0:00:09.685,0:00:12.140
China, at the beginning of this century

0:00:13.816,0:00:18.740
shot to number one in the world in terms [br]of transplant volumes after the United States.

0:00:19.025,0:00:22.450
10,000 a year, according to[br]the Government of China figures.

0:00:23.229,0:00:25.250
From where did all these organs come.

0:00:25.736,0:00:28.962
Official Chinese explanation was... donations.

0:00:29.422,0:00:32.659
But China did not then[br]have an organ donation system.

0:00:33.576,0:00:38.328
In 2006, the Government of[br]China shifted... its explanation

0:00:38.328,0:00:40.190
and said that the organs were coming...

0:00:40.190,0:00:43.611
mostly from prisoners sentenced[br]to death and then executed.

0:00:44.615,0:00:49.455
Well, how many prisoners were there in China[br]being sentenced to death and then executed?

0:00:49.560,0:00:52.000
The Government of China would not say.

0:00:53.225,0:00:55.330
Chinese hospitals websites...

0:00:56.008,0:00:59.499
advertised short waiting times for transplant tourists.

0:01:00.355,0:01:06.155
Transplant tourism patients going into China[br]whom we interviewed after the transplantation

0:01:06.170,0:01:09.555
told us that they can choose[br]their timing for transplants.

0:01:09.922,0:01:12.334
That was true even for vital organs:

0:01:12.536,0:01:14.515
Heart, liver, and lung.

0:01:15.623,0:01:17.090
Everywhere else in the world,

0:01:17.090,0:01:19.840
patients waited months and years for organs.

0:01:20.257,0:01:24.438
In China, hospitals and prisons[br]waited for the arrival of patients

0:01:24.438,0:01:27.320
so that prisoners can be killed for their organs.

0:01:28.868,0:01:33.090
Now, not every prisoner is available as[br]a source of organs for every patient.

0:01:34.151,0:01:37.340
Transplants require blood type compatibility

0:01:37.499,0:01:40.391
and ideally even tissue type compatibility.

0:01:41.310,0:01:43.487
Organs of donors have to be at least...

0:01:43.662,0:01:47.066
roughly the same size as the[br]organs that are being replaced.

0:01:48.435,0:01:54.290
There's a high rate of hepatitis B in[br]the Chinese criminal prison population,

0:01:54.430,0:01:56.284
in the order of 60%.

0:01:57.122,0:02:00.740
That makes organs of many prisoners[br]sentenced to death and then executed

0:02:00.790,0:02:02.533
unusable for transplants.

0:02:04.305,0:02:08.008
China at that time did not have[br]an organ distribution system.

0:02:08.263,0:02:10.725
That meant that organs were sourced locally,

0:02:11.214,0:02:15.380
from prisons in the neighborhood[br]of the hospitals that do transplants.

0:02:15.715,0:02:20.010
Chinese law requires persons[br]sentenced to death to be executed

0:02:20.171,0:02:22.300
within seven days of sentence.

0:02:22.548,0:02:26.094
That meant there was no pool[br]of prisoners sentenced to death

0:02:26.090,0:02:30.151
and waiting for patients [br]to arrive to be executed.

0:02:31.712,0:02:34.189
Put these factors together in our estimate is that

0:02:34.189,0:02:39.470
China... in order to get 10,000[br]organs for transplants a year,

0:02:39.958,0:02:45.540
would have had to be executing in the order of[br]100,000 prisoners sentenced to death every year.

0:02:46.379,0:02:48.320
That is an implausible figure,

0:02:48.320,0:02:53.668
out by more... than a factor of ten than[br]even the wildest death penalty estimates.

0:02:55.031,0:02:57.700
Non-governmental organizations estimated that...

0:02:57.700,0:03:01.710
China, at its height, was [br]executing maybe 5,000 a year

0:03:01.931,0:03:05.500
which is already... way more than any other country.

0:03:06.322,0:03:09.481
Over time, death penalty volume decreased.

0:03:09.656,0:03:14.810
But transplant volumes with minor variations[br]remained... constant or even increased.

0:03:16.014,0:03:18.680
So, from where were all the organs coming?

0:03:19.401,0:03:21.220
Donations were not the answer.

