[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.21,0:00:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've been stranded thousands\Nof miles from home
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.13,0:00:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no money or possessions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.10,0:00:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such a predicament would make many\Npeople despair and curse their awful fate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.53,0:00:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for Zeno of Cyprus, it became the\Nfoundation of his life's work and legacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.51,0:00:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The once wealthy merchant lost everything\Nwhen he was shipwrecked in Athens
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.41,0:00:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around 300 BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.39,0:00:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With not much else to do,\Nhe wandered into a book shop,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.63,0:00:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became intrigued by reading about Socrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.53,0:00:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and proceeded to seek out and study\Nwith the city's noted philosophers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.67,0:00:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Zeno began educating his own students,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.40,0:00:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he originated the philosophy\Nknown as Stoicism,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.36,0:00:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose teachings of virtue, tolerance,\Nand self-control
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.86,0:01:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have inspired generations of thinkers\Nand leaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.65,0:01:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The name Stoicism comes \Nfrom the Stoa Poikile,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.34,0:01:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the decorated public colonnade
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.30,0:01:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where Zeno and his disciples gathered\Nfor discussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.36,0:01:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we colloquially \Nuse the word stoic
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.61,0:01:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mean someone who \Nremains calm under pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.07,0:01:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and avoids emotional extremes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.13,0:01:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But while this captures important\Naspects of Stoicism,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.72,0:01:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the original philosophy was more\Nthan just an attitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.06,0:01:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Stoics believed that \Neverything around us
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.35,0:01:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,operates according \Nto a web of cause and effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.76,0:01:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resulting in a rational structure\Nof the universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.90,0:01:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they called logos.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.77,0:01:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while we may not always\Nhave control over the events affecting us,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.99,0:01:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can have control over \Nhow we approach things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.80,0:01:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than imagining an ideal society,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.30,0:01:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Stoic tries to deal \Nwith the world as it is
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.83,0:02:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while pursuing self-improvement\Nthrough four cardinal virtues:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.48,0:02:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practical wisdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.83,0:02:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability to navigate complex situations\Nin a logical, informed, and calm manner;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.22,0:02:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,temperance,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.25,0:02:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the exercise of self-restraint \Nand moderation in all aspects of life;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.45,0:02:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,justice,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.87,0:02:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treating others with fairness even\Nwhen they have done wrong;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.13,0:02:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and courage,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.58,0:02:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just in extraordinary circumstances,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.21,0:02:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but facing daily challenges\Nwith clarity and integrity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.82,0:02:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Seneca, one of the most famous\NRoman Stoics wrote,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.18,0:02:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Sometimes, even to live \Nis an act of courage."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.46,0:02:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But while Stoicism focuses on \Npersonal improvement,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.28,0:02:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not a self-centered philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.97,0:02:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At a time when Roman laws considered\Nslaves as property,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.22,0:02:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seneca called for their humane treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.87,0:02:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stressed that we all share\Nthe same fundamental humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.54,0:02:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nor does Stoicism encourage passivity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.51,0:03:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is that only people \Nwho have cultivated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.74,0:03:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virtue and self-control in themselves\Ncan bring positive change in others.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.01,0:03:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most famous Stoic writers\Nwas also one of Rome's greatest emperors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.14,0:03:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the course of his 19-year reign,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.86,0:03:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stoicism gave Marcus Aurelius the resolve\Nto lead the Empire through two major wars,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.41,0:03:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while dealing with the loss of many\Nof his children.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.53,0:03:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Centuries later, Marcus's journals would\Nguide and comfort Nelson Mandela
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.14,0:03:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through his 27-year imprisonment
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.92,0:03:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during his struggle \Nfor racial equality in South Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.17,0:03:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After his release and eventual victory,\NMandela stressed peace and reconciliation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.66,0:03:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believing that while the injustices\Nof the past couldn't be changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.15,0:03:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his people could confront them\Nin the present
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.23,0:03:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seek to build a better,\Nmore just future.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.80,0:03:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stoicism was an active school \Nof philosophy for several centuries
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.81,0:03:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Greece and Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.59,0:04:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a formal institution, it faded away,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.20,0:04:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but its influence has continued\Nto this day.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.10,0:04:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Christian theologians, \Nsuch as Thomas Aquinas,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.18,0:04:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have admired and adopted its focus\Non the virtues,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.21,0:04:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are parallels between\NStoic Ataraxia, or tranquility of mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.26,0:04:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Buddhist concept of Nirvana.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.49,0:04:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One particularly influential Stoic\Nwas the philosopher Epictetus
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.66,0:04:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wrote that suffering stems
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.49,0:04:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not from the events in our lives,\Nbut from our judgements about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.34,0:04:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has resonated strongly\Nwith modern psychology
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.30,0:04:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the self-help movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.82,0:04:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, rational emotive\Nbehavioral therapy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.01,0:04:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focuses on changing \Nthe self-defeating attitudes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.12,0:04:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people form about \Ntheir life circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.82,0:04:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's also Viktor Frankl's logotherapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.10,0:04:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Informed by Frankl's own time\Nas a concentration camp prisoner,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.14,0:04:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,logotherapy is based on \Nthe Stoic principle
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.90,0:05:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can harness our will power\Nto fill our lives with meaning,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.16,0:05:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even in the bleakest situations.