[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So robots.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robots can be programmed\Nto do the same task millions of times
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with minimal error, something\Nvery difficult for us, right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it can be very impressive\Nto watch them at work.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could watch them for hours.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is less impressive\Nthat if you take this robot
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the factories
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the environments are not\Nperfectly known and measured like here,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do even a simple task\Nwhich doesn't require much precision,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is what can happen.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, opening a door,\Nyou don't require much precision.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, a small error in the measurements,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you miss the ?? and that's it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no way of recovering\Nmost of the time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why is that?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for many years,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,robots have been designed\Nto emphasize speed and precision,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this translates\Nin a very specific architecture.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we take a robot term,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a very well-defined\Nset of rigid links
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mortars who are called actuators,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they move the links above the joins.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this ?? structure,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to perfectly\Nmeasure your environment,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so what is around,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have to perfectly\Nprogram every movement
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the robot joints,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a small error\Ncan generate a very large fault,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can damage something\Nor you can get your robot damaged
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if something is harder.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's talk about them a moment,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and don't think about\Nthe brains of these robots
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how carefully we program them,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather look at their bodies.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is obviously\Nsomething wrong with it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what makes a robot\Nprecise and strong
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also makes them ridiculously dangerous\Nand ineffective in the real world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because their body cannot deform
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or better adjust to the interaction\Nwith the real world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So think about the opposite approach,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being softer than\Nanything else around you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, maybe you think that you're not\Nreally able to do anything if you're soft,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, nature teaches us the opposite.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, at the bottom of the ocean\Nunder thousands of pounds
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of ?? pressure,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a completely soft animal
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can move and interact with a much\Nstiffer object than him.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He works by carrying around\Nthis coconut shell
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to the flexibility\Nof his tentacles,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which serve as both his feet and hands.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And apparently, an octopus\Ncan also open a jar.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty impressive, right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But clearly, this is not enabled\Njust by the brain of this animal,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also by his body,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a clear example,\Nmaybe the clearest example,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of embodied intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a kind of intelligence\Nthat all living organisms have.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have that.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our body, its shape,\Nmaterial and structure,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plays a fundamental role\Nduring a physical task,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can conform\Nto our environment
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can succeed in a large\Nvariety of situations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without much planning\Nor calculations ahead.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why don't we put\Nsome of this embodied intelligence
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into our robotic machines
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to release them from relying\Non excessive work
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on computation and sensing?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, to do that we can follow\Nthe strategy of nature,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because with evolution,\Nshe's done a pretty good job
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in designing machines\Nfor environment interaction,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's easy to notice that nature\Nuses soft material frequently
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stiff material sparingly.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what is done\Nin this new field or robotics
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is called soft robotics,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the main objective\Nis not to make super-precise machines
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we've already got them,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to make robots able to face\Nunexpected situations in the real world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so able to go out there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what makes a robot soft\Nis first of all his compliant body,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is made of materials or structures\Nthat can undergo very large deformations,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so no more rigid links,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and secondly to move them\Nwe use what we call distributed actuation,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have to control continuously\Nthe shape of this very deformable body,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the fact of having\Na lot of links and joints,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don't have\Nany stiff structure at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can imagine that building\Na soft robot is a very different process
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than stiff robotics, where\Nyou have links, gears, screws
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you must combine\Nin a very defined way.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In soft robots, you just build\Nyour actuator from scratch
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you shape your flexible material
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the form that responds\Nto a certain input.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example here, you can just\Ndeform a structure
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing a fairly complex shape
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you think about doing the same\Nwith rigid links and joints,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here what you use is just one input,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as air pressure.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, but let's see\Nsome cool examples of soft robots.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a little cute guy\Ndeveloped by Harvard University,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he works thanks to waves\Nof pressure applied along its body,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thanks to the flexibility he can\Nalso sneak under a low bridge,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep walking,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then keep walking\Na little bit different afterwards.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a very preliminary prototype,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they also built a more robust version
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with power on board that can actually\Nbe sent out in the world
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and face real-world interactions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a car passing it over it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and keep working.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's cute.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or a robotic fish which swims\Nlike a real fish does
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in water simply because it has a soft tail\Nwith distributed actuation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using still air pressure.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was from MIT,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course we have a robotic octopus.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was actually one of\Nthe first projects developed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this new field of soft robots.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you see the artificial tentacle,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they actually built and entire machine
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with several tentacles they could\Njust throw in the water,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see that it can kind of go around\Nand do submarine exploration
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a different way\Nthan rigid robots would do.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is very important for delicate\Nenvironments such as coral reefs.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back to the ground.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you see the view
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a growing robot developed\Nby my colleagues in Stanford.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see the camera fixed on top.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this robot is particular\Nbecause using air pressure
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it grows from the tip\Nwhile the rest of the body
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stays in firm contact\Nwith the environment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is inspired\Nby plants, not animals,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which grows via the material\Nin a similar manner
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it can face a pretty large\Nvariety of situations.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm a biomedical engineer,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps the application\NI like the most
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's in the medical field,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's very difficult to imagine\Na closer interaction with the human body
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than actually going inside the body,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example to inform\Na minimally invasive procedure.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, robots can be\Nvery helpful with the surgeon
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they must enter the body
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using small holes\Nand straight instruments,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these instruments must interact\Nwith very delicate structures
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a very uncertain environment,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this must be done safely.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also bringing the camera inside the body,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so bringing the eyes of the surgeon\Ninside the subject, I feel,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be very challenging\Nif you use a rigid stick,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a classic kind of scope.