0:03:21.632,0:03:24.023
Executed criminals were not the answer.

0:03:24.613,0:03:26.186
What was the answer?

0:03:26.749,0:03:28.029
Let's step back.

0:03:30.237,0:03:32.390
Let me begin with a... confession.

0:03:32.610,0:03:36.090
As a student in Paris in the late 60s,

0:03:36.269,0:03:39.160
I was actually an admirer of Mao.

0:03:40.405,0:03:42.574
I even read his little red book.

0:03:43.223,0:03:44.346
He seemed...

0:03:45.164,0:03:49.822
He seemed so... kind swimming in the[br]famous photo in the Yangtze River.

0:03:50.640,0:03:53.610
Many historians today [br]as I'm sure you know

0:03:54.485,0:03:59.650
named Mao one of the worst...[br]mass murderers of the 20th century.

0:04:00.228,0:04:01.950
Chang and Halliday,

0:04:05.310,0:04:10.940
noted that "over 70 million [br]perished under Mao's rule".

0:04:12.965,0:04:16.850
Many governance problems in[br]China today stem from the fusion

0:04:16.964,0:04:19.230
of Mao's totalitarianism

0:04:19.661,0:04:23.285
with Deng Xiaoping's[br]economic reforms after 1978.

0:04:24.580,0:04:26.322
But, ladies and gentlemen,

0:04:28.810,0:04:32.699
violence and corruption are[br]the system today in China.

0:04:34.690,0:04:36.790
Every 10 years or so,

0:04:37.084,0:04:40.731
the Party starts a persecution of a minority

0:04:41.256,0:04:45.531
and mainly I think to instill [br]fear in the general population.

0:04:46.510,0:04:51.570
Consider just three of the persecution[br]campaigns to have gone on since 1950,

0:04:53.973,0:04:58.300
the... so-called Great Leap Forward,

0:04:58.690,0:05:02.830
or an estimated 40 million [br]people starve to death.

0:05:05.937,0:05:11.750
The Cultural Revolution which[br]you all know I'm sure 1966 to 1976,

0:05:11.750,0:05:14.228
perhaps another 2 million killed.

0:05:17.262,0:05:20.400
The Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989,

0:05:23.028,0:05:26.300
one of my favorite photographs of all time

0:05:26.874,0:05:31.970
where soldiers killed thousands of people[br]who are seeking openness and democracy.

0:05:33.472,0:05:35.580
So what if David and I told you that...

0:05:35.715,0:05:40.405
hundreds of thousands of innocent people[br]have input into slave labor camps across China.

0:05:41.863,0:05:44.601
They are not only making goods for export

0:05:45.617,0:05:47.333
but they're also tortured,

0:05:47.677,0:05:48.962
blood tested,

0:05:49.303,0:05:52.580
and the unlucky ones are[br]killed on demand for their organs,

0:05:52.785,0:05:53.985
harvested...

0:05:54.240,0:05:55.342
for profit!

0:05:58.228,0:06:00.780
So how two of us get involved in this?

0:06:01.084,0:06:05.680
About ten years ago, we were[br]invited by a volunteer coalition

0:06:06.856,0:06:11.505
to investigate allegations of[br]organ harvesting in China.

0:06:12.118,0:06:15.560
I have been a Secretary of[br]State for Asia-Pacific for Canada

0:06:15.718,0:06:19.060
and David Matas have had a[br]lifetime of working on human rights

0:06:19.090,0:06:22.030
and also trying to find lessons of the Holocaust.

0:06:22.290,0:06:27.280
So we agreed on a volunteer independent[br]basis to look into these allegations.

0:06:28.074,0:06:29.365
What follows...

0:06:29.890,0:06:34.672
the conclusion of our investigator[br]of reform our report is so disturbing

0:06:34.670,0:06:36.388
we have called what's happening...

0:06:36.417,0:06:39.034
a new form of evil on the planet!

0:06:41.084,0:06:42.528
That was our conclusion

0:06:42.528,0:06:44.669
that organs came from prisoners allright.

0:06:45.140,0:06:49.031
But they were not only criminal prisoners[br]sentenced to death and then executed,

0:06:49.549,0:06:51.510
they were mostly prisoners of conscience,

0:06:51.530,0:06:55.256
primarily practitioners of the[br]spiritually based set of exercises,

0:06:55.348,0:06:56.346
Falun Gong.

