So robots.

Robots can be programmed
to do the same task millions of times

with minimal error, something
very difficult for us, right?

And it can be very impressive
to watch them at work.

Look at them.

I could watch them for hours.

No?

But what is less impressive
that if you take this robot

out of the factories

where the environments are not
perfectly known and measured like here,

to do even a simple task
which doesn't require much precision,

and this is what can happen.

I mean, opening a door,
you don't require much precision.

(Laughter)

Or, a small error in the measurements,

you miss the ?? and that's it

(Laughter)

with no way of recovering
most of the time.

So why is that?

Well, for many years,

robots have been designed
to emphasize speed and precision,

and this translates
in a very specific architecture.

If we take a robot term,

it's a very well-defined
set of rigid links

and mortars who are called actuators,

they move the links above the joins.

In this ?? structure,

you have to perfectly
measure your environment,

so what is around,

and you have to perfectly
program every movement

of the robot joints,

because a small error
can generate a very large fault,

so you can damage something
or you can get your robot damaged

if something is harder.

So let's talk about them a moment,

and don't think about
the brains of these robots

or how carefully we program them,

but rather look at their bodies.

There is obviously
something wrong with it,

because what makes a robot
precise and strong

also makes them ridiculously dangerous
and ineffective in the real world,

because their body cannot deform

or better adjust to the interaction
with the real world.

So think about the opposite approach,

being softer than
anything else around you.

Well, maybe you think that you're not
really able to do anything if you're soft,

probably.

Well, nature teaches us the opposite.

For example, at the bottom of the ocean
under thousands of pounds

of ?? pressure,

a completely soft animal

can move and interact with a much
stiffer object than him.

He works by carrying around
this coconut shell

thanks to the flexibility
of his tentacles,

which serve as both his feet and hands.

And apparently, an octopus
can also open a jar.

It's pretty impressive, right?

But clearly, this is not enabled
just by the brain of this animal,

but also by his body,

and it's a clear example,
maybe the clearest example,

of embodied intelligence,

which is a kind of intelligence
that all living organisms have.

We all have that.

Our body, its shape,
material and structure,

plays a fundamental role
during a physical task,

because we can conform
to our environment

so we can succeed in a large
variety of situations

without much planning
or calculations ahead.

So why don't we put
some of this embodied intelligence

into our robotic machines

to release them from relying
on excessive work

on computation and sensing?

Well, to do that we can follow
the strategy of nature,

because with evolution,
she's done a pretty good job

in designing machines
for environment interaction,

and it's easy to notice that nature
uses soft material frequently

and stiff material sparingly.

And this is what is done
in this new field or robotics

which is called soft robotics,

in which the main objective
is not to make super-precise machines

because we've already got them,

but to make robots able to face
unexpected situations in the real world,

so able to go out there.

And what makes a robot soft
is first of all his compliant body,

which is made of materials or structures
that can undergo very large deformations,

so no more rigid links,

and secondly to move them
we use what we call distributed actuation,

so we have to control continuously
the shape of this very deformable body,

which is the fact of having
a lot of links and joints,

but we don't have
any stiff structure at all.

So you can imagine that building
a soft robot is a very different process

than stiff robotics, where
you have links, gears, screws

that you must combine
in a very defined way.

In soft robots, you just build
your actuator from scratch

most of the time,

but you shape your flexible material

to the form that responds
to a certain input.

For example here, you can just
deform a structure

doing a fairly complex shape

if you think about doing the same
with rigid links and joints,

and here what you use is just one input,

such as air pressure.

Okay, but let's see
some cool examples of soft robots.

Here is a little cute guy
developed by Harvard University,

and he works thanks to waves
of pressure applied along its body,

and thanks to the flexibility he can
also sneak under a low bridge,

keep walking,

and then keep walking
a little bit different afterwards.

And it's a very preliminary prototype,

but they also built a more robust version

with power on board that can actually
be sent out in the world

and face real-world interactions

like a car passing it over it,

and keep working.

(Laughter)

It's cute.

(Laughter)

Or a robotic fish which swims
like a real fish does

in water simply because it has a soft tail
with distributed actuation

using still air pressure.

That was from MIT,

and of course we have a robotic octopus.

This was actually one of
the first projects developed

in this new field of soft robots.

Here you see the artificial tentacle,

but they actually built and entire machine

with several tentacles they could
just throw in the water,

and you see that it can kind of go around
and do submarine exploration

in a different way
than rigid robots would do.

But this is very important for delicate
environments such as coral reefs.

Let's go back to the ground.

Here you see the view

from a growing robot developed
by my colleagues in Stanford.

You see the camera fixed on top.

And this robot is particular
because using air pressure

it grows from the tip
while the rest of the body

stays in firm contact
with the environment.

And this is inspired
by plants, not animals,

which grows via the material
in a similar manner

so it can face a pretty large
variety of situations.

But I'm a biomedical engineer,

and perhaps the application
I like the most

it's in the medical field,

and it's very difficult to imagine
a closer interaction with the human body

than actually going inside the body.