05.599
“wait, this land is available?[br]In, in that case, we’ll just,

0:08:05.599,0:08:06.719
we’ll just keep it.

0:08:06.719,0:08:08.180
If its all the same to you.”

0:08:08.180,0:08:08.969
Anyway, Line of Demarcation,

0:08:08.969,0:08:10.249
I have great news for you.

0:08:10.249,0:08:12.159
What Alexander VI did

0:08:12.159,0:08:12.969
totally worked.

0:08:12.969,0:08:14.259
We haven’t had a[br]problem since.

0:08:14.259,0:08:16.009
Best wishes, John Green.

0:08:16.009,0:08:17.159
So, Columbus’s first journey

0:08:17.159,0:08:17.789
(he made four,

0:08:17.789,0:08:19.439
the last three of which[br]were pretty calamitous)

0:08:19.439,0:08:19.999
was tiny,

0:08:19.999,0:08:22.529
and he initially landed on a s[br]mall Caribbean island he called

0:08:22.529,0:08:24.969
San Salvador in search,[br]like the Portuguese,

0:08:24.969,0:08:25.999
of Gold and Christians.

0:08:25.999,0:08:26.909
He was able to convince

0:08:26.909,0:08:28.279
Ferdinand and Isabella[br]of Spain

0:08:28.279,0:08:29.460
to fund his expedition by

0:08:29.460,0:08:32.039
promising riches and[br]conversions of the natives,

0:08:32.039,0:08:34.479
hopefully to sign them up[br]for yet another crusade.

0:08:34.479,0:08:35.969
And there’s a long-standing[br]myth that Columbus tricked

0:08:35.969,0:08:37.990
Ferdinand and Isabella[br]into paying for his trip,

0:08:37.990,0:08:40.529
but in fact they’d commissioned[br]two different sets of experts

0:08:40.529,0:08:42.990
to analyze his plans,[br]both of which agreed,

0:08:42.990,0:08:43.690
he was [totes cray cray].

0:08:43.690,0:08:44.610
One called the plan,

0:08:44.610,0:08:46.380
“Impossible to any educated person.”

0:08:46.380,0:08:46.990
But even so,

0:08:46.990,0:08:48.410
Ferdinand and Isabella[br]footed the bill,

0:08:48.410,0:08:50.420
partly because they were[br]full of Crusading zeal

0:08:50.420,0:08:52.470
after expelling the[br]Muslims from Spain,

0:08:52.470,0:08:55.040
and partly because they were[br]desperate to get their hands

0:08:55.040,0:08:56.399
on some of that pepper richness.

0:08:56.399,0:08:56.970
[Also some Kleenex, to help with[br]the subsequent sneezy richness?]

0:08:56.970,0:08:58.610
Columbus of course,[br]failed at finding riches—

0:08:58.610,0:09:00.570
he returned with[br]neither spices nor gold.

0:09:00.570,0:09:03.180
He did create some Christians, as[br]we’ll discuss in a future episode,

0:09:03.180,0:09:05.009
but in terms of[br]goal accomplishment,

0:09:05.009,0:09:07.110
Columbus was much less[br]successful than either

0:09:07.110,0:09:08.839
Zheng He or Vasco de Gama.

0:09:08.839,0:09:09.089
[and most certainly, David Yates]

0:09:09.089,0:09:10.649
But within two generations[br]of Columbus,

0:09:10.649,0:09:12.529
Spain would become[br]fantastically wealthy,

0:09:12.529,0:09:14.829
and for a time they were[br]the leading power in Europe.

0:09:14.829,0:09:17.420
Columbus’s voyages also[br]had a huge, largely negative,

0:09:17.420,0:09:19.740
impact on the people the Spanish[br]encountered in the Americas.

0:09:19.740,0:09:21.620
And excitingly[br]from my perspective,

0:09:21.620,0:09:23.279
once Columbus returned[br]from San Salvador,

0:09:23.279,0:09:27.899
we can speak for the first time[br]of a truly world history.

0:09:27.899,0:09:29.070
Except for you Australia.

0:09:29.070,0:09:31.110
So who was the greatest[br]mariner of the 15th century?

0:09:31.110,0:09:31.940
Well, as usual,

0:09:31.940,0:09:33.589
it depends on your[br]definition of greatness.

0:09:33.589,0:09:33.990
[Eccleston, Tennant, Smith?[br]Frak it... Adipose?]

0:09:33.990,0:09:34.410
If you value

0:09:34.410,0:09:36.740
administrative competence[br]over ill-advised adventure,

0:09:36.740,0:09:38.790
than Zheng He is[br]certainly the winner.

0:09:38.790,0:09:40.490
But the reason we remember[br]Columbus over him

0:09:40.490,0:09:41.420
or Vasco de Gama

0:09:41.420,0:09:44.649
is that Columbus’s voyages had[br]a lasting impact on the world,

0:09:44.649,0:09:46.990
even if it wasn’t[br]necessarily a positive one.

0:09:46.990,0:09:49.050
And that makes me wonder what[br]kind of person you’d want to be:

0:09:49.050,0:09:51.750
A capable administrator and[br]brilliant sailor like Zheng He?

0:09:51.750,0:09:53.769
A daring captain like de Gama?

0:09:53.769,0:09:57.300
Or the bearer of a complicated[br]but famous legacy like Columbus?

0:09:57.300,0:09:58.600
Let me know in comments.

0:09:58.600,0:10:00.279
Thanks for watching,[br]and we’ll see you next week.

0:10:00.279,0:10:01.610
Crash Course is[br]produced and directed by

0:10:01.610,0:10:02.399
Stan Muller,

0:10:02.399,0:10:03.550
our script supervisor is

0:10:03.550,0:10:04.029
Danica Johnson.

0:10:04.029,0:10:05.110
The show is written by my

0:10:05.110,0:10:06.000
high school history teacher

0:10:06.000,0:10:07.290
Raoul Meyer and myself,

0:10:07.290,0:10:08.670
and our graphics team is

0:10:08.670,0:10:08.899
Thought Bubble.

0:10:08.899,0:10:09.500
[Seriously, no Canadians made[br]it past Stanley Cup Round 1?]

0:10:09.500,0:10:10.190
Last week’s[br]Phrase of the Week was,

0:10:10.190,0:10:11.170
“You smell pretty.”

0:10:11.170,0:10:11.380
[missed an opportunity[br]for banjo picking there...]

0:10:11.380,0:10:12.449
Thanks for that suggestion,[br]by the way.

0:10:12.449,0:10:14.019
If you want to suggest[br]future phrases of the week,

0:10:14.019,0:10:15.050
you can do so in comments

0:10:15.050,0:10:17.100
where you can also guess at[br]this weeks phrase of the week

0:10:17.100,0:10:18.740
or ask questions about today’s video

0:10:18.740,0:10:20.250
that will be answered[br]by our team of historians.

0:10:20.250,0:10:21.329
Thanks for watching[br]Crash Course,

0:10:21.329,0:10:22.740
and as we say in my home town,

0:10:22.740,9:59:59.000
Don’t forget you're Stuck In My[br]Heart Now, Where My Blood Belongs.