0:06:56.728,0:06:59.377
A Chinese equivalent of yoga.

0:07:00.648,0:07:03.900
Before the Communist repression of this practice,

0:07:03.910,0:07:09.324
the number of Falun Gong practitioners[br]was in the order of 70 to 100 million people,

0:07:09.320,0:07:11.973
according to government of China figures.

0:07:13.072,0:07:16.791
They had been detained through all[br]China in the hundreds of thousands

0:07:16.791,0:07:20.168
after the Party decided to repress the practice

0:07:20.521,0:07:23.540
out of jealousy over the popularity of Falun Gong

0:07:23.570,0:07:28.055
and fear by the Party for its ideological supremacy.

0:07:29.460,0:07:32.820
Falun Gong practitioners who recanted or released

0:07:32.820,0:07:34.568
and some of those got out of China.

0:07:35.122,0:07:37.140
We interviewed them around the world

0:07:37.160,0:07:40.651
and found out that all Falun Gong detainees

0:07:40.651,0:07:44.430
were systematically blood tested and organ examined.

0:07:45.007,0:07:49.450
This was not done for their health since[br]they were being tortured to recant

0:07:49.736,0:07:52.005
but it is necessary for transplants

0:07:52.005,0:07:56.580
because of the need for blood type[br]and ideally tissue type compatibility.

0:07:57.635,0:08:00.430
We had investigators calling into hospitals,

0:08:00.490,0:08:03.605
pretending to be relatives of[br]patients who needed transplants,

0:08:04.154,0:08:09.770
and asking the hospital if they had all[br]organs of Falun Gong practitioners for sale.

0:08:10.580,0:08:14.565
Our callers claim to want these organs[br]because the organs were healthy,

0:08:15.137,0:08:17.644
healthy because of the Falun Gong exercises.

0:08:18.888,0:08:21.840
Through out China, we got[br]doctors and hospitals saying...

0:08:21.915,0:08:25.825
"Yes, we do have organs of[br]Falun Gong practitioners for sale."

0:08:25.900,0:08:27.175
Come on down.

0:08:27.762,0:08:29.318
These calls have been taped,

0:08:29.320,0:08:31.300
translated and transcribed.

0:08:32.515,0:08:35.695
Although the practice of[br]Falun Gong is totally innocent,

0:08:35.750,0:08:39.715
the propaganda the Party's[br]spewed out against practitioners,

0:08:40.080,0:08:44.068
demonized, depersonalized[br]and dehumanized this population.

0:08:44.687,0:08:48.220
Their jailers thought nothing[br]of killing them arbitrarily

0:08:48.903,0:08:51.220
because they did not consider them human.

0:08:51.822,0:08:56.080
This population provides an explanation[br]for the numbers of transplants

0:08:56.095,0:08:59.435
that prisoners sentenced to[br]death and executed could not.

0:09:01.324,0:09:04.124
When the persecution of Falun Gong began,

0:09:04.823,0:09:08.890
the former head of the Party Jiang Zemin vowed

0:09:09.327,0:09:12.050
"Ruin... their reputation,

0:09:12.325,0:09:14.302
bankrupt them financially,

0:09:14.844,0:09:16.367
and destroy them physically."

0:09:18.844,0:09:20.394
Falun Gong practitioners...

0:09:20.394,0:09:24.295
in China come from all walks of life,

0:09:24.373,0:09:27.754
from scientists, to soldiers, to Party officials

0:09:28.750,0:09:31.010
It is a grassroots spiritual movement

0:09:31.030,0:09:34.548
as we mentioned that grew[br]exponentially in the 1990s.

0:09:35.597,0:09:38.118
So, let's put some faces to the faceless.

0:09:38.808,0:09:40.630
We'd like to show you a short excerpt

0:09:40.758,0:09:43.330
from the award-winning film "Free China",

0:09:44.023,0:09:48.598
an Oscar contender for the [br]2014 for the best documentary

0:09:49.342,0:09:53.493
that featured two... inspirational [br]survivors of the persecution.

0:09:54.607,0:09:57.200
The main subject of the film, Jennifer

0:09:58.026,0:09:59.896
a Falun Gong practitioner.

0:10:00.696,0:10:01.980
She's a mother,

0:10:02.266,0:10:06.414
she has a Master's degree in Science and [br]she's a former Communist Party member.

0:10:07.511,0:10:09.297
After her escape from China,

0:10:09.297,0:10:13.355
she became a best-selling author [br]in writing about her experiences.

0:10:14.388,0:10:17.194
Not only was she jailed and tortured,

0:10:17.804,0:10:20.965
in her testimony, she recounted [br]how she was blood tested

0:10:21.626,0:10:22.850
during her detention.

0:10:23.448,0:10:27.060
Luckily for her perhaps, [br]she also had hepatitis

0:10:27.345,0:10:32.672
during the birth of a child and this perhaps [br]saved her from being a so-called organ donor.

0:10:33.505,0:10:35.040
The second person you'll see...

0:10:35.952,0:10:38.761
is a Chinese - American, Dr. Charles Lee

0:10:39.241,0:10:42.120
who was jailed for three years [br]after he went back to China

0:10:42.130,0:10:44.986
to try to explain the truth [br]of what was happening.

0:10:46.065,0:10:50.750
He was... sentenced without [br]anything approaching a fair trial

0:10:54.968,0:10:56.574
and send to a slave labour camp.

0:10:56.574,0:10:57.487
Let's take a look.

0:10:58.071,0:11:00.680
Every time they apply the baton on me,

0:11:00.765,0:11:02.765
I just couldn't help shaking

0:11:03.671,0:11:05.878
and the anticipating

0:11:05.878,0:11:08.460
of the next round of shocks

0:11:08.460,0:11:14.255
just... was too terrible to... describe.

0:11:14.462,0:11:16.415
This is exactly what I was forced to make

0:11:16.415,0:11:17.401
in Nanjing prison.

0:11:18.346,0:11:19.677
Homer Simpson slippers.

0:11:20.254,0:11:21.614
I saw this label

0:11:22.847,0:11:24.687
inside the prison when I was making it.

0:11:24.687,0:11:27.259
"SG Footwear, Hackensack, New Jersey."

0:11:27.484,0:11:28.765
When I was in America

0:11:28.765,0:11:31.235
I watched Homer Simpson shows,

0:11:31.235,0:11:32.568
you know, pretty often

0:11:33.000,0:11:34.142
during the 90s.

0:11:34.142,0:11:35.080
You know, very funny.

0:11:35.232,0:11:36.290
But when I was

0:11:36.536,0:11:38.637
forced to make these shoes

0:11:38.862,0:11:39.798
in prison,

0:11:40.245,0:11:41.700
you don't feel it's funny at all.

0:11:42.275,0:11:43.937
The Government of China...

0:11:43.940,0:11:45.878
was not prepared to acknowledge

0:11:45.940,0:11:49.850
that their organs for transplants were [br]coming from prisoners of conscience.

0:11:50.700,0:11:54.050
But their acknowledgement that the [br]organs were coming from prisoners

0:11:54.050,0:11:57.505
sentenced to death and executed was bad enough.

0:11:58.139,0:12:00.710
That admission met with global revulsion.

0:12:00.820,0:12:03.820
The Chinese transplant profession was ostracized

0:12:04.120,0:12:08.170
on different occasions denied training abroad,

0:12:08.170,0:12:10.672
publication of papers exchanges,

0:12:10.670,0:12:15.152
and presentation platform at international [br]congresses of their colleagues.

0:12:16.334,0:12:19.371
Chinese health officials reacted by saying that,

0:12:19.500,0:12:21.057
as January this year,

0:12:21.315,0:12:25.946
they had ceased sourcing organs from [br]prisoners and renounce sourcing organs

0:12:26.230,0:12:27.754
entirely from donors.

0:12:28.515,0:12:33.579
China created both an organ donor registry [br]and an organ donor distribution system.

0:12:34.234,0:12:38.440
The government enacted a policy [br]giving priority to local patients

0:12:38.450,0:12:42.361
and a law forbidding sourcing [br]of organs without consent.

0:12:44.672,0:12:48.761
Are these changes... [br]real or just pretense?

0:12:49.431,0:12:51.348
The answer is a bit of both.

0:12:52.355,0:12:54.460
Officials in China have said that,

0:12:54.687,0:12:57.520
prisoners can donate organs still.

0:12:58.782,0:13:02.346
If that is so then organ sourcing [br]from prisoners continues.

0:13:03.614,0:13:08.077
There has been no abatement in the [br]demonization of persecution of Falun Gong.

0:13:08.725,0:13:10.685
Those remain in full force

0:13:11.288,0:13:14.320
as well even blood testing [br]of Falun Gong practitioners

0:13:14.320,0:13:15.271
continues.

0:13:16.485,0:13:22.663
Official statements do not consistently say [br]organs sourcing from... prisoners has ended.

0:13:22.672,0:13:24.891
Some say only that it will end

0:13:24.890,0:13:29.777
and that China is now in a [br]transition period leading to its ending.

0:13:31.528,0:13:34.220
There are in reality two systems running in China now.

0:13:34.220,0:13:36.758
A donation system and [br]a non donation system.

0:13:37.333,0:13:40.364
Some hospitals still carry on as they always did,

0:13:40.758,0:13:43.285
albeit less blatantly than before.

0:13:45.131,0:13:47.620
The question we asked to China remains,

0:13:47.712,0:13:50.355
"From where do you get your organs for transplants?"

0:13:51.608,0:13:54.157
Chinese officials say now that all is good.

0:13:54.767,0:13:58.275
But, the records are not [br]open to independent scrutiny.

0:13:59.770,0:14:02.340
International standards do not require

0:14:02.340,0:14:06.265
that we establish that China is doing [br]something wrong in organ sources.

0:14:06.844,0:14:11.025
International standards rather [br]impose a duty on China

0:14:11.030,0:14:13.881
to explain where it gets [br]its organs for transplants.

0:14:15.066,0:14:21.980
That duty is not met just by bold assertions by [br]Chinese authorities that everything is alright.

0:14:22.035,0:14:24.346
It is met by... transparency,

0:14:24.580,0:14:27.120
accountability and openness to scrutiny.

0:14:28.308,0:14:29.828
We say to China,

0:14:30.260,0:14:31.546
don't just tell us...

0:14:31.546,0:14:34.002
where you get your organs for transplants.

0:14:34.530,0:14:35.457
Show us!

0:14:37.656,0:14:39.420
Over the past ten years,

0:14:39.500,0:14:41.825
the evidence... has become overwhelming.

0:14:41.840,0:14:45.214
We have... 32 kinds of evidence [br]that's happening in China.

0:14:47.040,0:14:48.865
A surgeon, Enver Tohti

0:14:49.579,0:14:52.482
has testified that he was [br]forced to remove the organs

0:14:52.480,0:14:54.056
from a live Uyghur,

0:14:54.518,0:14:56.604
political prisoner in the mid-90s.

0:14:58.936,0:15:01.822
Organ pillaging most likely then moved to the...

0:15:02.802,0:15:03.718
...the Tibetans,

0:15:03.740,0:15:04.874
then to the Uyghurs,

0:15:04.870,0:15:06.631
and finally... to the House Christians,

0:15:06.630,0:15:09.158
and then massively to the [br]Falun Gong community.

0:15:10.364,0:15:12.290
In 2013,

0:15:12.702,0:15:14.942
EU Parliament, to its credit,

0:15:15.075,0:15:16.990
passed a resolution where...

0:15:17.200,0:15:22.394
"expresses its deep concern over [br]the persistent and credible reports

0:15:22.394,0:15:27.610
of systematic, state-sanctioned organ harvesting [br]from large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners"

0:15:29.220,0:15:30.014
In...

0:15:31.579,0:15:33.268
2014,

0:15:33.985,0:15:35.801
Ethan Gutmann published a book:

0:15:35.800,0:15:36.802
The Slaughter,

0:15:37.585,0:15:39.710
where he interviewed over a hundred people

0:15:39.750,0:15:42.509
and collected new evidence over eight years.

0:15:43.990,0:15:46.245
He estimates that at any given time,

0:15:46.245,0:15:52.290
between 450,000 to a million Falun Gong [br]practitioners are languishing in prisons

0:15:52.290,0:15:53.668
and slave labor camps.

0:15:54.951,0:16:00.510
He concludes, that approximately [br]65,000 Falun Gong practitioners

0:16:00.637,0:16:02.841
and 2,000 to 4,000 Uyghurs,

0:16:03.155,0:16:05.001
Tibetans and Christians

0:16:05.309,0:16:08.805
were killed for their organs [br]in the 2000 to 2008 period.

0:16:10.094,0:16:12.844
His estimates regarding Falun Gong practitioners

0:16:12.840,0:16:14.088
are similar to the ones that...

0:16:14.358,0:16:17.751
David Matas and I have come up, calculated.

0:16:18.651,0:16:20.032
When you follow the money,

0:16:21.351,0:16:24.240
you partly began to understand why this is happening.

0:16:25.093,0:16:27.700
Hospitals as it shows,

0:16:27.700,0:16:31.037
can... get 62,000 for kidneys,

0:16:32.118,0:16:35.130
and heart too are worth up to 160,000.

0:16:35.437,0:16:38.568
We're talking about... billions of dollars in profits!

0:16:39.887,0:16:44.474
So all of mainstream media has paid[br]minimal attention to these atrocities.

0:16:44.989,0:16:46.734
The truth is gradually getting out.

0:16:47.653,0:16:49.434
We want to show you in this final clip.

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It's an excerpt from the [br]documentary "Human Harvest",

0:16:53.274,0:16:56.885
which won the prestigious [br]Peabody Award earlier this year.

0:16:58.728,0:17:00.940
The least the EU can do to stop it

0:17:01.300,0:17:02.711
is to condemn publicly

0:17:02.711,0:17:05.040
organ transplantation abuses in China,

0:17:05.040,0:17:07.395
and to inform those European citizens

0:17:07.435,0:17:10.240
who travel to China for organ transplants.

0:17:10.243,0:17:14.990
This is a crime against humanity.

0:17:15.599,0:17:19.182
We should do our best... to identify

0:17:19.180,0:17:23.105
those specific individuals who are engaged in this.

0:17:23.513,0:17:25.262
and put them on the list

0:17:25.569,0:17:29.259
of people who deserve to be brought to justice.

0:17:29.259,0:17:32.005
America must stand with the Falun Gong,

0:17:32.005,0:17:34.190
and indeed with all of the oppressed.

0:17:34.235,0:17:37.710
Beijing must release Falun Gong practitioners

0:17:37.765,0:17:41.175
and other prisoners of conscience immediately.

0:17:41.430,0:17:43.465
They theme is hidden treasures.

0:17:44.868,0:17:47.185
I think that the Hidden Treasure in all of us...

0:17:47.774,0:17:50.423
is the courage to overcome our fears

0:17:50.590,0:17:53.111
to stand for what's right [br]no matter what the cost.

0:17:55.060,0:17:57.318
David and I are just two Davids...

0:17:57.780,0:18:00.645
and the Goliath that we face [br]as you know is so huge.

0:18:00.910,0:18:02.814
It is indeed a daunting challenge.

0:18:03.297,0:18:04.912
This is where we need your help.

0:18:06.586,0:18:09.223
There are at least three [br]things that all of you can do.

0:18:10.140,0:18:14.005
First, simply Google "organ harvesting in China".

0:18:16.059,0:18:18.435
Second, tell friends which you've learned.

0:18:20.672,0:18:25.125
Third, please share this information [br]on Facebook and other social media.

0:18:26.408,0:18:28.702
Today's Internet connected world,

0:18:29.013,0:18:31.072
I believe the key is awareness...

0:18:32.000,0:18:34.562
and fundamentally, we all deserve to be free,

0:18:34.800,0:18:36.906
and we all are truly connected.

0:18:37.588,0:18:41.404
If we can reach millions to the [br]power of community such as Ted,

0:18:42.814,0:18:44.951
we can hopefully inspire enough people...

0:18:45.440,0:18:50.921
to take action to save lives and to [br]stop this trafficking in human organs

0:18:52.148,0:18:55.602
and which of course is also [br]a crime against humanity.

0:18:56.560,0:18:57.037
Thank you!